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What is a Glacier?
= An accumulation of compacted snow & ice that moves slowly under the force of gravity
2 types of glaciers:
1. Valley glacier = wedge-shaped stream of ice in a valley
2. Continental glacier = sheet of ice over all/part of a continent
(Ice caps are small ice sheets)
REVIEW
Valley Glacier
Valley Glacier
Continental Glacier
• Firn/ Neve
= snow compressed from being buried, which has taken on a rough, granular ice form. It is in a state between snow and ice.It is snow “on the way” to becoming glacial ice.
Firn / Neve
• Snow line
= the lowest level that permanent snow reaches in the summer
• Lowest snow line near poles
• Highest snow line near equator
Banff Snowline
Glacial Movement & Erosion
1) Movement of glaciers:
• Glaciers move due to their great weight under the force of gravity
fastest movement at the surface and
in the centre
glaciers melt at lower elevations where it’s
warmer
• The melting end of a glacier is called the ice front or terminus
• Glacier movement can cause crevasses to form
• crevasse = large fissure/crack in ice
• Calving = when the ice front meets a sea, and chunks of glaciers break off into the water
• icebergs = chunks of glacier broken off into water
2) Weathering and Erosion from glaciers:
• As glaciers move, they pick up and move rock
• Rock of all sizes is moved, from powder to house-sized boulders
• Glaciers move rock in different ways:• rock drops on top of a glacier• rock is incorporated into a glacier• rock is dragged at the bottom of a glacier
• Plucking = a glacier “freezes around” a large rock, picking it out of the ground and carrying it away
• Glaciers can leave striations ( = parallel scratches on bedrock) because the rock material being dragged at the bottom of the glacier scratches the rock beneath it• Striations show the direction a glacier moved
• Rock flour = fine sediment formed by the crushing of rock beneath a glacier
3) Landforms caused by glacial erosion:• U-shaped Valley = a valley with a U-shape
• Hanging Valley = where a shallow U-shaped valley (caused by a small glacier) is intersected by a deep U-shaped valley (caused by a large glacier)
• Cirque = a semicircular basin formed at the head of a glacial valley
• Arete = a sharp divide between 2 cirques • Horn = a peak formed from 3 or more cirques
3) Landforms caused by glacial erosion:• U-shaped Valley = a valley with a U-shape
• Hanging Valley = where a shallow U-shaped valley (caused by a small glaceir) is intersected by a deep U-shaped valley (caused by a large glacier)
• Cirque = a semicircular basin formed at the head of a glacial valley
• Arete = a sharp divide between 2 cirques • Horn = a peak formed from 3 or more cirques
3) Landforms caused by glacial erosion:
• Cirque = a semicircular basin formed at the head of a glacier
3) Landforms caused by glacial erosion: • Arete = a sharp divide between 2 cirques
3) Landforms caused by glacial erosion:
• Horn = a peak formed from 3 or more cirques
*Assignment 1: Draw a “before glacier erosion” and “after glacier erosion” picture of mountains, using
the diagrams on p.325 to help you.
*Assignment 2: Do 1 – 5 (Pg 325)
3) Deposition by glaciers:• When glacial ice melts (e.g., at the bottom or sides of a glacier),
the rock it carries gets deposited• Glacial deposits are called till
• Till is unsorted (rock of all sizes is jumbled together)• Moraine = a long pile of glacial till, formed at the end
or sides of a glacier• End moraine (end)• Lateral moraine (sides)
Cirque = a semicircular basin formed at the head of a glacial valley • Arete = a divide between 2 cirques • Horn = a peak formed from 3 or more cirques Task 1 : Do 1 – 5 (Pg 325)
15.3 : Glacial Deposits• Glaciers carry & deposit drift ( = foreign rock material – eg: boulders, bedrock)
• There are 2 types of drift:
1.Till = unsorted, unstratified rock deposited directly by ice
Ex: Moraines are rock deposits of till when the glacier retreats
Ex: Drumlins are canoe-shaped hills made of till found in swarms when advancing glaciers ran over a moraine
2.Outwash = sorted, stratified rock deposited by streams of glacial melt-water
Ex: Eskers are winding ridges formed when sand & gravel fill melt-water tunnels beneath a glacier.
Drift
Till
Outwash
• Moraines = accumulations of glacial till
• Rock flour = mixture of sand & silt formed by crushing rock under a glacier
• Glacial milk = milky, white melt-water due to suspended rock flour. • Kames = cone-shaped hills of stratified sand/gravel
• Kettles = circular hollows formed on moraines & outwash plains • There are 3 types of lake formed from glaciation:
1. Cirque lakes2. Kettle lakes3. Moraine dammed lakes
Task : Do 1 – 5 (Pg 328)
Moraine
Glacial Milk
Kames
Kettle
15.4 : Ice Ages• Evidence of ice ages:
1. It began 2 million years ago + 4 advances of ice
2. Interglacial periods between advances
3. Many ice ages in the past
4. Advances + retreats occurred at the same time in both hemisphere
• Hypothesis of causes of ice ages:
1. Change in the sun energy
2. Volcanic dust in the atmosphere
3. Continents blocking ocean mixing
4. Changes in earth axis & orbits
Task : Do 1 – 5 (Pg 333)
Ice Age
Ice Age