What Are We Learning Today?

3.4 Analyze the motives of nation and state involvement or noninvolvement in international affairs (economic stability, self-determination,

peace, security, humanitarianism)

What motivates you to do certain things?

Needs & Wants• Think about the range of human activity on this

planet and what motivates ppl to take action. Psychologists believe that ppl are motivated by both needs and wants.

• Needs are the basic elements – food, water, shelter, health – required for survival. Wants are things that ppl desire, regardless of whether the desired object contributes to their survival. Ppl may, for example, want a cellphone, a fulfilling job, or to dress in the latest fashion, but they do not need these things to survive.

Get in a group of 3 or 4. Your task is to list as many needs as you can.

Go beyond just basic needs like food and think of other needs like

friendship. After you have compiled your list, rank everything from 1 to 5 as a group. 1 = if I don’t have it I’ll die, 5 = I still think it’s a need but not as vital as all the other things.

Abraham Maslow• Both needs and wants are powerful motivators

that encourage ppl to go to school, to practice a skill, or to work at a job.

• Psychologist Abraham Maslow believed that human needs follow a universal pattern or hierarchy. He said that all humans are motivated to meet their basic survival needs, which would be located at the bottom of the hierarchy. Once these needs are met, ppl begin to be concerned about other needs as they move up the hierarchy.

Maslow’s Hierarchy

• Why do you think Maslow

chose to show these needs as

a hierarchy? (Pg. 210)

Maslow’s Critics• Maslow’s theory is not

universally accepted. Some critics believe that human nature is too complex to depict as the kind of hierarchy he envisioned. They say, for example, that some humans are born with a powerful need to help others and that, in some cases, this need may override their own need for safety and security.

Motives of Successful Nations & Nation-States

• Just as the behaviour of individuals is motivated by a complex variety of needs ands wants, so, too, are the actions of nations and nation-states. Nations are made up of human beings and nation-states are made up of – and governed by – human beings.

• Successful nation-states, especially those with democratic gov’ts, are often motivated by the need to serve their citizens by providing economic stability, peace and security, self-determination, and humanitarian activities.

Economic Stability• Pg. 211.

• Economic stability depends on a # of factors, including high employment. High employment promotes economic stability because ppl who have jobs have more money to spend. When ppl spend money on goods and services, they create demand – and demand requires more goods and services. The demand for more goods and services means that employers like to hire more workers. This creates more jobs and leads to high employment.

Economic Stability• High employment helps create prosperity for

individuals and also for gov’ts, which are able to collect more taxes and use the proceeds to pay for gov’t services. (Figure 9-5)

More Jobs

PPl With Money to Spend Increased Demand

More Goods & Services Purchased

Peace & Security• Pg. 212.

• Ppl who live in countries where they do not feel safe may be unable to attend school or work productively – and citizens who feel insecure are more likely to oppose the gov’t.

• In addition, countries need well-educated, well-trained workers because a skilled and experienced workforce helps create economic prosperity. This need motivates gov’ts to try to ensure the safety and security needs of citizens.

Peace & Security• In countries like Canada, where the Charter of

Rights and Freedoms guarantees security of the person, security is considered a human right that the gov’t must provide. Ppl also have access to a legal system that helps keep the peace and settle disagreements fairly & safely.

• Like individuals, nation-states are also motivated by concerns about national peace and security. Ppl around the world want to be free of war and to feel protected against ruthless gov’ts that seek conquests.

NATO

• Independently and collectively, states have taken steps to promote peace and ensure that their citizens can live safely. Canada, for example, belongs to a # of organizations whose goals involve ensuring national security.

• These include the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, an alliance of more than 25 countries, including Canada. NATO’s purpose is to safeguard the freedom and security of its members.

Defending our Air Space• The North American

Aerospace Defense Command is a Canada-US partnership that is responsible for defending North American air space.

• The United Nations is an organization dedicated to improving world peace and security. (Pg. 212)

Self-Determination• Pg. 213.• Nations and nation-states also want to control

their own fate and may try to do this by seeking either self-determination or outright sovereignty. Example: Soviet Union.

• Indigenous ppls around the world are also fighting to achieve greater self-determination. In the colonial era, many Indigenous ppls lost control over their own lives to imperial powers. Today, they are seeking to determine for themselves the future course of their own lives. This may mean seeking independence or self-determination within a larger nation-state.

Humanitarianism• Many nation-states also take action to relieve

suffering and protect the innocent. Natural disasters, disease, war, and conflict can all cause tremendous suffering. In these situations, many countries offer humanitarian aid, which may include providing money and supplies, as well as accepting and sheltering refugees.

• Every year, the Canadian gov’t directly sponsors more than 7000 refugees. Private groups, which are responsible for the ppl they sponsor for a year after their arrival, sponsor several thousand more. (FYI pg. 214)

Re-examine Maslow’s hierarchy of human needs. Which category do you think includes ppl’s need

to help others? How might offering humanitarian aid benefit

nations and countries?

Homework• Read pg. 216-217 that compares the African

countries of Zimbabwe and Botswana.

• 1. Give an example of each country addressing it’s need for peace and security, economic stability, self-determination, and humanitarian activities for better or for worse. Should have 8 points, 4 for each. (8 marks)

• 2. Answer question #2 pg. 217. (2 marks)

• 3. Answer question #3 pg. 217. (4 marks)

What Are We Learning Today?

3.5 Explore understandings of nationalism.

How Do Motives of Nations Shape Their Responses to the World?

• The responses of nations and states to world events are often motivated by a complex range of factors linked to ppl’s needs. A country in which ppl want peace and security, for example, may choose to withdraw from contact with other nation-states and focus on its own affairs. (Example: appeasement)

• When deciding how to respond to the world, countries may choose from a range of possibilities. We’ll look at some of those here.

Isolationism• True isolationism means that a country

completely opts out of participating in int’l social, economic, political, and military affairs.

• Until 1854, Japan, for example, had followed an isolationist policy for more than 2 centuries. During this time, Japan’s isolation was so complete that foreigners were barred from entering the country and trade with other countries was discouraged.

Famously Neutral Switzerland• The nearly complete isolationism practiced by

Japan is rare. More commonly, countries choose to follow an isolationist policy in one area but not in others.

• Switzerland, for example, refuses to take sides in disputes with other countries and has not joined military alliances. But this country also maintains diplomatic ties with other countries and is a member of the United Nations. And Switzerland has joined other countries in environmental and economic agreements.

Unilateralism• Countries are sometimes motivated to respond

to events on their own, or unilaterally.

• Unilateralism became an issue during the nuclear arms race, which pitted the US and its allies against the SU and its allies. When the arms race began after WW II as part of the Cold War, ppl feared that nuclear war would destroy life on Earth. Countries began to discuss arms reduction and even full disarmament – the destruction of all nuclear weapons by all countries.

What is acid rain?

Acid Rain Knows No Boundaries• Acid rain affects the environment because it

destroys life in lakes and rivers, damages buildings, and hurts crops. It is carried across borders on air currents, so pollutants generated in the US may fall as acid rain in Canada and vice versa.

• The Canada-US Air Quality Agreement requires the 2 countries to work toward reducing toxic emissions that cause acid rain and to cooperate on conducting scientific research into the problem.

Bilateralism• When 2 countries are motivated by the same

issue or need, they may take bilateral action. Bilateralism refers to agreements between 2 countries.

• In 1991, for example, Canada entered into a bilateral agreement with the US in an attempt to solve the problem of acid rain – precipitation that had been turned acidic by air pollutants such as sulfur dioxide. These pollutants are emitted into the atmosphere by vehicles and industry. (Figure 9-13)

Multilateralism• Multilateralism involves several countries in

working together on a given issue. Middle powers – countries such as Canada, Australia, and Chile, which are not superpowers but still exercise a degree of influence on world affairs – have traditionally chosen multilateral solutions.

• The influence of middle powers is increased when they stand together. Powerful int’l organizations such as the UN and the World Trade Organization (WTO) are multilateral.

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JovxCYw5HLs

Supranationalism• Supranationalism is an approach that involves

agreeing to abide by the decisions of an int’l organization made up of independent appointed officials or representatives elected by member states.

• Many view the European Union as a supranational organization because, when they join, member states must give up some control over their own affairs and adhere (stick) to EU policies.

Giving Up Power to the EU• In the EU, decisions are made by the majority

and are rarely unanimous. Still, all members must abide by the majority decision, so countries must sometimes go along with policies and actions they disagree with.

• With the change of currency, however, this was not the case. While most members of the EU gave up their national currency and adopted the euro, the common currency of the EU, other EU members like Britain and Denmark chose not to do this. Why do you think that is?

Would you vote to give up Canadian money and adopt a North American currency if it

seemed to promise more economic stability? Why or

why not?

Internationalism

• For many ppl, thinking globally means embracing internationalism.

• Internationalists believe that all members of the global community accept collective responsibility for the challenges that face the world – and that varying motives of nations and nation-states must be respected in the search for solutions.

What is the WHO?

World Health Organization• The WHO was established in 1948 as an

agency of the United Nations. The WHO is an example of an organization that takes an internationalist approach. Human health is a concern that knows no borders. Contagious diseases can quickly spread around the world and threaten everyone.

• WHO staff co-ordinate info. about diseases such as influenza, malaria, smallpox, tuberculosis, and AIDS. They also collect stats on nutrition, population planning, sanitation, and the health of mothers and children. (Web)

The Eradication of Smallpox• One of the WHO’s greatest triumphs has been

the eradication (complete destruction) of smallpox, a disease that had killed tens of millions of ppl over the course of human history.

• A worldwide vaccination campaign began in 1966. By the end of the 1970s, WHO officials had declared that the last case of smallpox had been found and that the disease had been eradicated. This internationalist activity provided ppl everywhere with more security and stability.

Smallpox

The Arctic Council

• The Arctic Council is another example of an organization that takes an internationalist approach to resolving issues.

• Formed in 1996, its members include countries with territory in the Arctic: Canada, Denmark (Greenland & Faroe Islands), Finland, Iceland, Norway, the Russian Federation, Sweden, and the US.

The Arctic Council• The council also includes permanent

representatives of 6 organizations representing Indigenous ppls who live in the Arctic regions of member states. This combination of gov’t and Indigenous ppls’ representatives is a unique form of internationalism.

• The Arctic Council promotes sustainable development and is dedicated to protecting the region’s fragile environment. A priority is monitoring and supporting research on the effects of climate change in the Arctic.

What are NGOs?

NGOs• Individuals can also practice internationalism

through non-governmental organizations, or NGOs. The creation of NGOs is often inspired by individuals and groups who see a need that is not being met by gov’ts.

• Right to Play

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XnSQ6puqzV8

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kJP8KYlKibQ

What Are We Learning Today?

3.6 Analyze how internationalism can be promoted through foreign policy.

International Law & Agreements

• Int’l co-operation is essential when the national interest or foreign policy goals of 1 country conflict with those of another.

• To help resolve the disputes arising from these conflicts, a body of int’l law has developed. Int’l law is based on int’l treaties, agreements, and conventions; UN resolutions; and widely accepted int’l practices.

The Problem with International Law• Int’l law is interpreted by the UN’s Int’l Court of

Justice, or World Court. The World Court tries to settle int’l disputes peacefully. However, some countries are reluctant to recognize its authority or abide by its decisions.

• The US, for example, has refused to accept the authority of the World Court since 1986. At that time, the court ruled that the US had violated a # of int’l laws by helping rebels who were trying to overthrow the gov’t of Nicaragua.

The Int’l Law of the Sea• The United Nations Convention on the Law of

the Sea is an example of an agreement that has become part of int’l law.

• This agreement sets out rules for the high seas (water that lie beyond the territorial waters of any country). It defines territorial waters as those extending 22 km from a country’s coast and gives coastal countries, such as Canada, the exclusive right to control fishing, mining, and the environment in an area up to 370 km from shore.

The Grand Banks• The Law of the Sea has been controversial,

and Canada did not ratify (accept) this convention until 2003. One reason for the delay was concern over fishing on the Grand Banks.

• The Grand Banks are formed by an underwater shelf that extends up to 730 km off the SE coast of Newfoundland. Once, this area formed the world’s richest fishing grounds, but technological advances in the late 20th century led to overfishing, often by European vessels. This overfishing reduced fish stocks drastically and destroyed the livelihood of many Newfoundlanders.

Regulating Fishing

• Figure 10-9 pg. 241

• To revitalize the fishing industry and enable fish stocks to rebound, Canada believes that it must regulate fishing on the entire Grand Banks. As a result, the Canadian gov’t is working to support Canada’s claim to control the entire continental shelf in this area.

• Figure 10-8 pg. 239

Does Canada have the right to regulate fishing on the entire

Grand Banks?

Int’l Agreements and the Arctic

• FYI pg. 239

• Why might the Arctic be different?

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YujsRuN3PK8

• Pg. 242

• Why might an international solution to the issue of Arctic sovereignty be necessary?

The Northwest Passage

• Figure 10-10

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P8S4RN3RUjE&feature=fvw

Foreign Aid & Internationalism• Countries also promote internationalism by

delivering foreign aid. This money may be used to provide basic needs to citizens of a developing country or for infrastructure projects.

• Foreign aid has the greatest impact when countries co-ordinate their policies. This internationalist approach involves both the countries giving the aid and those receiving it in making decisions about the most effective use of foreign aid dollars.

The 0.7% Solution

• In 1969, former Canadian PM Lester B. Pearson challenged the world’s richest countries to spend 0.7% of their gross national income on foreign aid.

• Gross national income (GNI) refers to the total value of the goods and services produced by a country in a year, whether inside or outside the country’s borders.

Missing The Mark• So far, only Denmark, Luxembourg, the

Netherlands, Norway, and Sweden have met or exceeded Pearson’s target. The foreign aid spending of most developed countries is well below this mark. In 2006, for example, Canada’s foreign aid amounted to 0.33% of GNI, about half the targeted amount.

• Not everyone agrees that Canada should spend more. Many foreign policy experts believe that the country should focus on delivering aid more effectively, rather than on spending more money.

Is humanitarianism the only motive for countries to provide

aid to other countries?

Criticisms of Foreign Aid Policy• Humanitarianism is often the main motive for

providing aid to other countries. But other motives can also inspire nation-states to offer aid. These may include strategic and political interests, as well as historical relationships between the giving and receiving countries.

• Sometimes, help is offered in the form of tied aid. When aid is tied, strings are attached. Donor countries may, for example, issue credits that require the country receiving the aid to buy goods and services only from them.

Other Issues with Foreign Aid• Issuing credits has been criticized because

donor countries may not offer the highest-quality goods and services at the cheapest price. When aid is provided with no strings attached, the receiving country can buy from any source – including other developing countries. This increases trade and development in the countries that need it most.

• Ensuring that aid reaches the ppl who need it is another challenge. Corrupt officials in the receiving countries sometimes seize aid money and supplies instead of distributing it. Also, delays and errors often slow the delivery of aid.

Should donor countries place restrictions on the way foreign

aid money is spent?

FYI: Someone steps on a landmine somewhere every 20 minutes.

Landmines kill 72 ppl every day: 90% of victims are civilians and 40% are

children. Landmines cost as little as $3 US to make but up to $1000 US to

remove. Estimates suggest that more than 45 million landmines are still in

place around the world.

Landmines & Foreign Policy• Controlling weapons of war is difficult, but it is

an important internationalist goal. Hundreds of millions of landmines, for example, have been used in conflicts around the world.

• Troops often plant them to protect their bases, and they are a cheap and effective tool in guerilla wars. But these weapons remain in the ground long after a war has ended. They pose a threat to civilians and are costly and dangerous to remove.

United Nations Convention on Inhumane Weapons

• In 1980, the United Nations Convention on Inhumane Weapons tried to establish rules for using landmines. One of the rules said that mines must be removed at the end of a war.

• When this convention was largely ignored, the UN tried to implement an outright ban in 1996. But only 14 countries endorsed the ban. (Figure 10-19)

The Ottawa Treaty

• The Ottawa Treaty banned the use of landmines and required gov’ts to contribute to removing existing mines.

• By mid-2007, 157 countries, including Canada, had signed this treaty. But the US, China, Russia, and India had refused to sign, saying that landmines are necessary for defence.

Landmines & Afghanistan• In 2002, Canada, the European Union, and the

US committed $94 million (Cdn) to clearing landmines in Afghanistan.

• 7000 Afghans were trained to remove the mines, but Taliban fighters have continued to plant them. Mines have killed or wounded dozens of Canadian soldiers and thousands of Afghan citizens.

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9oHesUQu7D0

Peacekeeping, or Peacemaking?

• Use pgs 237-238 and 246-247 in your text to complete the Ch. 10 Peacekeeping Project assignment.

• Veteran’s Affairs Canada:• http://www.veterans.gc.ca/eng/collections/hrp/hrp_detail/1829\

• Laurie Hawn – information and interview: “Peacemaking, not Peacekeeping”

• UN Peacekeeping: What is peacekeeping?• http://www.veterans.gc.ca/eng/collections/hrp/hrp_detail/1829

Canada & Fresh Water

• To most Canadians, fresh water does not seem like a huge international issue. This is because most Canadians have easy access to plenty of clean water.

• In fact, Canada has up to 20% of the world’s fresh water yet only 0.5% of the world’s population. Therefore, there is plenty of water for everyone.

International Need for Water

• However, for those not living in Canada, this is not the case. Most do not have enough fresh water to support their population.

• In 2006, the United Nations reported that 1.1 billion people had inadequate access to water and more than 2.5 billion had inadequate access to sanitation. In addition, nearly 2 million children died of diseases caused by unclean water and poor sanitation.

Control of Natural Resources

• Currently, countries control their own water within their borders and make their own decisions about how to use it just like any other natural resource.

• The decisions may include selling water, diverting water to generate hydroelectric power, and making rules about dumping sewage into fresh water.

Issues Over Sharing Water

• But as the world’s supply of fresh water declines, water-rich countries are expected to face increased int’l pressure to share this resource. In fact, many see access to clean water as being a fundamental human right.

• Yet not everyone agrees. Many Canadians feel that water is a sovereignty issue and that Canada must act to protect its national interests in this area.

WTO & NAFTA Intervention

• Currently, the Canadian gov’t discourages bulk water exports yet this may be about to change.

• Due to free trade and Canada joining various supranational organizations, national water policies may be challenged by the World Trade Organization and the terms of the North American Free Trade Agreement. In essence, Canada may have to give up control of it’s vital natural resource for the betterment of the int’l community.

Relation to Internationalism?

• Internationalism is all about members of the global community accepting collective responsibility for the challenges that face the world. Obviously, sharing water is an int’l issue because all humans need it.

• Water is a resource that not should be exploited or profited from. The int’l community needs to come together to find the fairest and easiest way to distribute a basic need to all of the world’s citizens.

Our Solution

• Though Canada has just as much a right as any other country to hold on to it’s natural resources we do realize that for internationalism to work that countries and ppl need to work together and make concessions.

• Therefore, we propose that Canada “makes the first move” and relinquishes control of it’s fresh water for the greater good of humanity and to ease concerns over the availability of fresh water internationally.

Our Solution• However, in order for us to give up control we

would need to see a comprehensive plan put in place that guarantees our water is used by those in most need of it, that it’s recycled, and that there is no exploitation of any kind.

• We would also want this generosity to be recognized by the int’l community in respect to talks about the sharing of other vital resources. Perhaps Canada, as a reward, should be given first dibs to the massive oil reserves in the Arctic seabed.

Notes• Access to clean water has become an

important health issue of international concern.

• Canada is lucky to have 20% of the world’s fresh water but is facing increased int’l pressure to share this resource.

• The Canadian gov’t currently controls the water within their borders but due to WTO and NAFTA regulations they may have to give up control against their will and jeopardize national interests.