What are we going to do today?

What are we going to do today?

Ethical Issues in Anthropological ResearchA few examples of historical blunders in ethical issues

AAA Statement of EthicsOur dillemmas

Ethical Issues in Anthropological ResearchA few examples of historical blunders in ethical issues

AAA Statement of EthicsOur dillemmas

Ethical Issues in Anthropology

Ethical Issues in Anthropology

What are the main issues?

How do we deal with these issues?

What are the main issues?

How do we deal with these issues?

Our personal ethical valuesOur personal ethical values What are they?

Where do they come from?

How do they influence our lives?

What are they?

Where do they come from?

How do they influence our lives?

Why Ethical Issues in Anthropology?Why Ethical Issues in Anthropology? Research with human beings Taking away materials (archeological sites) Context of inequality [researcher and

researched] Use of knowledge—public opinion/ public

policies/ intervention strategies—impact on the lives of people we study

Demands from the ‘subjects’

Research with human beings Taking away materials (archeological sites) Context of inequality [researcher and

researched] Use of knowledge—public opinion/ public

policies/ intervention strategies—impact on the lives of people we study

Demands from the ‘subjects’

Anthropologists: web of their relationshipsAnthropologists: web of their relationships Subjects Academic institution (university,

research institutions) Professional community Sponsoring institutions/organizations Broader public

Subjects Academic institution (university,

research institutions) Professional community Sponsoring institutions/organizations Broader public

Ethical Scandals in AnthropologyEthical Scandals in Anthropology The Hottentot Venus 1810-1815

Ota Benga 1904

Yanomami 1968/2001

The Hottentot Venus 1810-1815

Ota Benga 1904

Yanomami 1968/2001

Saartjie Baartman “Hottentot Venus”Saartjie Baartman “Hottentot Venus”

Ota BengaOta Benga

Bronx Zoo 1906

"Exhibited each afternoon during September."

Bronx Zoo 1906

"Exhibited each afternoon during September."

YanomamiYanomami

Napolean Chagnon James Neel 1968 measles epidemic Video portrayal Darkness in El Dorado:

How Scientists and Journalists Devastated the Amazon by John Tierney, 2000

Napolean Chagnon James Neel 1968 measles epidemic Video portrayal Darkness in El Dorado:

How Scientists and Journalists Devastated the Amazon by John Tierney, 2000

Scandal snowballsScandal snowballs

2001 AAA task force begins inquiry, findings approved

2002 AAA votes to rescind approval of the El Dorado Task Force findings

2001 AAA task force begins inquiry, findings approved

2002 AAA votes to rescind approval of the El Dorado Task Force findings

AAA Statements on EthicsAAA Statements on Ethics

Adopted by the council of the AAA-May 1971Preamble“ They are involved with their discipline, their

colleagues, their students, their sponsors, their subjects, their own and host governments, the particular individuals and groups with whom they do their field work in the nations within which they work, and the study of processes and issues affecting general human welfare.”

Adopted by the council of the AAA-May 1971Preamble“ They are involved with their discipline, their

colleagues, their students, their sponsors, their subjects, their own and host governments, the particular individuals and groups with whom they do their field work in the nations within which they work, and the study of processes and issues affecting general human welfare.”

AAA statements contd…...AAA statements contd…...“It is prime responsibility of

anthropologists to anticipate these and to plan to resolve them in such a way as to do damage neither to those whom they study nor, insofar as possible, to their scholarly community. Where these conditions cannot be met, the anthropologist would be well-advised not to pursue the particular piece of research.” (Italics added)

“It is prime responsibility of anthropologists to anticipate these and to plan to resolve them in such a way as to do damage neither to those whom they study nor, insofar as possible, to their scholarly community. Where these conditions cannot be met, the anthropologist would be well-advised not to pursue the particular piece of research.” (Italics added)

Responsibility to those studiedResponsibility to those studied Rights, interests, and sensitivities of those

studied must be safeguarded Communication of the aims Right to annonymity (unintentional compromise) No exploitation--fair return/compensation Reflection upon foreseeable repurcussions No clandestine reporting/research (no secret

reports to sponsors) Accept the cultural and social plurality

Rights, interests, and sensitivities of those studied must be safeguarded

Communication of the aims Right to annonymity (unintentional compromise) No exploitation--fair return/compensation Reflection upon foreseeable repurcussions No clandestine reporting/research (no secret

reports to sponsors) Accept the cultural and social plurality

Responsibilities to the PublicResponsibilities to the Public Full public disclosue of the findings Integretiy in presenting their findings--

opinions and the bases of them Contribute to an “adequate definition of

reality” upon which public opinion and public policy may be based

Honesty--and cognizant of limitations

Full public disclosue of the findings Integretiy in presenting their findings--

opinions and the bases of them Contribute to an “adequate definition of

reality” upon which public opinion and public policy may be based

Honesty--and cognizant of limitations

Responsibility to the DisciplineResponsibility to the Discipline No secret research or any research which

cannot be freely derived and publicly reported--avoid even the appearance of doing clandestine research

Not jeopardize future research-- “commitment to honesty, open inquiry, clear communication of sponsorship and research aims, and concern for the welfare and privacy of informants

No secret research or any research which cannot be freely derived and publicly reported--avoid even the appearance of doing clandestine research

Not jeopardize future research-- “commitment to honesty, open inquiry, clear communication of sponsorship and research aims, and concern for the welfare and privacy of informants

Responsibility to Discipline contd...Responsibility to Discipline contd... No plagiarism Non-discrimination in hiring, retention

and advancement

No plagiarism Non-discrimination in hiring, retention

and advancement

Responsibility to StudentsResponsibility to Students

Non-discrimination in selection Alert students on ethical issues and

problems Responsive to students’ interests,

opinions and desires in their academic work and relationships

Realistic counselling in career opportunitie

Non-discrimination in selection Alert students on ethical issues and

problems Responsive to students’ interests,

opinions and desires in their academic work and relationships

Realistic counselling in career opportunitie

Responsibility to students contd...Responsibility to students contd... Supervse, encourage and support Communicate well on expectation from their

course of study, Fair and transparent evaluation Acknowledgements of students assistancship Due credit--co-authorship if used for

publication

Supervse, encourage and support Communicate well on expectation from their

course of study, Fair and transparent evaluation Acknowledgements of students assistancship Due credit--co-authorship if used for

publication

Responsibility to the SponsorsResponsibility to the Sponsors Honest about their aims based on full

knowledge about the sponsors’ aims, history

Clear about unconditionality so that academic work could not be compromised

Accepting only through full disclosure of information from the sponsors

Honest about their aims based on full knowledge about the sponsors’ aims, history

Clear about unconditionality so that academic work could not be compromised

Accepting only through full disclosure of information from the sponsors

Responsibility to GovernmentsResponsibility to GovernmentsHost Government and Own Government Honesty in communication Demanding assurance of non-

interference No secret reporting, debriefings or

research to be accepted

Host Government and Own Government Honesty in communication Demanding assurance of non-

interference No secret reporting, debriefings or

research to be accepted

Chiapas: Who owns the medicine in the jungle?Chiapas: Who owns the medicine in the jungle?

Satellite map of MexicoSatellite map of Mexico

Map of ChiapasMap of Chiapas

Bioprospecting:Bioprospecting:

the search for new chemicals in living things that will have some medical or commercial use.

-- the collecting and testing of biological samples (plants, animals, micro-organisms)

-- and the collecting of indigenous knowledge to help find and exploit genetic or biochemical resources

the search for new chemicals in living things that will have some medical or commercial use.

-- the collecting and testing of biological samples (plants, animals, micro-organisms)

-- and the collecting of indigenous knowledge to help find and exploit genetic or biochemical resources

Or Biopiracy?Or Biopiracy?

Appropriation of the knowledge and genetic resources of farming and indigenous communities by individuals or institutions who seek exclusive monopoly control (patents or intellectual property) over these resources and knowledge.

Appropriation of the knowledge and genetic resources of farming and indigenous communities by individuals or institutions who seek exclusive monopoly control (patents or intellectual property) over these resources and knowledge.

Players in the Chiapas Bioprospecting/piracy issue:

Players in the Chiapas Bioprospecting/piracy issue: Consejo (original group of 11 Mayan

organizations, 13 other groups later joined in support)

International Cooperative Biodiversity Groups (ICBG) -- U.S. Government’s National Institute of Health (NIH)

University of Georgia Anthropologists RAFI (now ETC)

Consejo (original group of 11 Mayan organizations, 13 other groups later joined in support)

International Cooperative Biodiversity Groups (ICBG) -- U.S. Government’s National Institute of Health (NIH)

University of Georgia Anthropologists RAFI (now ETC)

IssuesIssues

Ownership/control of knowledge Prior Informed Consent (PIC) Moral/religious objections to patenting

life and GMO Insufficient governmental regulatory

mechanisms

Ownership/control of knowledge Prior Informed Consent (PIC) Moral/religious objections to patenting

life and GMO Insufficient governmental regulatory

mechanisms

Dilemma:Dilemma:

Is ethically sound and non-exploitative bioprospecting possible?

Under what circumstances?

Is ethically sound and non-exploitative bioprospecting possible?

Under what circumstances?

ConclusionConclusion

Anthropology has a long history of ethical scandals;

This history has forced anthropology to be more self-critical than other academic disciplines

Anthropology has a long history of ethical scandals;

This history has forced anthropology to be more self-critical than other academic disciplines