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WHAT EXACTLY IS TAXONOMY?
-Classification: putting things into orderly groups
based on similar characteristics
-Taxonomy: the science of describing, naming,
and classifying organisms
WHY DO WE CLASSIFY?
• Imagine trying to find something in Walmart if they didn’t classify
their products
• Grocery section…freezer section…ice cream aisle…Blue Bell…Rocky
Road
• Home supplies…pet products…cat aisle…canned cat food…Tuna
Friskies
• Imagine trying to find a specific photo saved on your computer if
there were no labeled files on it
WHY DO WE CLASSIFY ORGANISMS?
• Necessary for order
• Can make predictions from patterns
• Communicate clearly
• Have common understanding
THE HIERARCHY OF LIFE
-Each level is nested in a higher and more
general level
-Becomes more specific/similar as you move
toward species
DID KING PHILLIP C0ME OVER FOR GOOD
SPAGHETTI?
Make your own mnemonic device!
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
*EXTRA CHALLENGE: include Domain at the top*
3 DOMAINS AND 6 KINGDOMS OF LIFE
• Archaea: prokaryotes (ancient bacteria)
• Bacteria: prokaryotes
• Eukarya: eukaryotes
•Plantae
•Animalia
•Protista
•Fungi
CHECK FOR UNDERSTANDING
Similarity at which of these levels indicates
the closest relationship?
a) Phylum
b) Family
c) Kingdom
d) Class
CLASSIFYING
• Type of cell: Eukaryotic or prokaryotic?
• Body form: Unicellular or multicellular?
• Cell wall: Present or not present? What is it composed
of?
• Nutrition: Heterotrophic or autotrophic?
• Habitat: Land, water, or extreme environments?
KINGDOM CELL TYPE BODY FORM
CELL STRUCTURE
NUTRITION HABITAT DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERISTICS
EXAMPLES
ANIMALIA
EUKARYOTE MULTI-
CELLULAR NO CELL WALL
HETERO-TROPHIC
LAND/ WATER
MAMMALS, BIRDS, JELLY
FISH, MOSQUITOS
PLANTAE
EUKARYOTE MULTI-
CELLULAR CELL WALL
W/CELLULOSE AUTO-
TROPHIC LAND/ WATER
CACTUS, OAK TREE, ROSE
BUSH, VENUS FLY TRAP
FUNGI
EUKARYOTE
*MULTI-CELLULAR*/
UNI-CELLULAR
CELL WALL W/CHITIN
HETERO-TROPHIC
LAND
MUSHROOM, MOLD,
ATHLETES FOOT
PROTISTA
EUKARYOTE
*UNI-CELLULAR*
/MULTI-CELLULAR
NO CELL WALL OR CELL WALL W/CELLULOSE
HETERO-TROPHIC/
AUTO-TROPHIC
WATER/ LAND
AMEOBA, PARAMECIUM,
EUGLENA
EUBACTERIA
PROKARYOTE UNI-
CELLULAR
CELL WALL W/PEPTIDO-
GLYCAN
HETERO-TROPHIC/
AUTO-TROPHIC
EVERY- WHERE
“UBIQUITOUS”
SALMONELLA, E. coli,
STREP AND STAPH
ARCHAEBACTERIA
PROKARYOTE UNI-
CELLULAR
CELL WALL W/OUT PEP-TIDOGLYCAN
HETERO-TROPHIC/
AUTO-TROPHIC
EXTREME ENVIRON-
MENTS
THERMOPHILES HALOPHILES
CHECK FOR UNDERSTANDING
1. A group of scientists discovers a new organism. This
organism is a multicellular eukaryote, and it does NOT
possess a cell wall. This organism is:
a) An autotroph
b) A heterotroph
2. Which kingdom does this organism belong to?
a) Plantae
b) Protista
c) Bacteria
d) Animalia
THE HISTORY OF CLASSIFYING ORGANISMS
• Aristotle: grouped everything into simple groups such as plants
and animals
• Then grouped animals according to if they had blood or didn’t
have blood, then if they had live young or laid eggs, etc…
• Carolus Linnaeus: created a standard naming system
• Binomial nomenclature
WHY DO WE NEED A STANDARD NAMING
SYSTEM?
Which is most venomous?
A) water moccasin
B) black moccasin
C) cottonmouth
D) viper
BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE
-Common names used by people can be misleading,
confusing, and repetitive
-Scientists need a consistent naming protocol to
communicate effectively
-Binomial nomenclature
• Two name system
• Greek and Latin words
BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE
-Dracorex hogwartsia: dinosaur
-Spongiforma squarepantsii: mushroom
-Euglossa bazinga: bee
-Agathidium vaderi: beetle
-Axima sidi: wasp
-Tinkerbella nana: fly
-L. baratheoni, L. lannisteri, L. targaryeni, and L. starki: wasps
BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE
Heteropoda davidbowie: spider
Scaptia beyonceae: fly
Gnathia marleyi: parasitic isopod
Agra schwarzeneggeri: carabid
3 RULES OF BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE
1.) The genus is always written first and
the species is written second
2.) The first letter of the genus is always
capitalized and the species is lower case
3.) Both genus and species are underlined
or italicized
CHECK FOR UNDERSTANDING
Which is the correctly written scientific name for
domestic cats?
a) Felis Domesticus
b) felis domesticus
c) Felis domesticus
d) kitty
CHECK FOR UNDERSTANDING
Which pair of organisms is more closely
related?
a) Acer rubrum & Acer saccharum
b) Acer rubrum & Chenopodium rubrum
TAXONOMY
-How does naming organisms relate
to classifying organisms?
-How does taxonomy
(naming/classifying) relate to
phylogeny (evolutionary
relationships)?
Scientists originally grouped organisms just
based on the physical similarities that they
could see.
How well do you think physical traits
demonstrate relatedness of different species?