What does this talk have to do with MARGINS (I ask myself)? Ash results from Explosive Volcanism

What does this talk have to do with MARGINS (I ask myself)?Ash results from Explosive VolcanismExplosions start from Gas escaping magma--CPB magmas carry as much as 10X more gas than other magmas!Gas escape from CPB explosive eruptions is up to two orders of magnitude more that erupted magma volumes would suggestPyroclastic flows, which create most of the fine ash, are much more common in CPB eruptionsKilauea Puu Oo

MARGINS, San Jos, Costa Rica June 22, 2007William I RoseMichigan Tech UnivHoughton, MI 49931 USA

The formation, fate and hazards of fine volcanic ash

AcknowledgmentsAsh collectors of distal ash samples are few and far between. Here are several vital sources:Sam Bonis for Guatemalan tephra. Andrei Sarna-Wocjicki for Mount St Helens. Game McGimsey for Cook Inlet volcanoes. Nick Varley for Colima. Joop Varekamp and Jim Luhr for El Chichn.Lab facilities access and enthusiastic critical help: Komar Kawatra, Costanza Bonadonna, Clare Horwell, Alain VolentikStudents (who really did the work): Adam Durant, Colleen Riley, Jason Evans, Sebastien DartevelleHelpful participants in data discussions : Raymond Shaw, Steve Self, Gerald Ernst, Jackie Huntoon, Jocelyn McPhieMiscellaneous vital help, mainly technical: Chris R Copeland, Owen Mills, Ken Wohletz, Simon Blott, Steve Boreham and Chris Rolfe Institutional Help: Cambridge University, Univ South Florida, USGS, Michigan TechFinances: US National Science Foundation

Fine ash (

Hazards of fine ash particlesEffects on jet aircraft -hazards are very serious for many systems on aircraft, engines, hydraulic systems, electric systems, windshieldsHuman health issues for atmospheric particles now center around the measurements of the number of particles which can pass the throat with moving (breathing) air. The critical measurement (PM 2.5) is the number or mass of particles with aerodynamic diameter

What this paper reports:New data on size distributions of more than 200 fine-grained volcanic ashfall samples from basaltic, andesitic and dacitic eruptions.Techniques used: Laser Diffraction automated particle grain size distributions using equipment used in a variety of industrial applications. The principle of this method is forward fraunhofer scattering. The manufacturers (instruments) are Malvern Instruments (Mastersizer) and Microtrac (S3500).www.malvern.co.uk www.microtrac.comNew Results: Much improved GSD data, especially for samples with a high proportion of particles finer than sieve ranges (

New Laser diffraction data on distal/fine ashfall samples from 10 - >1000 km distance, mainly collected as they fell:

VolcanoMagmaStyleVEIDates

Fuego Basalt subplinian 2- 41973-74San Miguel Basalt strombolian?11970SpurrAndesitesubplinian 3-41992ColimaAndesitepeleean/1-3?2000-2006RedoubtAndesitepeleean2-31989-90AugustineAndesitepeleean2-41986PinatuboAndesite plinian61991El ChichnTrachyandesite plinian 51982St HelensDaciteplinian51980SantiaguitoDacitepeleean1-21968-2006Bruneau-JRhyoliteplinian811 ma

Volcanic Clouds- the home of fine ash and a domain of both volcanology and meteorologyRapid fallout of coarse particles (30min)Clouds and precipitationVolcanic Clouds and ashfallHydrometeors important in both clouds and VCCCN abundant in VC, rare in cloudsCloud glaciation early (-18 C)VC have many small icy particles that form during cloud ascent and sublimate.Clouds, especially vertically developed ones, develop larger hydrometeors.VC can become quite heavy with a load of fine particles--sinks as a whole

VF 74-103 17 Oct 1974 Fuego.This distal fall has only a very minor coarse mode, with a dominant mode at 5 .

Sieve rangeLaser diffraction expands the range of precise GSD work to submicron diameters.

Chart1

0

0

0.1364367845

1.0530253109

2.082472825

1.8992295527

0.9060321419

0.0708801829

0.7451341756

2.9148447635

6.0092021823

8.7596194874

9.8463622854

9.7939177877

8.9605117845

8.1054446278

7.2245648744

6.6559384219

6.1432717842

5.4020096238

4.4180248942

3.334101832

2.9051966207

1.9588741005

0.6749039561

0

1

10

100

1000

Particle Diameter (mm)

Particle Diameter (f)

Class Weight (%)

Information

GRADISTAT

Version 4.0

A Grain Size Distribution and Statistics Package for the Analysis of

Unconsolidated Sediments by Sieving or Laser Granulometer

Surface Processes and Modern Environments Research Group

Department of Geology

Royal Holloway

University of London

Egham

Surrey TW20 0EX

E-mail: [email protected]

Tel/Fax: +44 (0)1784 414168

Instructions on the Use of the GRADISTAT Program

The development of this program was inspired by Dave Thornley and John Jack at the Postgraduate Research Institute for Sedimentology at the University of Reading, UK, and the Department of Geology at Royal Holloway University of London, UK. It is provided in Microsoft Excel format to allow both spreadsheet and graphical output. The program is best suited to analyse data obtained from sieve or laser granulometer analysis. The user is required to input the mass or percentage of sediment retained on sieves spaced at any intervals, or the percentage of sediment detected in each bin of a Laser Granulometer. The following sample statistics are then calculated using the Method of Moments in Microsoft Visual Basic programming language: mean, mode(s), sorting (standard deviation), skewness, kurtosis, D10, D50, D90, D90/D10, D90-D10, D75/D25 and D75-D25. Grain size parameters are calculated arithmetically and geometrically (in microns) and logarithmically (using the phi scale) (Krumbein and Pettijohn, 19381; Table 1). Linear interpolation is also used to calculate statistical parameters by the Folk and Ward (1957)2 graphical method and derive physical descriptions (such as very coarse sand and moderately sorted). The program also provides a physical description of the textural group which the sample belongs to and the sediment name (such as fine gravelly coarse sand) after Folk (1954)3. Also included is a table giving the percentage of grains falling into each size fraction, modified from Udden (1914)4 and Wentworth (1922)5 (see Table 2). In terms of graphical output, the program provides graphs of the grain size distribution and cumulative distribution of the data in both metric and phi units, and displays the sample grain size on triangular diagrams. Samples may be analysed singularly, or up to 250 samples may be analysed together.

The program is ideal for the rapid analysis of sieve data and is freely available from the author at the above address. Please note that the copyright for the program is held by author, and any distribution or use of the program should be acknowledged to him.

S. Blott October 2000

1Krumbein, W.C. and Pettijohn, F.J. (1938) Manual of Sedimentary Petrography. Appleton-Century-Crofts, New York.

2Folk, R.L. and Ward, W.C. (1957) Brazos River bar: a study in the significance of grain size parameters. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, 27, 3-26.

3Folk, R.L. (1954) The distinction between grain size and mineral composition in sedimentary-rock nomenclature. Journal of Geology, 62, 344-359.

4Udden, J.A. (1914) Mechanical composition of clastic sediments. Bulletin of the Geological Society of America, 25, 655-744.

5Wentworth, C.K. (1922) A scale of grade and class terms for clastic sediments. Journal of Geology, 30, 377-392.

Single Sample Analysis

1. Switch to the "Single Sample Data Input" sheet if it is not already active. Enter the aperture sizes of the sieves or Laser Granulometer bins used in the analysis into the cells in column B. Sizes may be entered either in ascending or descending numerical order. For convenience, you can click on one of the standard sieve or Laser Granulometer size intervals and GRADISTAT will enter the size classes for you. Any non-standard sieve sizes can be used, although some of the statistics may not be calculated if you have not used sieves with at least whole phi intervals. See the section below if the sample contains unanalysed sediment, such as material retained in the pan after sieving. At least one size class larger than the largest particles in the sample should also be entered. A large area to the right of the data columns is provided for the cut and paste of data from other spreadsheets, such as the import of Laser Granulometer data.

2. Enter the weight or percentage of sample beside each size class in column C. When you have finished, make sure there are no data further down the spreadsheet which could cause an error. The program will accept data down to row 230.

3. Enter the sample identity, analyst, date and initial sample weight (optional) at the top of the "Single Sample Data Input" sheet.

4. Click the "Calculate Statistics" button and wait a few moments for the program to finish running. When the dialog box appears, click "OK".

5. The results are summarised on the "Single Sample Statistics" sheet, which includes a distribution histogram of the sample. Select "Print..." from the file menu to print the Summary Statistics page. The data is also shown on triangular diagrams on the "Gravel Sand Mud" and "Sand Silt Clay" sheets. Further cumulative and distribution plots are given on other sheets.

Multiple Sample Analysis

1. Switch to the "Multiple Sample Data Input" sheet. Enter the aperture sizes of the sieves or Laser Granulometer bins used in the analysis into the cells in column B. The aperture sizes must be the same for all the samples. Sizes may be entered either in ascending or descending numerical order. For convenience, you can click on one of the standard sieve or Laser Granulometer size intervals and GRADISTAT will enter the size classes for you. Any non-standard sieve sizes can be used, although some of the statistics may not be calculated if you have not used sieves with at least whole phi intervals. See the section below if samples contain unanalysed sediment, such as material retained in the pan after sieving. At least one size class larger than the largest particles in the sample should also be entered.

2. Enter the weight or percentage of sample in column C onwards. Make sure there are no data further down the spreadsheet which could cause an error. The program will accept data down to row 230.

3. Enter the sample identity, analyst, date and initial sample weight (optional) in the green cells above each sample listing.

4. If you require a Summary Statistics printout for each sample, select a tick in the option box.

5. Click the "Calculate Statistics" button and wait for the program to finish running (this may take several minutes). GRADISTAT will give a warning if it detects a sample whose combined weight is greater than the given sample weight. Click "OK" when prompted on the dialog boxes.

6. The resulting statistics for all samples are summarised on the "Multiple Sample Statistics" sheet. The data for each sample included in the analysis are also shown on triangular diagrams on the "Gravel Sand Mud" and "Sand Silt Clay" sheets. Cumulative and distribution plots will show the results for the last sample in the analysis. If graphical plots for other samples are required, use separate single sample analyses (above).

Unanalysed Sediment

Occasionally, samples may contain sediment in a size fraction of unspecified size, such as material retained in the pan after sieving. Ideally, the whole size range in a sample should be analysed, and this may require further analysis of sediment remaining in the pan after sieving. The larger the quantity of sediment remaining in the pan, the less accurate the calculation of grain size statistics, with statistics calculated by the Method of Moments being most susceptible. Errors in Folk and Ward parameters become significant only when more than 5% of the sample is undetermined. If the sample contains sediment in the pan the user should do one of the following:

1. Enter the weight or percentage of sample in the pan with a class size of zero (or leave the class size blank). GRADISTAT calculates the statistics assuming all sediment in the pan is larger than 10 f (1 mm). The grain size distribution graphs do not however plot the quantity of sediment in the pan.

2. Enter the weight or percentage of sample in the pan with a class size which the user considers to be the lower size limit of sediment in the pan. GRADISTAT calculates the statistics assuming all sediment in the pan is larger than this value and plots this quantity on the grain size distribution graphs.

The above two options are recommended where there is less than 1% of the sample remaining in the pan.

3. Do not enter the quantity of sediment in the pan at all. GRADISTAT calculates the statistics ignoring the sediment in the pan as if it were not present in the sample. This is recommended where there is more than 1% of the sample remaining in the pan.

Samples containing more than 5% of sediment in the pan should ideally be analysed using a different technique, such as sedimentation or laser granulometry. Great care must however be taken when merging data obtained by different methods.

Graph Scales

The size scale used in graphical plots is dependent upon the range of sizes specified on the sample input sheets: the first and last values provide the extreme values on the graphs. While one size class larger than the largest particles in the sample should be entered, other size classes outside the grain size range of the sample have no influence on the statistical calculations. These classes may be deleted to narrow the size scale on graphs. Note that unused size classes within the size range of the sample should also be deleted, otherwise GRADISTAT assumes that zero sample weight was present in those size classes.

Copyright Simon Blott (2000)

Single Sample Data Input

Single Sample Data Input ScreenEnter your data in the columns below, and then click the "Calculate

Statistics" button. See the "Information" sheet for more information.

Sample Identity:VF-74-103

Analyst:

Date:Auto. add

Initial Sample Weight:(optional)apertures

at:

ApertureClass Weight

(microns)Retained (g or %)

20000

14000

10000

7100.13464

5001.063936

3552.055048

2501.918908

1800.857588

1250.074471

900.705293

632.99559

446.214972

31.18.757624

229.820956

15.69.701094

119.020275

7.788.088584

5.57.219306

3.896.642093

2.756.1388

1.945.430837

1.384.335836

0.973.386764

0.692.851151

0.491.931925

0.350.654313

0.240

CalculateStatistics

Half Phi Intervals

Quarter Phi Intervals

Laser Granulometer

Single Sample Statistics

SAMPLE IDENTITY:VF-74-103ANALYST & DATE:,

SAMPLE TYPE:Bimodal, Very Poorly SortedTEXTURAL GROUP:Mud

SEDIMENT NAME:Coarse Silt

fGRAIN SIZE DISTRIBUTION

MODE 1:26.555.257GRAVEL:0.0%COARSE SAND:1.2%

MODE 2:427.51.247SAND:9.9%MEDIUM SAND:4.0%

MODE 3:MUD:90.1%FINE SAND:0.9%

1.5144.005V FINE SAND:3.8%

12.516.321V COARSE GRAVEL:0.0%V COARSE SILT:14.7%

62.309.368COARSE GRAVEL:0.0%COARSE SILT:19.6%

41.162.339MEDIUM GRAVEL:0.0%MEDIUM SILT:17.1%

60.785.363FINE GRAVEL:0.0%FINE SILT:13.9%

7.8221.591V FINE GRAVEL:0.0%V FINE SILT:11.5%

26.912.967V COARSE SAND:0.0%CLAY:13.3%

METHOD OF MOMENTSFOLK & WARD METHOD

ArithmeticGeometricLogarithmicGeometricLogarithmicDescription

ff

MEAN :41.4611.716.41610.876.524Medium Silt

98.874.6132.2064.8992.292Very Poorly Sorted

4.3190.211-0.211-0.0350.035Symmetrical

23.202.9632.9631.1231.123Leptokurtic


0

0

0.1364367845

1.0530253109

2.082472825

1.8992295527

0.9060321419

0.0708801829

0.7451341756

2.9148447635

6.0092021823

8.7596194874

9.8463622854

9.7939177877

8.9605117845

8.1054446278

7.2245648744

6.6559384219

6.1432717842

5.4020096238

4.4180248942

3.334101832

2.9051966207

1.9588741005

0.6749039561

0

1

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100

1000



Class Weight (%)

Module1

Multiple Sample Data Input ScreenEnter your data in the columns below, and then click the

"Calculate Statistics" button. Enter Sample Info in the green cells.

ApertureClass Weight Retained (g or %) in Different Samples

(microns)

Sample Identity:GU/S-COI 12/1/96 - AverageGU/S AF 13/11/03 - AverageGU/S AF 17/12/03 - AverageGU/S COI 25/11/94 - AverageGU/S COI 1500-68 - AverageGU/S COI 1500-68 b - AverageGU/S 1116 - AverageGU/S AF-2 12/1/75 b - AverageGU/S AF-1 12/1/75 - AverageGU/S 1501-68 - AverageGU/S 1501-68 b - AverageGU/S-COI 30/11/98 - Average

Analyst:

Date:

Initial Sample Weight:

2000

1400

100000000000000.1596550

7100000000000.027290.9115980

500000000000.1247622.0924593.6491850

3550.0040144.67568100.16618700003.0628867.0773867.1053250.529458

2500.09823812.9938502.3635640000.0655576.4894839.0121158.5956590.854595

1800.07632917.2739321.205015.0301060001.7677118.0541947.5415727.4119830.455526

1250.43035815.7383084.6398257.0281663.9876153.6045573.1602434.1008127.9314255.2852835.3301710.747293

903.03532511.6682468.1238427.74222511.95398411.49576613.1492026.1720866.7756244.4688724.4194442.632942

636.5657128.66972411.5665257.74054416.97402616.64277324.0712027.4207515.6103075.212015.0142775.928417

4410.0528646.97465614.5299597.76102717.51463917.47798126.9308517.8614675.0609216.2742576.0037239.435427

3112.4893735.33708915.9742087.95340514.46424314.71456418.7363957.9670715.0947336.7777136.49995711.869631

2213.1481053.51825814.8197788.1184910.11683310.4733057.4673658.1311595.4231876.6900726.43745912.536753

15.612.1505512.17572711.212698.0955676.4740936.7484921.273928.4175785.8399056.3469326.12843811.572834

1110.1239451.6385126.7645917.7632824.2206754.3444370.0432118.5653856.1670965.9337745.7425829.647779

7.87.8090711.6022723.3112227.0454253.0695943.0832410.6022598.2593656.2323385.4337185.2638247.543366

5.55.7180631.6049481.536185.9177192.459062.4384320.9216167.3257035.8866764.7624624.619135.736241

3.94.1916941.4661981.0043094.6080862.0358812.0330510.7434726.0129125.2315234.0196863.904464.467094

2.763.3139341.251580.9772633.457221.6910931.7176820.5340334.7650614.5031523.3827273.2885413.7471

1.952.8482771.0353990.9935822.612121.3934711.4358130.5066273.7742623.772322.8569742.7815643.327422

1.382.5151490.8455740.9401872.059311.1472021.189580.550533.0414483.0594012.3773752.3263992.95619

0.982.065980.646930.8182241.6187790.9114180.9467280.5119332.3688332.2840671.8170721.7952262.398056

0.691.5699050.4610320.6850581.2618670.7119950.7408480.4006581.7852941.6030871.2820181.2796351.764383

0.491.1530720.3137390.5614660.9930020.5578770.5813990.2894891.3442741.1280580.8822350.8843981.23028

0.350.6124410.1083440.3307730.5771670.311540.3263330.1069930.7496430.5953430.4396340.4409710.610376

0.240.027600.0053060.0867430.0047610.00501700.1036290.0695110.0063640.0063970.008838

0.17

CalculateStatistics

Half Phi Intervals


Laser Granulometer

Auto. addaperturesat:

Multiple Sample Data Input

SAMPLE STATISTICS

ANALYST AND DATE:

SIEVING ERROR:

SAMPLE TYPE:

TEXTURAL GROUP:

SEDIMENT NAME:

METHOD OFMEAN

MOMENTSSORTING

SKEWNESS

KURTOSIS

METHOD OFMEAN

MOMENTSSORTING

SKEWNESS

KURTOSIS

METHOD OFMEAN

MOMENTSSORTING

SKEWNESS

KURTOSIS

FOLK ANDMEAN

WARD METHODSORTING

SKEWNESS

KURTOSIS

FOLK ANDMEAN

WARD METHODSORTING

SKEWNESS

KURTOSIS

FOLK AND

WARD METHOD

(Description)

% GRAVEL:

% SAND:

% MUD:

% V COARSE GRAVEL:

% COARSE GRAVEL:

% MEDIUM GRAVEL:

% FINE GRAVEL:

% V FINE GRAVEL:

% V COARSE SAND:

% COARSE SAND:

% MEDIUM SAND:

% FINE SAND:

% V FINE SAND:

% V COARSE SILT:

% COARSE SILT:

% MEDIUM SILT:

% FINE SILT:

% V FINE SILT:

% CLAY:

Multiple Sample Statistics

&CTriangular Diagram

Sand

Mud

Gravel

80%

30%

5%

Trace

1:1

1:9

9:1

Sand:Mud Ratio

Gravel %

Gravel

Muddy Gravel

Muddy Sandy Gravel

Gravelly Mud

Gravelly Muddy Sand

Slightly Gravelly Mud

Slightly GravellySandy Mud

Slightly GravellyMuddy Sand

Mud

Sandy Mud

Muddy Sand

Sand

Slightly Gravelly Sand

Gravelly Sand

Sandy Gravel

VF-74-103

TEXTURAL GROUP:

SEDIMENT NAME:

Mud

Coarse Silt

SAMPLE IDENTITY:

Gravel:

Sand:

Mud:

0.0%

9.9%

90.1%

Coarse Gravel:

Medium Gravel:

Fine Gravel:

Coarse Sand:

Medium Sand:

Fine Sand:

Very Fine Sand:

Very Coarse Silt:

0.0%

0.0%

0.0%

1.2%

0.9%

3.8%

14.7%

4.0%

Very Coarse Gravel:

0.0%

Very Coarse Sand:

Coarse Silt:

Clay:

Fine Silt:

Very Fine Gravel:

0.0%

0.0%

Medium Silt:

Very Fine Silt:

13.3%

11.5%

13.9%

17.1%

19.6%

Gravel Sand Mud Diagram


Silt

Clay

Sand

90%

50%

10%

1:2

2:1

Silt:Clay Ratio

Sand %

Sand

Clayey Sand

Muddy Sand

Sandy Clay

Sandy Silt

Sandy Mud

Clay

Mud

Silt

Silty Sand

NOTEGravel is also present inthis sample

VF-74-103

TEXTURAL GROUP:IGNORING GRAVELFRACTION

SAMPLE IDENTITY:

Gravel:

Sand:

Mud:

0.0%

9.9%

90.1%

Coarse Gravel:

Medium Gravel:

Fine Gravel:

Coarse Sand:

Medium Sand:

Fine Sand:

Very Fine Sand:

Very Coarse Silt:

Very Coarse Gravel:

Very Coarse Sand:

Coarse Silt:

Clay:

Fine Silt:

Very Fine Gravel:

Medium Silt:

Very Fine Silt:

0.0%

0.0%

0.0%

1.2%

0.9%

3.8%

14.7%

4.0%

0.0%

0.0%

0.0%

13.3%

11.5%

13.9%

17.1%

19.6%

Sand Silt Clay Diagram

0

0

0.1364367845

1.0530253109

2.082472825

1.8992295527

0.9060321419

0.0708801829

0.7451341756

2.9148447635

6.0092021823

8.7596194874

9.8463622854

9.7939177877

8.9605117845

8.1054446278

7.2245648744

6.6559384219

6.1432717842

5.4020096238

4.4180248942

3.334101832

2.9051966207

1.9588741005

0.6749039561

0

&CFrequency Distribution Histogram

Particle diameter (f)

Class weight (%)

Distribution (phi)

0

0

0

0.1346399946

1.1985759521

3.2536238699

5.1725317931

6.0301197588

6.1045907558

6.8098837276

9.8054736078

16.0204453592

24.7780690089

34.599024616

44.300118228

53.3203928672

61.4089765436

68.6282822549

75.2703749892

81.4091747436

86.8400115264

91.175847353

94.5626112175

97.4137621034

99.3456870262

100

100

&CCumulative Frequency Curve


Cumulative mass retained (%)

Cumulative (phi)

0

0

0.1364367845

1.0530253109

2.082472825

1.8992295527

0.9060321419

0.0708801829

0.7451341756

2.9148447635

6.0092021823

8.7596194874

9.8463622854

9.7939177877

8.9605117845

8.1054446278

7.2245648744

6.6559384219

6.1432717842

5.4020096238

4.4180248942

3.334101832

2.9051966207

1.9588741005

0.6749039561

0

&CFrequency Distribution Curve

Particle diameter (mm)

Class weight (%)

Distribution (microns)

0

0

0

0.1346399946

1.1985759521

3.2536238699

5.1725317931

6.0301197588

6.1045907558

6.8098837276

9.8054736078

16.0204453592

24.7780690089

34.599024616

44.300118228

53.3203928672

61.4089765436

68.6282822549

75.2703749892

81.4091747436

86.8400115264

91.175847353

94.5626112175

97.4137621034

99.3456870262

100

100




Cumulative (microns)

Method of Moments - LogarithmicDateModeFirstModeSecondModeThirdModePrint

9.84636228549.84636228542.0824728250100

Mean:6.416

Std. Dev.2.206ClassMode1ClassMode2ClassMode3Classmode4ClassMode5

Skewness-0.2119.84636228542.082472825

Kurtosis2.963

TexureMaximum Frequency

Sum of Sieve Classes9.8463622854

100.00ShapeLine

0095.356385

Sum of Proportion Classes

199.7191843621

Method of Moments - ArithmeticMethod of Moments - GeometricPlease wait while the

Mean (um)41.461Mean (mm)11.714statistics are calculated

Std. Dev. (um)98.871Std. Dev. (mm)4.613

Skewness (um)4.319Skewness (mm)0.211

Kurtosis (um)23.204Kurtosis (mm)2.963Samples remaining:1

Kurtosis (um) - 320.204Kurtosis (mm) - 3-0.037

0%100%

STATISTICS BY METHOD OF MOMENTSSTATISTICS BY METHOD OF MOMENTSSTATISTICS BY METHOD OF MOMENTS

APERTUREMID-POINT (m)APERTUREMID-POINT (m)CUM. MASSCLASSCLASSAPERTURELOGARITHMICMID-POINT (m)NORMALISEDARITHMETICGEOMETIC

(metric)(metric)(PHI Scale)(PHI Scale)RETAINEDWEIGHT (f)WEIGHT(metric)(metric)CLASS WEIGHT

(mm)(mm)(PHI)(PHI)(%)(%)(g)fm(no units)(%)fmlog mf log m

2.00-1.0000.000.000.0020000.000.000000.000000.000000.000.000.000000.000000.0000000.000000.000000.00000

1.401.70-0.485-0.74270.000.000.0014000.000.000000.000000.000001673.30.000.000.000.000000.000000.000003.22400.000000.000000.00000

1.001.2000.000-0.24270.000.000.0010000.000.000000.000000.000001183.20.000.000.000.000000.000000.000003.07300.000000.000000.00000

0.710.8550.4940.24710.130.130.137100.035.12330-31.60371194.95128842.60.270.14115.1289110.8712872495156.5826458977626996.194302.9260.39390669630.464270.862121.60090

0.500.6051.0000.74711.201.061.065000.7934.18772-193.797181098.56254595.82.101.05643.68337880.57458190408833.60534107302776904.199002.7752.95254375843.098065.286609.02119

0.360.4281.4941.24713.252.062.063552.5654.89984-283.756421466.62904421.34.162.08878.53306255.57294118226552.0536845640043302.219402.6255.39367707724.974977.7406112.04368

0.250.3032.0001.74715.171.921.922503.3541.82454-195.26286911.60803297.93.791.90580.47130756.8538034132619.971228909940184.646742.4744.74753973743.790105.326597.48596

0.180.2152.4742.23706.030.860.861801.9214.97486-62.57559261.48517212.11.810.91184.3825826.892524481969.46984777795869.533332.3271.99526952681.357011.707002.14727

0.130.1533.0002.73706.100.070.071250.201.00781-3.7074313.63857150.00.140.0711.36918.19971101955.8486611321061.141652.1760.16205568570.091330.101140.11200

0.090.1083.4743.23706.810.710.71902.287.12641-22.6527972.00663106.11.490.7575.823075.87501203127.2769713414293.678132.0261.42862470090.645790.617950.59131

0.060.0773.9893.73129.813.003.006311.1821.58714-57.94974155.5635575.35.822.91229.163677.75060128864.186024515254.092111.8775.62209771281.956211.580811.27746

0.040.0544.5064.247416.026.216.214426.4029.21838-63.35263137.3640852.612.006.01332.50900.7615510844.14168130551.096731.72110.69843132262.647741.728201.12801

0.030.0385.0074.756624.788.768.7631.141.6624.10423-39.9895766.3437837.017.498.76328.85133.96555-523.958122049.273881.56813.73288685652.184301.090880.54480

0.020.0275.5065.256634.609.829.822251.6313.19292-15.2909517.7226326.219.679.85260.752183.61204-32560.14620485508.918861.41813.92210353361.195530.417120.14553

0.020.0196.0025.754344.309.709.7015.655.824.24301-2.806081.8557818.519.569.79182.384981.77636-112892.734612558278.134891.26812.29879075640.384500.076550.01524

0.010.0136.5066.254353.329.029.021156.420.23481-0.037890.0061113.117.908.96119.977153.52737-201451.490345673103.749261.11710.07797979160.021280.001030.00005

0.010.0097.0066.756261.418.098.097.7854.650.937840.319340.108749.316.198.1175.958319.57794-266818.354228557168.960470.9667.81507744910.08499-0.008710.00089

0.010.0077.5067.256268.637.227.225.552.385.100124.286703.603016.514.437.2247.948753.49361-304806.6320910613714.600490.8165.88857934290.46217-0.116940.02959

0.000.0058.0067.756275.276.646.643.8951.5211.9356115.9997921.447864.613.296.6631.188978.44285-330102.6925912136602.017740.6654.41802880061.08159-0.436460.17613

0.000.0038.5068.256281.416.146.142.7550.6820.7950238.2734370.442603.312.276.1420.388930.39812-340615.5706712991466.381110.5153.15927895041.88443-1.044060.57846

0.000.0029.0108.758086.845.435.431.9447.5629.7972569.79607163.487932.310.795.4012.748309.57378-325038.4566812714249.981020.3641.97447418732.70020-1.903971.34253

0.000.0029.5019.255491.184.344.341.3840.1334.9649099.29149281.962771.68.824.427.206868.53106-273375.3704910880651.565110.2140.92717690293.16849-2.708582.31543

0.000.00110.0109.755494.563.393.390.9733.0437.77567126.16121421.346591.26.663.333.985496.62674-221437.877788920877.484740.0630.21446821143.42320-3.441563.46002

0.000.00110.50110.255497.412.852.850.6929.2442.03640161.40918619.770490.85.802.912.374706.93531-191248.150667770630.50436-0.087-0.24859066963.80930-4.403095.08944

0.000.00110.99510.748099.351.931.930.4920.7636.26078157.09435680.587560.63.911.961.143227.18425-131898.701335390850.37095-0.235-0.4549246863.28592-4.285395.58886

0.000.00011.48011.2376100.000.650.650.357.3515.2136973.35994353.739430.41.350.670.271102.10856-45231.792481856364.35595-0.383-0.2505154591.37865-2.001192.90484

0.000.00012.02511.7525100.000.000.000.240.000.000000.000000.000000.30.000.000.000.000000.000000.00000-0.53800.000000.000000.00000

0.000.0000.0000.0000100.000.0000.000.000000.000000.000000.00.000.000.000.000000.000000.000000.00000.000000.000000.00000

0.000.0000.0000.0000100.000.0000.000.000000.000000.000000.00.000.000.000.000000.000000.000000.00000.000000.000000.00000

0.000.0000.0000.0000100.000.0000.000.000000.000000.000000.00.000.000.000.000000.000000.000000.00000.000000.000000.00000

0.000.0000.0000.0000100.000.0000.000.000000.000000.000000.00.000.000.000.000000.000000.000000.00000.000000.000000.00000

0.000.0000.0000.0000100.000.0000.000.000000.000000.000000.00.000.000.000.000000.000000.000000.00000.000000.000000.00000

0.000.0000.0000.0000100.000.0000.000.000000.000000.000000.00.000.000.000.000000.000000.000000.00000.000000.000000.00000

0.000.0000.0000.0000100.000.0000.000.000000.000000.000000.00.000.000.000.000000.000000.000000.00000.000000.000000.00000

0.000.0000.0000.0000100.000.0000.000.000000.000000.000000.00.000.000.000.000000.000000.000000.00000.000000.000000.00000

0.000.0000.0000.0000100.000.0000.000.000000.000000.000000.00.000.000.000.000000.000000.000000.00000.000000.000000.00000

0.000.0000.0000.0000100.000.0000.000.000000.000000.000000.00.000.000.000.000000.000000.000000.00000.000000.000000.00000

0.000.0000.0000.0000100.000.0000.000.000000.000000.000000.00.000.000.000.000000.000000.000000.00000.000000.000000.00000

0.000.0000.0000.0000100.000.0000.000.000000.000000.000000.00.000.000.000.000000.000000.000000.00000.000000.000000.00000

0.000.0000.0000.0000100.000.0000.000.000000.000000.000000.00.000.000.000.000000.000000.000000.00000.000000.000000.00000

0.000.0000.0000.0000100.000.0000.000.000000.000000.000000.00.000.000.000.000000.000000.000000.00000.000000.000000.00000

0.000.0000.0000.0000100.000.0000.000.000000.000000.000000.00.000.000.000.000000.000000.000000.00000.000000.000000.00000

0.000.0000.0000.0000100.000.0000.000.000000.000000.000000.00.000.000.000.000000.000000.000000.00000.000000.000000.00000

0.000.0000.0000.0000100.000.0000.000.000000.000000.000000.00.000.000.000.000000.000000.000000.00000.000000.000000.00000

0.000.0000.0000.0000100.000.0000.000.000000.000000.000000.00.000.000.000.000000.000000.000000.00000.000000.000000.00000

0.000.0000.0000.0000100.000.0000.000.000000.000000.000000.00.000.000.000.000000.000000.000000.00000.000000.000000.00000

0.000.0000.0000.0000100.000.0000.000.000000.000000.000000.00.000.000.000.000000.000000.000000.00000.000000.000000.00000

0.000.0000.0000.0000100.000.0000.000.000000.000000.000000.00.000.000.000.000000.000000.000000.00000.000000.000000.00000

0.000.0000.0000.0000100.000.0000.000.000000.000000.000000.00.000.000.000.000000.000000.000000.00000.000000.000000.00000

0.000.0000.0000.0000100.000.0000.000.000000.000000.000000.00.000.000.000.000000.000000.000000.00000.000000.000000.00000

0.000.0000.0000.0000100.000.0000.000.000000.000000.000000.00.000.000.000.000000.000000.000000.00000.000000.000000.00000

0.000.0000.0000.0000100.000.0000.000.000000.000000.000000.00.000.000.000.000000.000000.000000.00000.000000.000000.00000

0.000.0000.0000.0000100.000.0000.000.000000.000000.000000.00.000.000.000.000000.000000.000000.00000.000000.000000.00000

0.000.0000.0000.0000100.000.0000.000.000000.000000.000000.00.000.000.000.000000.000000.000000.00000.000000.000000.00000

0.000.0000.0000.0000100.000.0000.000.000000.000000.000000.00.000.000.000.000000.000000.000000.00000.000000.000000.00000

0.000.0000.0000.0000100.000.0000.000.000000.000000.000000.00.000.000.000.000000.000000.000000.00000.000000.000000.00000

0.000.0000.0000.0000100.000.0000.000.000000.000000.000000.00.000.000.000.000000.000000.000000.00000.000000.000000.00000

0.000.0000.0000.0000100.000.0000.000.000000.000000.000000.00.000.000.000.000000.000000.000000.00000.000000.000000.00000

0.000.0000.0000.0000100.000.0000.000.000000.000000.000000.00.000.000.000.000000.000000.000000.00000.000000.000000.00000

0.000.0000.0000.0000100.000.0000.000.000000.000000.000000.00.000.000.000.000000.000000.000000.00000.000000.000000.00000

0.000.0000.0000.0000100.000.0000.000.000000.000000.000000.00.000.000.000.000000.000000.000000.00000.000000.000000.00000

0.000.0000.0000.0000100.000.0000.000.000000.000000.000000.00.000.000.000.000000.000000.000000.00000.000000.000000.00000

0.000.0000.0000.0000100.000.0000.000.000000.000000.000000.00.000.000.000.000000.000000.000000.00000.000000.000000.00000

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0.000.0000.0000.0000100.000.0000.000.000000.000000.000000.00.000.000.000.000000.000000.000000.00000.000000.000000.00000

0.000.0000.0000.0000100.000.0000.000.000000.000000.000000.00.000.000.000.000000.000000.000000.00000.000000.000000.00000

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MBD00064BFA.unknown

MBD001DB8B1.unknown

MBD00204A66.doc

Table 1.Statistical formulae used in the calculation of grain size parameters.

f is the frequency in percent; m is the mid-point of each class interval in metric (mm) or phi (m) units; Px and x are grain diameters, in metric or phi units respectively, at the cumulative percentile value of x.

(a) Arithmetic Method of Moments

Mean

Standard Deviation

Skewness

Kurtosis

(b) Geometric Method of Moments

Mean

Standard Deviation

Skewness

Kurtosis

Sorting ((g)

Skewness (Skg)

Kurtosis (Kg)

Very well sorted

Well sorted

Moderately well sorted

Moderately sorted

Poorly sorted

Very poorly sorted

Extremely poorly sorted

< 1.27

1.27 1.41

1.41 1.62

1.62 2.00

2.00 4.00

4.00 16.00

> 16.00

Very fine skewed

Fine skewed

Symmetrical

Coarse skewed

Very coarse skewed

< -1.30

-1.30 -0.43

-0.43 +0.43

+0.43 +1.30

> +1.30

Very platykurtic

Platykurtic

Mesokurtic

Leptokurtic

Very leptokurtic

< 1.70

1.70 2.55

2.55 3.70

3.70 7.40

> 7.40

(c) Logarithmic Method of Moments

Mean

Standard Deviation

Skewness

Kurtosis

Sorting (()

Skewness (Sk)

Kurtosis (K)

Very well sorted

Well sorted


Moderately sorted

Poorly sorted

Very poorly sorted


< 0.35

0.35 0.50

0.50 0.70

0.70 1.00

1.00 2.00

2.00 4.00

> 4.00

Very fine skewed

Fine skewed

Symmetrical

Coarse skewed

Very coarse skewed

> +1.30

+0.43 +1.30

-0.43 +0.43

-0.43 -1.30

< -1.30

Very platykurtic

Platykurtic

Mesokurtic

Leptokurtic

Very leptokurtic

< 1.70

1.70 2.55

2.55 3.70

3.70 7.40

> 7.40

PAGE

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_1023000009.unknown

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MBD0021A2A4.unknown

MBD0021F45B.unknown

MBD00273258.doc

Table 2. Size scale adopted in the GRADISTAT program, modified from Udden (1914) and Wentworth (1922).

Grain Size

Descriptive term

phi

mm

Very Large

Boulder

-10

1024

Large

-9

512

Medium

-8

256

Small

-7

128

Very small

-6

64

Very coarse

Gravel

-5

32

Coarse

-4

16

Medium

-3

8

Fine

-2

4

Very fine

-1

2

Very coarse

Sand

0

1

microns

Coarse

1

500

Medium

2

250

Fine

3

125

Very fine

4

63

Very coarse

Silt

5

31

Coarse

6

16

Medium

7

8

Fine

8

4

Very fine

9

2

Clay

MBD0021CF8D.unknown

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MBD00066B8A.unknown

MBD0000D6CE.unknown

MBD000600AD.unknown

MBD00007611.doc

(d) Logarithmic (Original) Folk and Ward (1957) Graphical Measures

Mean

Standard Deviation

Skewness

Kurtosis

Sorting ((I)

Skewness (SkI)

Kurtosis (KG)

Very well sorted

Well sorted


Moderately sorted

Poorly sorted

Very poorly sorted


< 0.35

0.35 0.50

0.50 0.70

0.70 1.00

1.00 2.00

2.00 4.00

> 4.00

Very fine skewed

Fine skewed

Symmetrical

Coarse skewed

Very coarse skewed

+0.3 to +1.0

+0.1 to +0.3

+0.1 to -0.1

-0.1 to -0.3

-0.3 to -1.0

Very platykurtic

Platykurtic

Mesokurtic

Leptokurtic

Very leptokurtic

Extremely leptokurtic

< 0.67

0.67 0.90

0.90 1.11

1.11 1.50

1.50 3.00

> 3.00

(e) Geometric Folk and Ward (1957) Graphical Measures

Mean

Standard Deviation

Skewness

Kurtosis

Sorting ((G)

Skewness (SkG)

Kurtosis (KG)

Very well sorted

Well sorted


Moderately sorted

Poorly sorted

Very poorly sorted


< 1.27

1.27 1.41

1.41 1.62

1.62 2.00

2.00 4.00

4.00 16.00

> 16.00

Very fine skewed

Fine skewed

Symmetrical

Coarse skewed

Very coarse skewed

-0.3 to -1.0

-0.1 to -0.3

-0.1 to +0.1

+0.1 to +0.3

+0.3 to +1.0

Very platykurtic

Platykurtic

Mesokurtic

Leptokurtic

Very leptokurtic

Extremely leptokurtic

< 0.67

0.67 0.90

0.90 1.11

1.11 1.50

1.50 3.00

> 3.00

PAGE

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Large pyroclasts (>0.5 mm diameter or < 1 ) fall out in stage 1 (

Most fall deposit work has been done on the proximal region where large, rapidly falling pyroclasts dominate. So medium and small pyroclasts are understudied and needed to understand and predict the fate of fines.Figure from Cas & Wright, Volcanic Successions

18 May 1980 fall deposits of MSH are very fine-grained (>50% < 30 m) and have nearly identical GSD at distances >300 km. This suggests fallout of all particles togetherAJ Durant et al., 2007, in prep.

Pinatubos July 15, 1991 eruption column was fed by a co-ignimbrite cloud and the ashfall was marked by a much more prominent fine ash proportion. Such clouds likely entrain more water vapor also. Dartevelle et al, 2002, Geology 30: 663-666.

Colima Volcano has produced ashfalls from both vertical explosions and from co-PF events during 2005-2007. We have compared 20 examples of each with results that show clearly--although the bulk compositions are similar, the GSDs are systematically different, with the Co-PF samples being poorly sorted and with high content of fine grained particles.

Evans, Varley, Huntoon & Rose, 2007Co-PFVerticalExplosion

Manam 27 Jan 2005 0355 UTC MODIS1-4-3 TrueAsh-rich and ash-poor volcanic clouds---Separation observed in many remote sensing examples

Fuego has had >60 brief subplinian VEI 2-3 eruptions which produce mainly thin fall units that are unpreserved in the geologic record.14 Oct 1974

Chart8

0

1.7245362324

4.5103842693

6.2424700671

5.4861587866

3.2331890625

1.7234414739

2.3126467686

4.4175230952

7.7085964477

9.5891771812

10.8482392508

10.4163577468

9.2716727994

5.8839630779

4.4642011894

2.9476649176

2.058298869

1.6287242455

1.2706279334

1.1747032176

0.9844089693

0.791374318

0.713089708

0.4976422564

0.1009081168

1

10

100

1000



Class Weight (%)

Fu74-5

Information

GRADISTAT

Version 4.0

A Grain Size Distribution and Statistics Package for the Analysis of

Unconsolidated Sediments by Sieving or Laser Granulometer

Surface Processes and Modern Environments Research Group

Department of Geology

Royal Holloway

University of London

Egham

Surrey TW20 0EX

E-mail: [email protected]

Tel/Fax: +44 (0)1784 414168

Instructions on the Use of the GRADISTAT Program

The development of this program was inspired by Dave Thornley and John Jack at the Postgraduate Research Institute for Sedimentology at the University of Reading, UK, and the Department of Geology at Royal Holloway University of London, UK. It is provided in Microsoft Excel format to allow both spreadsheet and graphical output. The program is best suited to analyse data obtained from sieve or laser granulometer analysis. The user is required to input the mass or percentage of sediment retained on sieves spaced at any intervals, or the percentage of sediment detected in each bin of a Laser Granulometer. The following sample statistics are then calculated using the Method of Moments in Microsoft Visual Basic programming language: mean, mode(s), sorting (standard deviation), skewness, kurtosis, D10, D50, D90, D90/D10, D90-D10, D75/D25 and D75-D25. Grain size parameters are calculated arithmetically and geometrically (in microns) and logarithmically (using the phi scale) (Krumbein and Pettijohn, 19381; Table 1). Linear interpolation is also used to calculate statistical parameters by the Folk and Ward (1957)2 graphical method and derive physical descriptions (such as very coarse sand and moderately sorted). The program also provides a physical description of the textural group which the sample belongs to and the sediment name (such as fine gravelly coarse sand) after Folk (1954)3. Also included is a table giving the percentage of grains falling into each size fraction, modified from Udden (1914)4 and Wentworth (1922)5 (see Table 2). In terms of graphical output, the program provides graphs of the grain size distribution and cumulative distribution of the data in both metric and phi units, and displays the sample grain size on triangular diagrams. Samples may be analysed singularly, or up to 250 samples may be analysed together.

The program is ideal for the rapid analysis of sieve data and is freely available from the author at the above address. Please note that the copyright for the program is held by author, and any distribution or use of the program should be acknowledged to him.

S. Blott October 2000

1Krumbein, W.C. and Pettijohn, F.J. (1938) Manual of Sedimentary Petrography. Appleton-Century-Crofts, New York.

2Folk, R.L. and Ward, W.C. (1957) Brazos River bar: a study in the significance of grain size parameters. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, 27, 3-26.

3Folk, R.L. (1954) The distinction between grain size and mineral composition in sedimentary-rock nomenclature. Journal of Geology, 62, 344-359.

4Udden, J.A. (1914) Mechanical composition of clastic sediments. Bulletin of the Geological Society of America, 25, 655-744.

5Wentworth, C.K. (1922) A scale of grade and class terms for clastic sediments. Journal of Geology, 30, 377-392.

Single Sample Analysis

1. Switch to the "Single Sample Data Input" sheet if it is not already active. Enter the aperture sizes of the sieves or Laser Granulometer bins used in the analysis into the cells in column B. Sizes may be entered either in ascending or descending numerical order. For convenience, you can click on one of the standard sieve or Laser Granulometer size intervals and GRADISTAT will enter the size classes for you. Any non-standard sieve sizes can be used, although some of the statistics may not be calculated if you have not used sieves with at least whole phi intervals. See the section below if the sample contains unanalysed sediment, such as material retained in the pan after sieving. At least one size class larger than the largest particles in the sample should also be entered. A large area to the right of the data columns is provided for the cut and paste of data from other spreadsheets, such as the import of Laser Granulometer data.

2. Enter the weight or percentage of sample beside each size class in column C. When you have finished, make sure there are no data further down the spreadsheet which could cause an error. The program will accept data down to row 230.

3. Enter the sample identity, analyst, date and initial sample weight (optional) at the top of the "Single Sample Data Input" sheet.

4. Click the "Calculate Statistics" button and wait a few moments for the program to finish running. When the dialog box appears, click "OK".

5. The results are summarised on the "Single Sample Statistics" sheet, which includes a distribution histogram of the sample. Select "Print..." from the file menu to print the Summary Statistics page. The data is also shown on triangular diagrams on the "Gravel Sand Mud" and "Sand Silt Clay" sheets. Further cumulative and distribution plots are given on other sheets.

Multiple Sample Analysis

1. Switch to the "Multiple Sample Data Input" sheet. Enter the aperture sizes of the sieves or Laser Granulometer bins used in the analysis into the cells in column B. The aperture sizes must be the same for all the samples. Sizes may be entered either in ascending or descending numerical order. For convenience, you can click on one of the standard sieve or Laser Granulometer size intervals and GRADISTAT will enter the size classes for you. Any non-standard sieve sizes can be used, although some of the statistics may not be calculated if you have not used sieves with at least whole phi intervals. See the section below if samples contain unanalysed sediment, such as material retained in the pan after sieving. At least one size class larger than the largest particles in the sample should also be entered.

2. Enter the weight or percentage of sample in column C onwards. Make sure there are no data further down the spreadsheet which could cause an error. The program will accept data down to row 230.

3. Enter the sample identity, analyst, date and initial sample weight (optional) in the green cells above each sample listing.

4. If you require a Summary Statistics printout for each sample, select a tick in the option box.

5. Click the "Calculate Statistics" button and wait for the program to finish running (this may take several minutes). GRADISTAT will give a warning if it detects a sample whose combined weight is greater than the given sample weight. Click "OK" when prompted on the dialog boxes.

6. The resulting statistics for all samples are summarised on the "Multiple Sample Statistics" sheet. The data for each sample included in the analysis are also shown on triangular diagrams on the "Gravel Sand Mud" and "Sand Silt Clay" sheets. Cumulative and distribution plots will show the results for the last sample in the analysis. If graphical plots for other samples are required, use separate single sample analyses (above).

Unanalysed Sediment

Occasionally, samples may contain sediment in a size fraction of unspecified size, such as material retained in the pan after sieving. Ideally, the whole size range in a sample should be analysed, and this may require further analysis of sediment remaining in the pan after sieving. The larger the quantity of sediment remaining in the pan, the less accurate the calculation of grain size statistics, with statistics calculated by the Method of Moments being most susceptible. Errors in Folk and Ward parameters become significant only when more than 5% of the sample is undetermined. If the sample contains sediment in the pan the user should do one of the following:

1. Enter the weight or percentage of sample in the pan with a class size of zero (or leave the class size blank). GRADISTAT calculates the statistics assuming all sediment in the pan is larger than 10 f (1 mm). The grain size distribution graphs do not however plot the quantity of sediment in the pan.

2. Enter the weight or percentage of sample in the pan with a class size which the user considers to be the lower size limit of sediment in the pan. GRADISTAT calculates the statistics assuming all sediment in the pan is larger than this value and plots this quantity on the grain size distribution graphs.

The above two options are recommended where there is less than 1% of the sample remaining in the pan.

3. Do not enter the quantity of sediment in the pan at all. GRADISTAT calculates the statistics ignoring the sediment in the pan as if it were not present in the sample. This is recommended where there is more than 1% of the sample remaining in the pan.

Samples containing more than 5% of sediment in the pan should ideally be analysed using a different technique, such as sedimentation or laser granulometry. Great care must however be taken when merging data obtained by different methods.

Graph Scales

The size scale used in graphical plots is dependent upon the range of sizes specified on the sample input sheets: the first and last values provide the extreme values on the graphs. While one size class larger than the largest particles in the sample should be entered, other size classes outside the grain size range of the sample have no influence on the statistical calculations. These classes may be deleted to narrow the size scale on graphs. Note that unused size classes within the size range of the sample should also be deleted, otherwise GRADISTAT assumes that zero sample weight was present in those size classes.

Copyright Simon Blott (2000)

Single Sample Data Input

Single Sample Data Input ScreenEnter your data in the columns below, and then click the "Calculate

Statistics" button. See the "Information" sheet for more information.

Sample Identity:Fu74-5

Analyst:AJD

Date:6/23/06Auto. add

Initial Sample Weight:(optional)apertures

at:

Aperture

(microns)

20000

14140

10001.727414

7074.52185

5006.252887

3535.5225582000-1.52000

2503.2253521414-11414

1761.7490131000-0.51000

1252.2880717070707

884.4830685000.5500

637.4490763531353

449.9523882501.5250

3110.9849061762176

2210.3289931252.5125

168.53733688388

116.374762633.563

7.84.43743144444

5.52.977753314.531

3.92.04595622522

2.81.560493165.516

1.951.32920811611

1.381.1743657.86.57.8

0.980.9742785.575.5

0.690.8028513.97.53.9

0.490.7057512.882.8

0.350.4841551.958.51.95

0.240.1100841.3891.38

0.989.50.98

0.69100.69

0.4910.50.49

0.35110.35

CalculateStatistics

Half Phi Intervals


Laser Granulometer


SAMPLE IDENTITY:Fu74-5ANALYST & DATE:AJD, 6/23/2006

SAMPLE TYPE:Bimodal, Very Poorly SortedTEXTURAL GROUP:Sandy Mud

SEDIMENT NAME:Very Fine Sandy Very Coarse Silt

fGRAIN SIZE DISTRIBUTION

MODE 1:37.504.759GRAVEL:0.0%COARSE SAND:10.8%

MODE 2:603.50.750SAND:37.4%MEDIUM SAND:8.7%

MODE 3:MUD:62.6%FINE SAND:4.0%

6.0500.800V FINE SAND:12.2%

40.214.636V COARSE GRAVEL:0.0%V COARSE SILT:20.5%

574.37.369COARSE GRAVEL:0.0%COARSE SILT:19.5%

94.939.211MEDIUM GRAVEL:0.0%MEDIUM SILT:10.4%

568.36.569FINE GRAVEL:0.0%FINE SILT:5.0%

7.5631.993V FINE GRAVEL:0.0%V FINE SILT:2.9%

113.22.919V COARSE SAND:1.7%CLAY:4.3%

METHOD OF MOMENTSFOLK & WARD METHOD

ArithmeticGeometricLogarithmicGeometricLogarithmicDescription

ff

MEAN :163.546.364.43155.324.176Very Coarse Silt

264.45.5022.4605.9732.578Very Poorly Sorted

2.114-0.1110.1110.144-0.144Coarse Skewed

6.8742.8472.8471.1721.172Leptokurtic


0

1.7245362324

4.5103842693

6.2424700671

5.4861587866

3.2331890625

1.7234414739

2.3126467686

4.4175230952

7.7085964477

9.5891771812

10.8482392508

10.4163577468

9.2716727994

5.8839630779

4.4642011894

2.9476649176

2.058298869

1.6287242455

1.2706279334

1.1747032176

0.9844089693

0.791374318

0.713089708

0.4976422564

0.1009081168

1

10

100

1000



Class Weight (%)

Fu74-5

Module1

Multiple Sample Data Input ScreenEnter your data in the columns below, and then click the

"Calculate Statistics" button. Enter Sample Info in the green cells.

ApertureClass Weight Retained (g or %) in Different Samples

(microns)

Sample Identity:GU-S-1501-68GU/S AF 13/11/03 - AverageGU/S AF 17/12/03 - AverageGU/S COI 25/11/94 - AverageGU/S COI 1500-68 - AverageGU/S COI 1500-68 b - AverageGU/S 1116 - AverageGU/S AF-2 12/1/75 b - AverageGU/S AF-1 12/1/75 - AverageGU/S 1501-68 - Average

Analyst:AJDAJDAJDAJD

Date:6/23/06

Initial Sample Weight:

20000000000000

14140.0270000000.3713634.1008628.466585

10002.0920000015.97323.41206110.07825818.962329

7077.0770000006.66201813.35308122.900704

5009.0120.0106310.29342500010.809858516.88170310.93576117.07827

3537.5420.7910290.88259400004.4548695.4791947.444127

2505.2851.4166912.2280451.479661.86726104.566467072.669471.9534181.584176

1764.4693.2255464.6657797.8050928.054421.89570903.3043481.9663970.747214

1255.2127.0758898.13105214.17903213.4857826.5834986.2159056025.9127654.006241.947578

886.27411.87773411.68484317.81819415.45369311.93329909.1797626.2639862.879663

636.77815.1739113.8672116.91322214.14384816.18571115.97454395211.4561627.5975243.124598

446.6915.45467313.97268212.96206711.76509516.81684011.6330297.6179482.991211

316.34713.18947912.3070788.7302539.57435114.07358319.5661592829.8244426.6020622.66523

225.9349.9129169.6931075.7961527.55799410.1382707.1669145.1738882.201635

165.4346.8351766.9224454.0798545.5417156.76688413.6893059644.7916983.8247511.689559

114.7624.4680054.5693152.9397223.7273734.44875203.1652232.7589461.249823

7.84.022.829132.8690412.0009042.3685062.9224776.8071389122.1582781.9679790.931764

5.53.3831.816441.8325711.2858811.5421051.93575301.5432711.4270960.726606

3.92.8571.2891311.3145810.88361.1286131.3733273.3107201821.1902051.1116060.601544

2.82.3771.0474521.082260.7239910.9229921.09876500.9942360.9356440.510014

1.951.8170.9161620.9495320.6560640.7816660.959662.2982800140.8638240.8059870.422867

1.381.2820.7793890.8045380.5604580.6317160.82618500.7186110.6517940.323775

0.980.8820.6834950.6999880.4709250.5295350.7332011.6314044220.6065420.5278210.248513

0.690.440.642190.6532140.4202640.4904980.69274500.5514240.4628960.208569

0.490.0060.4582780.4663590.289560.3510670.4971621.0923337080.3920620.3205850.093646

0.3500.1066550.1103390.0051050.0817680.11817700.0957190.0762790

0.240000000000

CalculateStatistics

Half Phi Intervals


Laser Granulometer

Auto. addaperturesat:

Multiple Sample Data Input

SAMPLE STATISTICS

ANALYST AND DATE:

SIEVING ERROR:

SAMPLE TYPE:

TEXTURAL GROUP:

SEDIMENT NAME:

METHOD OFMEAN

MOMENTSSORTING

SKEWNESS

KURTOSIS

METHOD OFMEAN

MOMENTSSORTING

SKEWNESS

KURTOSIS

METHOD OFMEAN

MOMENTSSORTING

SKEWNESS

KURTOSIS

FOLK ANDMEAN

WARD METHODSORTING

SKEWNESS

KURTOSIS

FOLK ANDMEAN

WARD METHODSORTING

SKEWNESS

KURTOSIS

FOLK AND

WARD METHOD

(Description)

% GRAVEL:

% SAND:

% MUD:

% V COARSE GRAVEL:

% COARSE GRAVEL:

% MEDIUM GRAVEL:

% FINE GRAVEL:

% V FINE GRAVEL:

% V COARSE SAND:

% COARSE SAND:

% MEDIUM SAND:

% FINE SAND:

% V FINE SAND:

% V COARSE SILT:

% COARSE SILT:

% MEDIUM SILT:

% FINE SILT:

% V FINE SILT:

% CLAY:

Multiple Sample Statistics


Sand

Mud

Gravel

80%

30%

5%

Trace

1:1

1:9

9:1

Sand:Mud Ratio

Gravel %

Gravel

Muddy Gravel

Muddy Sandy Gravel

Gravelly Mud

Gravelly Muddy Sand

Slightly Gravelly Mud

Slightly GravellySandy Mud

Slightly GravellyMuddy Sand

Mud

Sandy Mud

Muddy Sand

Sand

Slightly Gravelly Sand

Gravelly Sand

Sandy Gravel

Fu74-5

TEXTURAL GROUP:

SEDIMENT NAME:

Sandy Mud

Very Fine Sandy Very Coarse Silt

SAMPLE IDENTITY:

Gravel:

Sand:

Mud:

0.0%

37.4%

62.6%

Coarse Gravel:

Medium Gravel:

Fine Gravel:

Coarse Sand:

Medium Sand:

Fine Sand:

Very Fine Sand:

Very Coarse Silt:

0.0%

0.0%

0.0%

10.8%

4.0%

12.2%

20.5%

8.7%

Very Coarse Gravel:

0.0%

Very Coarse Sand:

Coarse Silt:

Clay:

Fine Silt:

Very Fine Gravel:

1.7%

0.0%

Medium Silt:

Very Fine Silt:

4.3%

2.9%

5.0%

10.4%

19.5%

Gravel Sand Mud Diagram


Silt

Clay

Sand

90%

50%

10%

1:2

2:1

Silt:Clay Ratio

Sand %

Sand

Clayey Sand

Muddy Sand

Sandy Clay

Sandy Silt

Sandy Mud

Clay

Mud

Silt

Silty Sand

NOTEGravel is also present inthis sample

Fu74-5

TEXTURAL GROUP:IGNORING GRAVELFRACTION

SAMPLE IDENTITY:

Gravel:

Sand:

Mud:

0.0%

37.4%

62.6%

Coarse Gravel:

Medium Gravel:

Fine Gravel:

Coarse Sand:

Medium Sand:

Fine Sand:

Very Fine Sand:

Very Coarse Silt:

Very Coarse Gravel:

Very Coarse Sand:

Coarse Silt:

Clay:

Fine Silt:

Very Fine Gravel:

Medium Silt:

Very Fine Silt:

0.0%

0.0%

0.0%

10.8%

4.0%

12.2%

20.5%

8.7%

0.0%

1.7%

0.0%

4.3%

2.9%

5.0%

10.4%

19.5%

Sand Silt Clay Diagram

0

1.7245362324

4.5103842693

6.2424700671

5.4861587866

3.2331890625

1.7234414739

2.3126467686

4.4175230952

7.7085964477

9.5891771812

10.8482392508

10.4163577468

9.2716727994

5.8839630779

4.4642011894

2.9476649176

2.058298869

1.6287242455

1.2706279334

1.1747032176

0.9844089693

0.791374318

0.713089708

0.4976422564

0.1009081168

&CFrequency Distribution Histogram


Class weight (%)

Distribution (phi)

0

0

1.7274140173

6.2492640625

12.502151125

18.0247091802

21.2500612125

22.99907423

25.2871452529

29.7702132977

37.2192893722

47.1716774717

58.1565835816

68.4855766849

77.0229127702

83.397674834

87.8351058784

90.8128589081

92.8588149286

94.4193079442

95.7485159575

96.9228809692

97.897158979

98.700009987

99.4057609941

99.8899159989

100




Cumulative (phi)

0

1.7245362324

4.5103842693

6.2424700671

5.4861587866

3.2331890625

1.7234414739

2.3126467686

4.4175230952

7.7085964477

9.5891771812

10.8482392508

10.4163577468

9.2716727994

5.8839630779

4.4642011894

2.9476649176

2.058298869

1.6287242455

1.2706279334

1.1747032176

0.9844089693

0.791374318

0.713089708

0.4976422564

0.1009081168

&CFrequency Distribution Curve


Class weight (%)

Distribution (microns)

0

0

1.7274140173

6.2492640625

12.502151125

18.0247091802

21.2500612125

22.99907423

25.2871452529

29.7702132977

37.2192893722

47.1716774717

58.1565835816

68.4855766849

77.0229127702

83.397674834

87.8351058784

90.8128589081

92.8588149286

94.4193079442

95.7485159575

96.9228809692

97.897158979

98.700009987

99.4057609941

99.8899159989

100




Cumulative (microns)

Method of Moments - LogarithmicDateModeFirstModeSecondModeThirdModePrint

6/23/200610.848239250810.84823925086.24247006710100

Mean:4.431

Std. Dev.2.460ClassMode1ClassMode2ClassMode3Classmode4ClassMode5

Skewness0.11110.84823925086.2424700671

Kurtosis2.847

TexureMaximum Frequency

Sum of Sieve Classes10.8482392508

100.00ShapeLine

0095.356385

Sum of Proportion Classes

200.4210813793

Method of Moments - ArithmeticMethod of Moments - GeometricPlease wait while the

Mean (um)163.529Mean (mm)46.357statistics are calculated

Std. Dev. (um)264.425Std. Dev. (mm)5.502

Skewness (um)2.114Skewness (mm)-0.111

Kurtosis (um)6.874Kurtosis (mm)2.847Samples remaining:1

Kurtosis (um) - 33.874Kurtosis (mm) - 3-0.153

0%100%

STATISTICS BY METHOD OF MOMENTSSTATISTICS BY METHOD OF MOMENTSSTATISTICS BY METHOD OF MOMENTS

APERTUREMID-POINT (m)APERTUREMID-POINT (m)CUM. MASSCLASSCLASSAPERTURELOGARITHMICMID-POINT (m)NORMALISEDARITHMETICGEOMETIC

(metric)(metric)(PHI Scale)(PHI Scale)RETAINEDWEIGHT (f)WEIGHT(metric)(metric)CLASS WEIGHT

(mm)(mm)(PHI)(PHI)(%)(%)(g)fm(no units)(%)fmlog mf log m

2.00-1.0000.000.000.0020000.000.000000.000000.000000.000.000.000000.000000.0000000.000000.000000.00000

1.411.71-0.500-0.74990.000.000.0014140.000.000000.000000.000001681.70.000.000.000.000000.000000.000003.22600.000000.000000.00000

1.001.2070.000-0.24991.731.731.731000-0.4337.85010-177.17497829.349681189.13.461.722084.991880863.841961962627214.639442047944937700.200003.0755.31218626123.429944.833176.81047

0.710.8540.5000.25016.254.524.527071.1379.04402-330.480221381.72593840.89.044.513859.402152672.975881485282315.668001024801993594.300002.92513.22509872047.162899.0151911.34648

0.500.6041.0000.750112.506.256.255004.6984.72347-311.864061147.96041594.612.516.243773.621210400.36328532541277.42418234302814807.768002.77417.34672620537.677568.507369.42684

0.350.4271.5021.251118.025.525.523536.9155.84432-177.58175564.69985420.111.005.492355.37381906.10765100430300.1948126410274659.503902.62314.48772613025.060564.844264.63721

0.250.3022.0001.751121.253.233.232505.6523.16478-62.08030166.37168297.16.483.23972.4461397.952278471147.991171168774293.534622.4737.9758355022.099171.693491.36621

0.180.2132.5062.253223.001.751.751763.948.29598-18.0677839.34977209.83.451.72372.544280.53054211762.9014410476160.845262.3224.06072958860.751770.492870.32313

0.130.1513.0002.753225.292.292.291256.306.44169-10.8084918.13554148.34.642.31344.35388.40034-5060.3976465931.004442.1714.96788575250.583740.294850.14893

0.090.1073.5063.253229.774.484.488814.586.21999-7.326518.62987104.98.854.42477.4514580.22027-831492.7416747419048.989202.0219.05891920170.563650.199860.07087

0.060.0763.9893.747437.227.457.456327.913.48147-2.380091.6271474.515.457.71562.4157723.43398-5081325.71625447303101.296171.87213.94401199360.315490.064930.01336

0.040.0544.5064.247447.179.959.954442.270.33565-0.061640.0113252.619.229.59532.45120487.00400-13257042.744481458656755.407761.72117.13200716550.030420.001680.00009

0.030.0385.0124.759058.1610.9810.983152.281.181060.387270.1269836.921.7410.85411.93174476.15492-21989023.732822771250690.019511.56717.21782076490.10703-0.010560.00104

0.020.0275.5065.259068.4910.3310.332254.327.079645.861214.8524826.120.8810.42273.72193946.44180-26576251.851713641712402.280571.41714.6350696310.64155-0.159890.03985

0.020.0195.9665.736177.028.548.541648.9714.5392018.9735824.7604418.818.589.27162.21178332.82350-25774232.352963725119360.272601.27310.87034528691.31753-0.517580.20333

0.010.0146.5066.236183.406.376.371139.7520.7690337.4880067.6656713.311.795.8886.06143487.26584-21527225.021933229704144.439071.1237.15730448421.88207-1.022640.55566

0.010.0097.0026.754387.844.444.447.829.9723.9511655.64474129.277129.38.954.4641.71105414.24879-16247373.662722504188513.015740.9674.28985825752.17043-1.517941.06160

0.010.0077.5067.254390.812.982.985

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