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What is a Mineral?What is a Mineral?
Naturally-formed Naturally-formed solidsolid substance with a substance with a crystalcrystal structurestructure
Pyromorphite
What do all minerals What do all minerals have in common?have in common?
All:All:1.1. Are formed by Are formed by naturalnatural processes. processes.
2.2. Are Are NOTNOT alive and NEVER were alive alive and NEVER were alive ((inorganicinorganic))
3.3. Have a Have a definitedefinite volume and shape volume and shape ((solidsolid) )
4.4. Are elements or compounds with a Are elements or compounds with a uniqueunique chemical makeupchemical makeup
5.5. Are made up of particles that are Are made up of particles that are arranged in a pattern that is repeated arranged in a pattern that is repeated over and over (called a over and over (called a CRYSTALCRYSTAL))
Watch “Crystals” by Brainpop…
1.What element are diamonds made from?
2. What do all crystals have in common?
Mineral GroupsMineral Groups
Minerals are grouped by the Minerals are grouped by the elements they are made of.elements they are made of.
Amethyst
Beryl (Emerald)
Calcite
Mineral Groups – SilicatesMineral Groups – Silicates
SilicatesSilicates TetrahedronTetrahedron
fundamental fundamental building blockbuilding block
4 oxygen ions 4 oxygen ions surrounding a surrounding a much smaller much smaller silicon ionsilicon ion
Silicon-oxygentetrahedron
(SiO4)4-
Mineral GroupsMineral Groups
Non-ferromagnesianSilicates (K, Na, Ca, Al)
FerromagnesianSilicates (Fe, Mg)
OxidesCarbonatesSulfides/sulfatesNative elements
Mineral GroupMineral Group CharacteristicsCharacteristics ExamplesExamples
SilicatesSilicates
Contain Contain oxygenoxygen & & silicasilicaThe most The most abundantabundant group of group of mineralsminerals
Quartz, micaQuartz, mica
MICA Quartz
Quartz GroupQuartz Group
light silicates (pure SiO2)
no cleavage(conchoidal fracture)
hard, resistant to weatheringQuartz
Feldspar GroupFeldspar Group
Non-ferromagnesianSilicates (K, Na, Ca, Al)
light silicates (K, Na, Ca, Al)
2-directionsof cleavage(at 90 degrees)
K-feldspar
Orthoclase
Plagioclase
Ca/Na-feldspar
Pyroxene GroupsPyroxene Groups
FerromagnesianSilicates (Fe, Mg)
dark silicates (Fe-Mg)2 directions of cleavage at nearly 90°
Augite
Amphibole GroupsAmphibole GroupsNon-ferromagnesianSilicates (K, Na, Ca, Al)
FerromagnesianSilicates (Fe, Mg)
OxidesCarbonatesSulfides/sulfatesNative elements
dark silicates (Fe-Mg)
2 directions of cleavage not at 90°Hornblende
Mica Group & Clay Mica Group & Clay MineralsMinerals
Non-ferromagnesianSilicates (K, Na, Ca, Al)
FerromagnesianSilicates (Fe, Mg)
OxidesCarbonatesSulfides/sulfatesNative elements
light silicates (K, Al)
1 direction of cleavage
Shapes of SilicatesShapes of Silicates
Mineral GroupMineral Group CharacteristicsCharacteristics ExamplesExamples
Non-Non-SilicatesSilicates
Make up Make up only only 5%5% of of the Earth’s the Earth’s crustcrustInclude Include some of the some of the most most important important mineralsminerals
iron, iron, copper, copper, gold, gold, silver, silver, diamonds, diamonds, rubiesrubies
Silver
GoldRuby Iron
Copper
Diamond
Mineral GroupMineral Group CharacteristicsCharacteristics ExamplesExamples
CarbonatesCarbonates Carbon & Carbon & oxygen and a oxygen and a positive positive ion, such as ion, such as calciumcalcium
Calcite Calcite (CaCO(CaCO33))
Calcite with Duftite inclusions
Mineral GroupMineral Group CharacteristicsCharacteristics ExamplesExamples
OxidesOxides Metallic ion Metallic ion and oxygenand oxygen
Hematite Hematite (Fe(Fe22)O)O33
Mineral GroupMineral Group CharacteristicsCharacteristics ExamplesExamples
SulfidesSulfides Sulfur and a Sulfur and a metallic ionmetallic ion
Galena (PbS)Galena (PbS)
Mineral GroupMineral Group CharacteristicsCharacteristics ExamplesExamples
SulfatesSulfates Metallic Metallic ion, Sulfur ion, Sulfur & oxygen& oxygen
Barite Barite (BaSO(BaSO44))
Barite on Calcite BaSo4 / CaCO3
BariteBaSo4
Mineral GroupMineral Group CharacteristicsCharacteristics ExamplesExamples
Native Native ElementsElements
Single Single elementselements
Gold (Au), Gold (Au), Diamond (C), Diamond (C), Silver (Ag)Silver (Ag)
How do minerals form?How do minerals form?
1) Cooling of 1) Cooling of magmamagma (hot, (hot, liquid rockliquid rock and minerals inside and minerals inside the earth (from the mantle))the earth (from the mantle)) Fast Cooling = No Crystals Fast Cooling = No Crystals (mineraloids)(mineraloids)
Medium Cooling = small crystalsMedium Cooling = small crystals Slow Cooling = large crystalsSlow Cooling = large crystals
How do minerals form?How do minerals form?
2) Elements dissolved in 2) Elements dissolved in liquidsliquids (usually water) (usually water)
Physical Properties of Physical Properties of MineralsMinerals
(can be used to identify the (can be used to identify the mineral)mineral)
ColorColor LusterLuster Habit (Shape)Habit (Shape) Cleavage & FractureCleavage & Fracture StreakStreak HardnessHardness OtherOther
ColorColor- Most obvious, Most obvious, but often but often misleadingmisleading
- Different colors Different colors may result from may result from impurities; ie., impurities; ie., Quartz Quartz
LusterLuster Surface Surface reflectionreflection
metallic = shiny metallic = shiny like metallike metal
non-metallic = non-metallic = dull, non-shiny dull, non-shiny surfacesurface
Metallic - pyrite
Non-metallic - calcite
Mineral Habit (Shape)Mineral Habit (Shape)
Shape a mineral Shape a mineral takes if grown takes if grown unimpededunimpeded
http://www.minerals.net/MineralImageGallery.aspx
Amethyst
Babingtonite
Diamond
Fluorite
Cleavage & FractureCleavage & Fracture The way the mineral The way the mineral breaksbreaks
CleavageCleavage—minerals break —minerals break along along smoothsmooth, flat , flat surfaces and every surfaces and every fragment has the same fragment has the same general shapegeneral shape
FractureFracture—minerals that —minerals that break at break at randomrandom with rough with rough or jagged edgesor jagged edges
Cleavage or Fracture?Cleavage or Fracture?1.
4.
3.
2.
StreakStreak The The colorcolor of the powdered of the powdered form of the mineralform of the mineral
The color of the streak The color of the streak can be different than the can be different than the mineralmineral
Minerals must be Minerals must be softersofter than the streak platethan the streak plate
Streak…can help identify Streak…can help identify quartzquartz
http://www.childrensmuseum.org/geomysteries/cube/b3.html
HardnessHardness How easily a mineral How easily a mineral scratchesscratches materialsmaterials
Mohs Hardness ScaleMohs Hardness Scale Scale from 1 (Scale from 1 (softestsoftest) to 10 () to 10 (hardesthardest)) Test by seeing if the mineral can Test by seeing if the mineral can scratch different objects (like human scratch different objects (like human fingernail, copper, penny, glass, fingernail, copper, penny, glass, steel file)steel file)
Find out more…Find out more…
““Electronic” Hardness TestElectronic” Hardness Test
http://http://www.childrensmuseum.org/www.childrensmuseum.org/geomysteries/cube/b2.html geomysteries/cube/b2.html
Other PropertiesOther Properties Specific gravity (*excellent clue Specific gravity (*excellent clue to mineral’s identity)to mineral’s identity)
Attraction to Attraction to magnetsmagnets
Bending of lightBending of light
Reaction with hydrochloric acidReaction with hydrochloric acid
Smell & tasteSmell & taste
Watch Brainpop—“Mineral Identification”
1. If a mineral can scratch your fingernail, the mineral is _______________ than your fingernail.
2. What is luster?
Watch Classifying Minerals ClipWatch Classifying Minerals Clip