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What is a soundscape?
How should soundscapes be
quantified and characterized?
Christine ErbeJASCO Applied SciencesAustralia, Canada, USA, UK
Overview
1. The Marine
Soundscape
a) Ambient (physical)
Sounds
b) Biological Sounds
c) Anthropogenic Sounds
2. Quantification &
Characterisation
Soundscape:
• an acoustic environment consisting of natural
sounds (including animal vocalizations and the
sounds of weather) and anthropogenic sounds
Acoustic Ecology:
• the study of the relationship—mediated
through sound—between organisms and their
environment
1. Marine Soundscape > Definitions
Natural
Ambient
Sound
[Wenz 1962, JASA 34(12): 1936-1956]
Frequency [Hz]
Spe
ctru
m D
ensi
ty L
evel
[dB
re
1 µ
Pa2
/Hz]
1. Marine Soundscape > a. Natural Ambient Sound
Rain
Fre
quen
cy [H
z]
Time [min:sec]
1. Marine Soundscape > a. Natural Ambient Sound
Ice Noise• Due to deformation, fracturing, breaking & collision of ice
sheets & floes, caused by wind, currents, waves, melting & freezing, internal & surface stresses
• Broadband: Hz – 10s of kHz• Quietest during stable or warming conditions with low winds• Loudest during periods of rapid cooling or strong winds
Correlate noise spectrum with environmental parameters [Greene & Buck 1979; Oard1987; Yang et al. 1987; Wen et al. 1989, 1990; Xie & Farmer 1991, 1992; Feller 1994; Greening & Zakarauskas 1994; Uscinski & Wadhams 1999; Stein et al. 2000 etc.]1. Marine Soundscape > a. Natural Ambient Sound
1. Marine Soundscape > a. Natural Ambient Sound
1b. Biological Sounds
• Marine Mammals
1. Marine Soundscape > b. Biological Sounds
Ocean water conducts light very poorly but
sound very well.
⇒ Marine mammals rely primarily on their
acoustic sense for
• Social interaction
• Communication
• Navigation
• Foraging
1. Marine Soundscape > b. Biological Sounds
Odontocete Sounds• generated within the nasal system, not the larynx
• can be classified into 3 categories: tonal whistles, burst-pulse
sounds and echolocation clicks
• echolocation used for navigation & foraging
• Ǝ geographic differences in call characteristics of the same
species
• Dialects (sound differences between populations sharing the
same geographic region) have been identified for killer whales
and sperm whales.
http://staff.more.net/denise/whales/lesson1.htm
1. Marine Soundscape > b. Biological Sounds
Killer Whales
Time [min:sec]
Fre
quen
cy [
Hz]
1. Marine Soundscape > b. Biological Sounds
Ford 1991, Can J Zool 69: 1454-1483
1. Marine Soundscape > b. Biological Sounds
1. Marine Soundscape > b. Biological Sounds
http://orcasound.net/
Beluga Whales
1. Marine Soundscape > b. Biological Sounds
Fre
quen
cy [H
z]
Time [min:sec]
1. Marine Soundscape > b. Biological Sounds
Humpback Song & Sonar[Patrick Miller]
Fish
Haddock
Cusk-eel
Toadfish
[http://www.fishecology.org/soniferous/justsounds.htm]
1. Marine Soundscape > b. Biological Sounds
Tropical Ambient
(fish & crustaceans)
1. Marine Soundscape > b. Biological Sounds
1c. Types and Characteristics of
Anthropogenic Noise
1. Marine Soundscape > c. Anthropogenic Sounds
Airguns
1. Marine Soundscape > c. Anthropogenic Sounds
Pile Driving
[Erbe 2009]
1. Marine Soundscape > c. Anthropogenic Sounds
Fre
quen
cy [
Hz]
Large Vessels
Propeller Cavitation Noise
[Erbe & Farmer 1998, 2000]
1. Marine Soundscape > c. Anthropogenic Sounds
Pleasure
Craft
1. Marine Soundscape > c. Anthropogenic SoundsF
requ
ency
[H
z]
How do we measure
soundscapes?
=> after the coffee break…
2. Quantification:
Ambient Noise Percentiles
2. Quantifying the Marine Soundscape
Night-time chorus of snapping shrimp
Humpback whales
Distant seismic survey
Fish
Tidal flow
Spectrograms
2. Quantifying the Marine Soundscape
2. Quantifying the Marine Soundscape
Sandpump
17%
Boats
19%
Humpbacks
17%
F3 pinger
14%
F10 pinger
14%
Snapping
shrimp
19%
Total Energy [dB] / Day
The problem with these pie charts…
Same data as in slide 24:
2. Quantifying the Marine Soundscape
Sandpump
4%
Boats
35%
Humpbacks
2%
F3 pinger
0%
F10 pinger
0%
Snapping
shrimp
59%
Linear Energy / 24hSame data:
2. Quantifying the Marine Soundscape
Sandpump
5%
Boats
73%
Humpbacks
1%
F3 pinger
0%
F10 pinger
0%
Snapping
shrimp
21%
Linear PowerSame data:
2. Quantifying the Marine Soundscape
Sandpump
0%
Boats
36%
Humpbacks
0%F3 pinger
29%
F10 pinger
0%
Snapping
shrimp
35%
1/3 Oct SPL @ 6kHzSame data:
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
10 100 1000 10000
Bilogical noiseWind dependent noiseTraffic noise
Winddependentnoise
CA 60s
CA 90s
Shrimps
Shrimpsinshore
chorusesEveningchorus
Fish
5 kn
10 kn
20 kn
30 kn
RD
IO
TS
FREQUENCY (Hz)
NO
ISE
SP
EC
TR
UM
LE
VE
L (d
B r
e 1
µPa2 /H
z)
2. Quantifying the Marine Soundscape
(Doug Cato)
• Modelling Soundscapes => later today
• Noise Effects on Animals => tomorrow
http://AquaticAcousticArchive.com
Thank You !Thank You !Thank You !Thank You !