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What computers can and cannot do for lexicography or Us precision, them recall. Adam Kilgarriff Lexicography Masterclass Ltd and University of Brighton, UK. Outline. Precision and recall History of corpus lexicography Natural Language Processing Cyborgs. Find me all the fat cats. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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What computers can and cannot do for lexicography
or
Us precision, them recall
Adam Kilgarriff
Lexicography Masterclass Ltd
and
University of Brighton, UK
27-29 Aug 2003 Adam Kilgarriff: Us precision them recall 2
Outline Precision and recall History of corpus lexicography Natural Language Processing Cyborgs
27-29 Aug 2003 Adam Kilgarriff: Us precision them recall 3
Find me all the fat cats
a request for information
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High recall
Lots of responses Maybe not all good
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High precision
Fewer hits Higher confidence
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Us precision, them recall
Recall Precision
Computers good bad
People bad good
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Us precision, them recall
True in many areas– web searching, google– finding an image to illustrate a talk
Nowhere more so than
lexicography
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Lexicography: finding facts about words
collocations grammatical patterns idioms synonyms antonyms meanings translations
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Outline Precision and recall History of corpus lexicography Natural Language Processing Cyborgs
27-29 Aug 2003 Adam Kilgarriff: Us precision them recall 10
Four ages of corpus lexicography
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Age 1:Precomputer
Oxford English Dictionary:• 5 million index cards
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Age 2: KWIC Concordances From 1980 Computerised COBUILD project was innovator asian-kwic.html the coloured-pens method
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Age 2: limitations
as corpora get bigger:too much data
• 50 lines for a word: :read all • 500 lines: could read all, takes a long time,
slow • 5000 lines: no
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Age 3: Collocation statistics
Problem:too much data - how to summarise?
Solution:list of words occurring in neighbourhood of headword, with frequencies
Sorted by salience
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Collocation listingFor right collocates of save (>5 hits)
word fr(x+y) fr(y) word fr(x+y) fr(y)
forests 6 170 life 36 4875
$1.2 6 180 dollars 8 1668
lives 37 1697 costs 7 1719
enormous 6 301 thousands 6 1481
annually 7 447 face 9 2590
jobs 20 2001 estimated 6 2387
money 64 6776 your 7 3141
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Collocation statistics Which words?
– next word – last word – window, +1 to +5; window, -5 to -1
How sorted? most common collocates --but for most
nouns it's the most salient collocates --how to
measure salience?
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Mutual Information
Church and Hanks 1989 How much more often does a word pair
occur, than one might expect by chance “Chance” of x and y occurring together:
p(x) * p(y) Probabilities approximated by
frequencies
p(x) =(approx) f(x)/N
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Mutual Information
X fr eat fr X fr eat X
MI* rank
it 1000 400,000
404 1/
1M
3
meat 1000 6000 136 23/
1M
2
sushi 1000 100 5 50/
1M
1
* numbers are log-proportional to MI
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Problem mathematical salience = lexicographic
salience? no! higher-frequency items are
lexicographically more salient Solution multiply MI by raw frequency
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Mutual Information
X fr eat fr X fr eat X
MI rank
it 1000 400,000
404 1/
1M
3
meat 1000 6000 136 23/
1M
2
sushi 1000 100 5 50/
1M
1
MI x fr
new rank
400/M
3
3128/M
1
2500/M
2
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Collocation listingFor right collocates of save (>5 hits)
word fr(x+y) fr(y) word fr(x+y) fr(y)
forests 6 170 life 36 4875
$1.2 6 180 dollars 8 1668
lives 37 1697 costs 7 1719
enormous 6 301 thousands 6 1481
annually 7 447 face 9 2590
jobs 20 2001 estimated 6 2387
money 64 6776 your 7 3141
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Age-3 collocation statistics: limitations
Lists contain junk unsorted for type --MI lists mix adverbs,
subjects, objects, prepositions
What we really want: noise-free lists one list for each grammatical relation
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Age 4: The word sketch Large well-balanced corpus Parse to find
– subjects, objects, heads, modifiers etc
One list for each grammatical relation Statistics to sort each list, as before
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Can we do it? high-accuracy parsing is hard lots of NLP work, many parsing frameworks
exist if any parser can handle large corpus, it's
probably good enough--- sorting, statistics, make us error-tolerant
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Can we do it? high-accuracy parsing is hard lots of NLP work, many parsing frameworks
exist if any parser can handle large corpus, it's
probably good enough--- sorting, statistics, make us error-tolerant
Poor man’s parsing:– object (of active verb) = last noun in any sequence
of nouns, adjectives, determiners, numbers and adverbs following the verb
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The word sketch coffee_n.html
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Macmillan Dictionary of English for Advanced Leaners, 2002: editor: Rundell. Work done 1999.
Word sketches produced for 6000 most common nouns, verbs, adjectives of English
using British National Corpus (100 M words, already POS-tagged)
lemmatized using John Carroll's lemmatizer parsed using regular expressions over POS-tags HTML files with hyperlinked corpus examples lexicographers used them extensively, used instead
of going direct to corpus positive feedback
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Outline Precision and recall History of corpus lexicography Natural Language Processing Cyborgs
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Natural Language Processing
The academic discipline which provides the tools– Also known as Computational Linguistics,
Human Language Technology (HLT), Language Engineering
Good at evaluation of its tools Good news for lexicography:
– identify the best tools, apply them to our corpora
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An Anglophone Apology Technology, tools, resources most often
available for English This talk centres on English Other languages often present new
problems– Finding word delimiters for Chinese is hard– Finding bunsetsu for Japanese is hard
Fewer resources available, less work done Recommendation:
– find the local experts for your language
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Recap: Lexicography: finding facts about words
collocations grammatical patterns idioms synonyms antonyms meanings translations
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Recap: Lexicography: finding facts about words
collocations - sketches grammatical patterns - sketches idioms synonyms antonyms meanings translations
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Idioms Extreme case of collocation/multi word
expressions Sequence of workshops on
collocations, MWE Technical terms (of great interest to
technologists, technical): TERMIGHT
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Antonyms Essential semantic relation
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Antonyms Essential semantic relation
but Justeson and Katz 1995: distributional
evidence for typical antonym pairs– rich men and poor men– the big ones and the small ones– black and white issues
Perhaps antonyms are ‘really’ distributional
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Thesauruses Also near-synonyms
– are there any true synonyms? Distributional: which words share same
distributions– if corpus contains
object(drink, wine), object(drink, beer)
– 1 pt similarity between wine and beer– gather all points; find nearest neighbours
Sparck Jones, Lin, Grefenstette
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Nearest neighbours
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Translation Parallel corpora
– Texts and their translations or Comparable corpora
– Matched for source and target (genre and subject matter), not translations
Which L1 words occur in equivalent L1 settings to L2 words in L2 settings?– They are candidate translation pairs
Very hard problem Lots of high quality research
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The WASPbench with David Tugwell, supported by UK EPSRC, grant
M54971 A lexicographer's workbench runtime creation of word sketches integration with Word Sense Disambiguation technology output is "disambiguating dictionary" - analysis of
word's meaning into senses, plus computer program for disambiguating contextualised instances of the word
First release now available. http://wasps.itri.brighton.ac.uk/ Sketches at http://www.itri.brighton.ac.uk
/~Adam.Kilgarriff/wordsketches.html
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The Sketch Engine Input:
– any corpus, any language Lemmatised, part-of-speech tagged
– specification of grammatical relations Word sketches integrated with Corpus query system
– Supports complex searching, sorting etc First release early 2004
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Outline Precision and recall History of corpus lexicography Natural Language Processing Cyborgs
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Cyborgs Robots: will they take over? Rod Brooks’s answer:
– Wrong question: greatest advances are in what the human+computer ensemble can do
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Cyborgs A creature that is partly human and
partly machine – Macmillan English Dictionary
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Cyborgs and the Information Society
The dictionary-making agent is part human (for precision), part computer (for recall).
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Treat your computer with respect. You and it can do
great things together.
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Lexicographers of the future?