What does this word mean?Bio=

Chemistry=

Levels of Organization

Biochemistry

Organic Compounds• Made of CARBON• Found in living/non

living things • Compounds

containing C, H, O and often N, P, & S

Inorganic Compounds• Found in Non living

things

Overview: The Molecules of Life

• What’s important about carbon:• It can combine to form long chains which act as

the backbone of large molecules.• Carbon needs to bond 4 times to fill it’s outer

shell.• It can form single, double or triple covalent

bonds.

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Therefore:Carbon can form straight chains, rings or

branched chains.

Forming:Macromolecules are large molecules

composed of thousands of covalently connected atoms

Parts of a Macromolecule• Monomer: the basic

building block of a larger molecule. A small relatively simple molecule

• Polymer: a large molecule made up of repeating units called monomers.

How are large molecules synthesized and broken down?

Molecular Structures

• Polymers are made out of monomers by the chemical process of

Dehydration Synthesis

Polymers are broken down into their monomers by….

Hydrolysis

• What is happening in the picture above?

• What is happening in the picture above?

Think about where in your body we can find these

1.Carbohydrates2. Lipids3. Proteins4.Nucleic Acids

ORGANIC MOLECULES

• ALL CONTAIN A CARBON backbone, and hydrogen and oxygen.

Organic Molecule Made up of…

Carbohydrate C, H, O

Lipids C, H, O

Proteins C, H, O, N

Nucleic Acids C, H, O, N, P

CARBOHYDRATES•Examples - Sugars, starches and cellulose

•Sources sugar, wheat, rice, corn, potato

•Used by all organisms for quick ENERGY

•Used by plants for structure of cell walls = cellulose

Monosaccharide (basic building block)

Polysaccharide

MONOMER =

POLYMER =

GLUCOSE

C_H_O_

(fill in blank)

CH2OH

C O OH

C

H

H H

C 0H H

C C

H OH

OH

6 12 6

16

CarbohydratesPolysaccharide: Formed of three or more

simple sugar units Examples: starch (bread, potatoes)-

used as energy storageglycogen (beef muscle)-

animal starch stored in liver & muscles

cellulose (lettuce, corn)-indigestible in humans-forms cell wallsglucoseglucose

glucoseglucose

glucoseglucose

glucoseglucose

cellulose

LIPIDS•Examples – Fats and Oils

•Sources - waxes, steroids, butter, cholesterol, animal fats

•Used by organisms for long term energy storage, protection and insulation

•Do not mix with water = non-polar

•Monomers = glycerol

= any 3 fatty acids

• Polymer = 1 glycerol & 3 fatty acids bonded together

Fatty acid 1

Fatty acid 2

Fatty acid 3 G

lyce

rol

G

lyce

rol

Fatty acid 1

Fatty acid 2

Fatty acid 3

H

H C OH

H C OH

H C OH

H

O H H H H H

C C C C C C H

H H H H H

O H H H H H

C C C C C C H

H H H H H

O H H H H H

C C C C C C H

H H H H H

GLYCEROL FATTY ACID

C H 0 21 41 6

Lipids - phospholipids• 1 Glycerol and 2 Fatty acids• Make up cell membranes

• fatty acids are hydrophobic - water fearing• phospho end is hydrophilic - water loving

PROTEINS• Examples – meats, nuts and beans

• Sources – meats, nuts and beans

•Uses - makes muscle, hair and nails and enzymes

•Enzyme - a molecule that speeds up or slows down a chemical reaction so that it can occur at body temperature.

• Monomer – amino acids (20 different kinds)(basic building

blocks)

Alanine ArginineAsparagine Aspartic Acid Cysteine Glutamic AcidGlutamine GlycineHistidine IsoleucineLeucine LysineMethionine PhenylalanineProline Serine ThreonineTryptophanTyrosine Valine

Polymer – a chain of 50 –500 amino acids bonded by a peptide bond (polypeptide)

The order of the amino acids determines what protein you will make and what its function will be.

AN R GROUP IS ANY GROUP OF ATOMS – THIS CHANGES THE PROPERTIES OF THE PROTEIN!

If there are between 50-500 amino acids per protein and 20 different amino acids, how many different kinds of proteins are possible.

5020 + 5120 + 5220 + ….. 50020 = TMTC

• hemoglobin transports oxygen in the blood • lysozyme hydrolyzes bacterial cell walls• collagen serves as scaffolding for support of tissues and

organs, most abundant protein• pepsin hydrolyzes dietary protein in the stomach• trypsin hydrolyzes dietary protein in the small intestine• casein found in milk, supplies amino acids to newborns• insulin acts as a signal for the fed state • myoglobin stores oxygen in muscle cells• ferritin stores iron in the spleen• rhodopsin transmits visual signals• fibrin forms the insoluble network of blood clots• amylase hydrolyzes starch in the mouth• thrombin catalyzes the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin• antibody binds to a foreign antigen

Some Human Proteins…

NUCLEIC ACIDS• Examples: DNA and RNA• Sources: Nitrogen, sugars,

phosphates• Uses - store & transmit heredity/genetic

information - Makes chromosomes (genetic information)

Phosphate

Sugar

Nitrogen base

Monomer – Nucleotides

Nucleotide

How many nucleotides does this DNA molecule contain?

8

Polymer = a chain of nucleotides bonded together

DNA Nucleotide

FOUR MACROMoleculeS

of LIFEPOLYMER MONOMER

Carbohydrates (Polysaccharides)

Monosaccharides (simple sugars)

Lipids (e.g. fats) Glycerol and Fatty Acids

Protein Amino Acids

Nucleic Acids Nucleotides

•NUCLEIC ACIDS direct the cell to produce specific PROTEINS.

•The CARBOHYDRATES and LIPIDS provide the energy for the cell to make PROTEINS.

•The PROTEINS your body makes determines your physical traits (hair color, eye color, height...) and body functions (blood clotting, carrying oxygen, digesting food…)

#1 Carbohydrates

The monomer is a monosaccharide

- a single sugar.

The polymer is called a polysaccharide

-a string of many monosaccharides.

Train Analogy

#2 Proteins

• Monomers =Amino Acids

• Polymers =Polypeptides

– Polypeptides become Proteins through the process of folding.

ENZYMES; a special protein

• Called catalysts. • They speed up the rate of

reactions.• They perform cellular

functions .

#3 Lipids

• Monomers = 3 fatty acids and glycerol•

Saturated & Unsaturated Fats

Saturated Fats- carbon to carbon single bonds, it is FULL of hydrogens.

*solids at room temp

Unsaturated Fats- Some double bonds between carbons. Not full to hydrogen.

*liquid at room temp

Lipids

• Polymers of lipids are called fats and oils

UnSaturated Saturated

#4 Nucleic Acid

• Monomers called nucleotides– They will each have:

• 5 carbon sugar• Phosphate Group• Base (A,T,C, or G)

Nucleic Acid

• Polymers are

Nucleic Acids

There are 2 kinds:

Deoxyribonucleic Acid DNARibonucleic Acid RNA