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What do you remember about the enlightenment?
Agenda
1. Drill
2. Enlightenment Intro
Video
3. Survey
4. Maybe Gallery Walk if
there is time.
September 11, 2012
There is a trend in studying the enlightenment that I hope you get from the video
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J0B28_gwj0M
Enlightenment Video
September 12, 2012
Drill: Life, Liberty and Property was pushed by what enlightenment thinker?
AGENDA
Drill
Get back quizzes
First stage of Philosophers Walk Around
Enlightenment Thinkers
Thinkers walk around
▪ In pairs, answer the questions based on the articles. Circulate around articles, answering questions in the packet.
We will only have time for maybe one today…..ok maybe two.
September 13, 2012
Drill
Which Enlightenment philosopher argued for balance of powers, or branches, in government?
Agenda
1. Drill2. Finish Walk Around3. Go over walk around
Montesquieu 5th
11:33 –12:08
6th12:12 – 12:47
7th12:51 – 1:26
8th1:30 – 2:05
9th2:09 – 2:44
September 14, 2012
Drill: Why did Montesquieu believe women could be valuable in government?
Agenda
DrillGo over article questionsEssential questions on the back
Women are gentle, pure, uncorrupt, weak, humble. Unlike men who are harsh and ferocious.
Homework:
Finish Essential Questions
1-3 on back if not done
in class
ATTN: Computer Lab on Monday
Hobbes
1. Hobbes wrote in Leviathan that people are naturally wicked and cannot be trusted to govern (likes monarchy).
2. He believed that all people are equal, & that this equality leads to competition & violence. In Leviathan Hobbes wrote that humans are driven by a “perpetual & reckless desire for power…that ceases only in death,” and that the natural condition of humankind is a situation of “a war…”
Hobbes
3. Because he thought that people act in their own selfish interests
4. He also felt that nations, like people, are selfishly motivated and in a constant battle for power & wealth
5. Governments were created, according to Hobbes, to protect people from their own selfishness & evil. He believed that it is not possible for people to have both freedom & peace, since the state of freedom is a state of unlimited greed & war.
Hobbes
6. Hobbes believed that a ruler’s absolute power comes not from God, but from people rationally deciding that this is in their best interests. Hobbes considered that the ruler could abuse his or her absolute power & become cruel & unfair.
7. However, this problem could be lessened, Hobbes believed, by appointing a diverse group of representatives to present the problems of the common people to the leviathan. These representatives would only have the power to present opinions, since all final decisions would be made by the leviathan (the Monarch).
Hobbes
8. The role of Government is to protect the people from each other and provide stability and peace for the civilization.
John Locke
1. He was deeply influenced by the writing of the French philosopher and mathematician Rene Descartes, who proclaimed that all men possess the ability to reason. Locke also believed that people develop reason and can therefore rationally settle their differences by seeking a middle ground & compromising.
2. Throughout his writings, Locke argued that people have the gift of reason, or the ability to think. Locke thought people have the natural ability to govern themselves & to look after the well-being of society
John Locke
3. Governments are formed, according to Locke, to protect the right to life, the right to freedom, & the right to property. These rights are absolute, belonging to all people.
4. If any government abuses the rights of the people instead of protecting them, the people have the right to rebel & form a new government.
Quote from John Locke
“Whenever [the preservation of life, liberty, & property for which power is given to rulers by a commonwealth] is manifestly neglected or opposed, the trust must necessarily be forfeited & then [returned] into the hands of those that gave it, who may place it anew where they think best for their safety & security”
Baron de Montesquieu
1. On the Spirit of the Laws outlined his ideas on how government would best work.
2. He thought that women were weaker than men & that they had to obey the commands of their husbands. At the same time, he felt that the gentler nature of women could make them valuable decision makers & participants in government.
Baron de Montesquieu
3. There are three forms of government: monarchy (rule by a king or a queen), aristocracy (rule by the noble or wealth class), & republicanism (rule by elected leaders).
4. Montesquieu believed, should be based on political virtue (moral goodness) & equality, in that aspect he likes republics, and opposes monarchies.
Baron de Montesquieu
5. He thought that England in the 18th century provided the best model of government because it divided power among three parts: King, Parliament and the courts
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
1. Rousseau believed that people are born good, independent, & compassionate. It left to their own devices in a state of nature people would naturally live happily & peacefully
2. Society’s institutions, like government, schools, the arts, and the media, corrupt naturally good individuals.
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
3. Each adult male voted on laws himself, without anybody representing him This form of direct democracy also flourished briefly in ancient Athens & Rome
Mary Wollstonecraft
1. Wollstonecraft did not want to get married and be controlled by her husband like many other women she knew. Marriage suppressed women at that time.
2. Women led a restricted life during Wollstonecraft’s time. Men gradually thought that women had an inferior intellect & considered them weak by nature
Mary Wollstonecraft
1. Wollstonecraft did not want to get married and be controlled by her husband like many other women she knew. Marriage suppressed women at that time.
2. Women led a restricted life during Wollstonecraft’s time. Men gradually thought that women had an inferior intellect & considered them weak by nature
Mary Wollstonecraft
3. Human nature can be perfected if education is improved & oppression ended.
4. She demanded that women, whether married or single, must participate in civic & political life, & that they be able to study professions
BIG PICTURE!
JOHN LOCKE All people have certain rights The government is supposed to protect everyone’s rights If the government fails to protect people’s rights →people can
overthrow the government
Montesquieu• Separate the powers of government:
Rousseau Social Contract” Majority ruleHobbes• Jerk
September 17, 2012
Drill: Enlightenment ideas led which estate into thinking change was necessary in the French Revolution?
Agenda
DrillVideoEnlightenment into F.R. Guided Notes
3rd Estate
Why was Paris a hotbed of the Enlightenment, where did thinkers meet?
II. Scientific Revolution
Scientific Revolution: A change in the way people looked for answers to life’s questions
a time when math and science were used to make decisions (not faith)
Scientific Method: a process of experimentation and observation
Geocentric Theory: “Earth” centered universe Supported by the Church
Heliocentric Theory: Developed by Copernicus, proven by Galileo “Sun” centered universe Proven with a telescope to be true Went against the Church’s teachings
III. The Enlightenment
Enlightened Despot: an absolute monarch that used their power for the good of the people
Maria Theresa: (Austria) - Everyone should pay taxes Nobles and Clergy too!
- Education for all children
Joseph II: (Austria – Maria’s son) Choose govt. officials on their talent – not who they were or who they knew
Catherine the Great: (Russia) expanded Russia’s borders got a warm water port
IV. Impact of the Enlightenment
Common people became aware of new rights they had
People began to consider revolution as an option to change their government
IV. Impact of the Enlightenment
3 political revolutions we will study: American French Latin American
V. American Revolution
When: Late 1770’s Where: British colonies in America
Goal: to break away from British control How the Enlightenment influenced American
Patriots The Declaration of Independence: LOCKE: all humans have political rights; the people
have ht right to overthrow a bad government
The U.S. Constitution: MONTESQUIEU: separation of powers ROUSSEAU: - “Social contract” between people
and government
V. American Revolution
Impact the American Revolution had on other cultures It inspired other people to have their
own revolutions The U.S. Constitution became a model
for other nations to follow and use
VI. French Revolution
When: 1780s and 1790s Goal: Wanted new government to protect
them Causes:
Social Class System – poorest people paid all the taxes
Economic Problems – poor govt. decisions and bad harvests caused starvation for the poor
Enlightenment Ideas – they let common people realize that they had choices about their govt.
American Revolution – The Inspiration
The French Estates
The 3rd estate had equal rights under the law of the Estates General; but in reality very few rights….why is this a problem?