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WHAT HAPPENED TO THE BORDERS?
Border Changes In the Middle East Because of
World War IBy: Emily Kenward Period 9
Ottoman Empire collapsed at the end of World War I after six hundred years
The empire was divided into Turkey and a number of smaller countries
Ottoman Empire called for a military jihad against Great Britain and France in November 1914
Ottoman Empire’s WWI allies: Germany and Austria-Hungry Ottoman Empire’s WWI enemies: Britain, France, Russia, and
the United States British and French wanted to control Middle East oil
How it All Began
Ottoman (left) and British (right) flags
Ottoman/Turkish Empire had 600,000 troops divided into 38 divisions
Weren’t a serious threat to Europe until they became allies with Germany
London took action and sent forces to protect the Anglo-Persian oil pipeline at the beginning of WWI
The pipeline was very important to the British The title of “winner” kept going back and forth between the
two sides as the war dragged on
Background Information
Ottoman/Turkish troops (top) and European troops (left)
The Conflict Continues The British and French tried to capture Constantinople but
failed British, French, Australian and New Zealand forces attacked
Gallipoli, Turkey in April 1915 The Ottoman army stopped them and forced the allies to
abandon their position in December 1915 205,000 British solders and 47,000 French solders were
killed, wounded, or sick Ottoman Empire had the upper hand during the early part of
the war
Battle map of the battle in Gallipoli, TurkeySoldier mourning a fallen comrade
Ottoman’s failed to capture Gaza British and French had advantages over the Ottoman’s in
manpower, artillery, airpower, and self-esteem Germany began to crumble from within Arabs assisted the British and French by attacking
Ottoman/Turkish positions British and French captured 75,000 Turkish prisoners while
advancing hundreds of miles across the Middle East
defeating the Ottomans
British troops charging at the enemy (left) Ottoman Empire (top)
4 Years Later... World War One lasted from 1914-1918 Final European armies pushed towards the German border
on October 17, 1918 British, French, and American armies advanced causing the
alliance between the Central Powers (Ottoman Empire, German Empire, Austria-Hungry Empire, and the Kingdom of Bulgaria) to collapse
Turkey signed an armistice at the end of October Austria-Hungry followed on November 3 Peace Treaty was signed in 1919
American newspapers reporting on the end of the war
The Aftermath War ended with British armies in the territory now known as
Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Syria, and Lebanon Ottoman Empire was destroyed Russia was paralyzed by foreign interference and civil war Britain had so much military success that it became the
leading power in the broken Middle East The two sides set up a peace conference Britain and France were ordered by the League of Nations to
create new states and make leaders for each place
World War I winner’s medal
Changing the Middle EastIraq
Issues of conflict for the Iraqi people: history, religion, and geography
Britain grouped Baghdad, Basra, and Mosul together to create the new Iraq
Old Government= self run by kings and dictators New government= Britain made one of the ally leaders king He later was overthrown by the Iraqi people who brought
Saddam Hussein to power (U.S overthrew him in 2003) Now= without leader they are close to having a civil war
Israel Britain had an agreement with the Jews to give them their
own country Because the Ottomans were defeated the Jews had a
greater chance of getting their own land Arab leaders opposed to creating a Jewish homeland 1947: United Nations gave the Jews a sliver of land in
between the Jordan river and Mediterranean sea 1967 Six Day War: Israel won and gained control of the
West Bank, Gaza Strip, Golan Heights, and Jerusalem
Changing the Middle East
Kuwait Under the Ottomans as a district
of Basra Gained independence in 1961 Saddam Hussein invaded in 1990
Syria Protectorate (a state that is
under temporary control by a bigger place) of France
Protected Christian enclaves (a special portion of a territory reserved for a group of people) that the Ottoman Empire set-up
Changing the Middle East
Lebanon Gained independence in 1943 Was involved in a 15 year civil war between the Muslims
and Christians Asked Syria to help control the chaos Syrian troops came and helped After the civil war was over they refused to leave until
2005 They left because people thought that the Syrians
assassinated the former Lebanese Prime Minister
Changing the Middle East
Effects on the Middle EastGeography Changed the political geography of the
region
Religion British and French did not take into consideration the religion of each territoryMany conflicts started because of thisViolence triggered by some groups declaring military jihad (holy war) against Israel and Westerners
Natural Resources
British and French gained the natural resources they wanted (oil) when they took over the Middle East
World War I
Borders were changed because of WWI
Jewish, Christian, Buddhist, and Muslim religious symbols
Political map of the Middle East
A barrel of oil
A recruiting poster for the U.S. Army
What’s Going on Today? Britain and France didn’t care about the cultural differences
of the people while making the borders All they cared about was staying in power as long as they
could and where they could find the most oil to make money Because of this, the Middle East has the most troubled
borders in the world Historians think that if the borders had never changed, there
would be peace in the Middle East Today in the news: different Middle Eastern countries are
overthrowing their leaders because they have different views
Camel and his keeper in Dubai
Political cartoon of the conflicts between Israel and Palestine
References"The Concept of Jihad in Islam." ReligiousTolerance.org by the Ontario Consultants on Religious Tolerance. Ontario Consultants on Religious Tolerance, 28 Mar. 2003. Web. 1 Mar. 2011. <http://www.religioustolerance.org/isl_jihad.htm>.
"Global Connections . Mapping the Middle East | PBS." PBS: Public Broadcasting Service. Web. 4 Mar. 2011. <http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/globalconnections/mideast/educators/nations/lesson1.html>.
"Imperial History of the Middle East." Maps of War ::: Visual History of War, Religion, and Government. Maps of War. Web. 25 Feb. 2011. <http://mapsofwar.com/ind/imperial-history.html>.
Peters, Ralph. "Blood Borders - June 2006 - Armed Forces Journal - Military Strategy, Global Defense Strategy." ARMED FORCES JOURNAL. Web. 22 Feb. 2011. <http://www.armedforcesjournal.com/2006/06/1833899>.
References ContinuedRoberts, Sam. "How the Middle East Got That Way."
Scholastic/Upfront. The New York Times. Web. 23 Feb. 2011.
Serpone, Fernando. "Iraq, Lebanon and Jordan Appear after World War I." Folha Online. 11 Nov. 2008. Web. 25 Feb. 2011. <http://www1.folha.uol.com.br/folha/mundo/ult94u466301.shtml>.
Shuster, Mike. "The Middle East and the West: WWI and Beyond : NPR." NPR : National Public Radio : News & Analysis, World, US, Music & Arts : NPR. 20 Aug. 2004. Web. 23 Feb. 2011. <http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=3860950>.
Woodward, Professor David R. "BBC - History - World Wars: The Middle East during World War One." BBC - Homepage. BBC, 17 Feb. 2011. Web. 22 Feb. 2011. <http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwone/middle_east_01.shtml>.