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What do we do next? After the North Africa Campaign the question was

What do we do next?

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What do we do next?. After the North Africa Campaign the question was. Casablanca. The U.S. decided at the Casablanca Conference of 1943 to invade Italy The meeting between FDR and Winston Churchill in Casablanca, Morocco decided the allies next move To Invade Italy. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Page 1: What do we do next?

What do we do next?

After the North Africa Campaign the question was

Page 2: What do we do next?

Casablanca

• The U.S. decided at the Casablanca Conference of 1943 to invade Italy

• The meeting between FDR and Winston Churchill in Casablanca, Morocco decided the allies next move

• To Invade Italy

Page 3: What do we do next?

The Invasion of Italy• Also known as

“The Italian Campaign”

• The plan was to invade

Sicily and all Italian

mainland until the surrender of Italy

• The Invasion began on

September 3rd of 1943 an ended on May 8th, 1945

Page 4: What do we do next?

AFHQ Involvement

• Allied Force Headquarters (AFHQ) were responsible for all Allied land forces in the Mediterranean theatre

• The AFHQ made the plans for taking Sicily and the mainland in late July

Page 5: What do we do next?

-Both U.S. Airplanes and Ships landed on the Gulf of Gela in Southern Italy

-The main goal was to

open up the allied traffic

for shipping

- Would allow allies

to ship goods to Soviets

Page 6: What do we do next?

Taking Sicily

- Invaded Italy through Gela on July 10th of 1943 prior to the invasion of the mainland

-Codename “Operation Husky”

- After taking Sicily they would work their way up the toe of Italy

Page 7: What do we do next?

- Attack the air force were carried down after midnight of July 9

- Strong winds up to 45 MPH scattered them off course

- Troops spread out all along the southern coast of Italy between Syracuse and Gela

- Attacked vital points and created widespread panic

- July 27th the Axis commanders decided the outcome of the campaign would be

evacuation

Page 8: What do we do next?
Page 9: What do we do next?

Evacuation

• Hitler transferred over 12,000 men

• 4,500 vehicles

• 5,000 tons of equipment

• All done between August 1st-10th

Page 10: What do we do next?

Operation Baytown

- British Eighth Army would depart from the port of Messina on Sicily

- Go across the Straits of Messina

- Land near tip of Calabria ("toe of Italy”)

- On September 3rd 1943

Page 11: What do we do next?

Operation Avalanche

• One week later on 9 September

• Would land in Salerno on western coast

• Seize the port of Naples to ensure resupply

• Cut across to the east coast, trapping Axis troops further south

Page 12: What do we do next?

Germans Fight Back

• On September 13th

• The main attack was on the boundary between the Allied Corps (which ran from Battipaglia to the sea)

• The Attack failed

Page 13: What do we do next?

Salerno• Invaded Salerno on September 9th 1943

• The landings were resisted nearly failed

• Germans exhausted their resources in unsuccessful

counterattacks

• Which led to their new plans

Page 14: What do we do next?

New Plans

• September 16th, Allied air and naval superiority dominated the Axis troops

• Von Vietinghoff told Kesselring

that they needed to end the battle of Salerno

• Pivot on Salerno to form a

defensive line

• The allies had then secured Salerno beach

Page 15: What do we do next?

Cold Winter

• Second amphibious landing north of Salerno

• Allies wanted to advance through the great chain of mountains through central Italy

• Not wanting to wait and deal with freezing winter weather

• Decided to leave in October

Page 16: What do we do next?

Stalemate

• Winter had began

• Allies had failed to break the Gustav Line

• The Italian

Campaign was

stalemated in

December of

1943

Page 17: What do we do next?

Anzio

• January 22nd 1944, Allied ground commander in chief, Gen. Sir Harold Alexander, launched an amphibious end run behind the German lines at Anzio

• Wanted to catch them off guard

• Kesselring quickly contained the Allied threat

• Held them off throughout February

• Stalemate went on through Spring with few attacks

Page 18: What do we do next?

An Opening

• May resulted in the

collapse of the Gustav

Line

• German forces retreated into northern Italy

• A final Allied offensive resulted in the surrender of all German forces in Italy on May 2nd, 1945

Page 19: What do we do next?

Aftermath

• The Italian campaign lasted 602 days

• Allied casualties were 312,000

• German losses were estimated at 434,646

Page 20: What do we do next?

Battle of the Atlantic

Page 21: What do we do next?

• Was the longest campaign of WWII

• Germany used the U-boats to try to sever the allied sea lines of communication

• Tried to end the trade of Britain and Allies

Page 22: What do we do next?

-The Allies made ASDIC (Allied Submarine Detection Investigating Committee)

-Nazis then make U-boat wolf packs to attack ASDIC and

other allied ships

-Battle then became battle between the German U-boat and allied Merchant ships

Page 23: What do we do next?

Phase I

• September 1939 – June 1940

• U-boats went west of British Isle into Bay of Biscay intercepting Allied merchant ships

• U-boats attacked at first according to prize rules, providing safety for the crew

• Allies then equipped merchant ships with weapons to fight back causing surprise attacks

Page 24: What do we do next?

Phase I

• Karl Donitz the U-boat commander planned to attack with his wolf packs

• With small numbers of U-boats and insufficient torpedo's the U-boats had failed

Page 25: What do we do next?

Phase II

• July 1940 – May 1941• The U-boats again used the “Wolf Pack”

plan• They began to attack the weak convoy ships• Royal Navy couldn’t help out they were

guarding against a German invasion• German air forces also had major attacks on

the British Harbors

Page 26: What do we do next?

Phase II

• Germans got support from Italian Submarines at Bordeaux

• Spring of 1941 the British invasion began to crumple so they sent out destroyers

Page 27: What do we do next?

Phase III

• May 1941 – December 1941

• Destroyers made U-boats fight from greater distances form shore

• British able to escort the convoys

• Able to push U-boats down to West Africa

Page 28: What do we do next?

Phase III

• March 1941

• Allies Captured cipher materials

• May 7th Royal Navy captured German Arctic meteorological vessel

• German U-boats seemed to decline as battle went on

• Now able to save 1.5 million gross tons of shipping with Atlantic becoming safer

Page 29: What do we do next?

Phase IV

• January 1942 – July 1942

• U-boats began sinking unescorted individual ships off the U.S. east coast in the gulf of Mexico

• Interlocking Convoy system ended the mass sinkings

Page 30: What do we do next?

Phase V

• July 1942 – May 1943

• Became battle of technology

• Germans introduced M-4 Cipher machine and were now able to decrypt Allied convoy signals

• March 1943 the U-boats achieved greatest success against the convoys

Page 31: What do we do next?

Phase V

• Allies countered back with dispatch of surface and air escorts supporting convoys

• Allies developed more weapons and high-frequency direction findings

• Fall of U-boat offensive May 1943

Page 32: What do we do next?

Phase VI

• June 1943 – August 1943

• Allies began to block U-boats in Bay of Biscay

• Forced U-boats

to distant areas

Page 33: What do we do next?

Phase VII

• September 1943 – June 1944

• Allies strengthen Cipher and made it hard to be located

• German ships

began attacking

in North Atlantic

and then in

Gibraltar

• Failed

Page 34: What do we do next?

Final VIII Phase

• June 1944 – May 1945• Allied invasion of Normandy• U-boat

construction

was delayed

by allied

bombings• German

defensive collapsed

Page 35: What do we do next?

Statistics

• Lasted 69 months without stop

• 2,850 Allied and neutral merchant ships sank

• 2,520 of them sunk in Atlantic or Indian Oceans

• Germans lost 1large battleship, 1 pocket battleship, and 650 U-boats (522 sunk in Atlantic/Indian Ocean)

Page 36: What do we do next?

- Allies won this battle due to superior resources in battleship and airplane building

- Also due to superior antisubmarine detection equipment