What are the factors influencing online shopping among call center employees in Mumbai India

8/12/2019 What are the factors influencing online shopping among call center employees in Mumbai India.

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Vhrdjjt Hryh. []63668658BEH Mnssjrthtnod.

8

8. ND]UOMZK]NOD9

8.89 Ehkgaroudm9

]cj rhpnm arowtc o` ndtjrdjt usjrs worlmwnmj ns kchdanda tcj why o` kodsubjr scoppnda ejchvnour, hdm nt

chs ejjd hmoptjm worlmwnmj. (Eurtod, 566>) Hkkormnda to h aloehl survjy kodmuktjm ey tcj Djnlsod

Kobphdy, 3: pjr kjdt o` odlndj populhtnod hroudm tcj aloej chs usjm ndtjrdjt òr odlndj scoppnda hdm

borj tchd :6 pjr kjdt o` ndtjrdjt usjrs scop odlndj ht ljhst odkj nd h bodtc. ( Aloehl Odlndj [coppnda

Ujport, 5663, phaj do. 8)

Odlndj scoppnda chs hppjhrjm to arow borj rhpnmly nd mjvjlopnda dhtnods o` Hsnh. ( Odlndj [coppnda nd

Hsnh/Vhkn`nk-Vhttjrd, ]rjdms hdm @uturj Arowtc, 5663) Ndmnh, odj o` sukc mjvjlopnda bhrgjts, shw h rnsj

nd odlndj scoppnda trjdm (sjj Kchrt 8 ejlow). Cowjvjr, nd sobj rurhl phrts o` Ndmnh, odlndj scoppnda nsstnll h rjlhtnvjly udgdowd hdm udusjm jdtnty, eut wntc tcj aovjrdbjdts httntumj towhrms proarjssnod, h

aoom hboudt o` nd`rhstrukturj ns mjmnkhtjm to tcns hrjh. Nd bhdy ndmustrnjs, tcj bost òkusjm o` eusndjss

bomjls hdm tcj strodajst o` erhdms koulm ej h``jktjm ey djw ndòrbhtnod tjkcdoloanjs. (NHBHN9

Kodsubjr J-Kobbjrkj Bhrgjt nd Ndmnh , 5660-5661)

@naurj 89 Odlndj ]rhdshktnods Nd Ndmnh (Nd Bnllnods)

[ourkj9 ( ]cj Vowjr [coppjr9 NOHN Jkobbjrkj Ujport, 566:)

6

:666

86666

8:666

56666

5:666

5665-566; 566;-566= 566=-566: 566:-566: 5660-5661


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]cj aovjrdbjdt o` Ndmnh chs thgjd posntnvj bjhsurjs to `hknlnthtj tcj rhpnm arowtc o` odlndj scoppnda ey

tcj ndtromuktnod o` kyejr lhws, rjmuktnod o` thxjs od nd`rhstrukturj. (KyejrlhwsNdmnh, 5661) @urtcjr odj o`

sukc lhw udmjrthgjd ey tcj Ujsjrvj Ehdg o` Ndmnh (UEN) chs ejjd mnskussjm nd hd ndtjrvnjw nd odj o` tcj

Ndmnhd Djws Kchddjl wntc Uho, 5663. Cowjvjr, nt ns oesjrvjm tcht pjoplj nd Ndmnh hrj cjsnthtnda to euy

odlndj muj to kodkjrds rjahrmnda nssujs lngj sjkurnty, kodsubjr enhs hdm lhkg o` toukc-`jjl-try jxpjrnjdkj,

lhkg o` tnbjly mjlnvjry hdm phybjdt bjtcoms7 borjovjr tcjrj ns h rnsg o` `rhum nd tcj krjmnt khrm systjb

wcnkc bhy thgj plhkj wcjd usjm od ndtjrdjt. Ndhmjquhtj nd`rhstrukturj hdm jxkjssnvj thrn``s hlso bhgj tcj

sntuhtnod worsj. (NHBHN9Kodsubjr J-Kobbjrkj Bhrgjt nd Ndmnh , 5660-5661). Cjdkj, tcns stumy hnbs to

udmjrsthdm tcj kodsubjr ejchvnour wntc rjahrm to odlndj scoppnda nd tcj knty o` Bubehn. ]cns ns modj ey

stumynda h lnbntjm shbplj `rhbj, hs kodsnmjrnda tcj jdtnrj populhtnod òr tcns stumy woulm ej nbprhktnkhl

(shbplj `rhbj hdm snzj hrj mnskussjm nd borj mjthnl nd kchptjr ;9 Bjtcomoloay).

]cj snzj o` tcj Ndmnhd Eusndjss to Kodsubjr (E5K) sjktor hkkoudtjm òr NDU 16.3 Enllnod nd 5660-5661

hdm whs jstnbhtjm to arow ey ;6% nd 5661-5663 wcnkc subs up to NDU >5.86 Enllnod. (NHBHN9

Kodsubjr J-Kobbjrkj Bhrgjt nd Ndmnh , 5660-5661) Bubehn chs tcj tothl dubejr o` ;.5= bnllnod

ndtjrdjt usjrs, o` wcnkc 5.0 bnllnod hrj hktnvj usjr wcnkc bhgjs nt tcj top bjtro knty nd Ndmnh òr ndtjrdjt

ushaj (NHBHN, 5660).

Nd Bubehn, tcj lntjrhky rhtj ns hroudm 30 pjr kjdt hdm h cuaj populhtnod o` bnmmlj klhss `hbnlnjs chs tcjspjdmnda powjr. ]cjsj two `hktors cjlp us to udmjrsthdm wcy odlndj scoppnda nd Bubehn chs h

snadn`nkhdt skopj. Hlso `rob odlndj sthtnstnks ey Ndtjrdjt hdm Odlndj Hssoknhtnod o` Ndmnh, nt ns oethndjm

tcht Bubehn kovjrs hroudm 5= pjr kjdt o` tcj ovjrhll odlndj scoppnda nd Ndmnh. (Ndtjrdjt & Odlndj

Hssoknhtnod Ndmnh, 566:) Borjovjr, nd Bubehn, wcjrj tcj ndtjrdjt usjrs hrj arownda ht hd ndkrjhsnda rhtj

( N-kuej9 Ndtjrdjt Nd Ndmnh, 5663) nt wnll ej cjlpùl òr tcj kodsubjr hs wjll hs òr tcj kobphdnjs, to

mnskuss od j-rjthnlnda bomjls, phybjdt bjtcoms, sjkurnty `jhturj s, ùturj trjdm s hdm ejdj`nt s, cjdkj,

tcjrj ns h skopj o` monda h rjsjhrkc wcosj oeijktnvj ns to udmjrsthdm kodsubjr (khll kjdtrj jbployjjs)

ejchvnour nd rjlhtnod to odlndj scoppnda nd Bubehn.

Nd Ndmnh tcj odlndj scoppnda sjabjdt chs ejjd mrnvjd ey tcj youda ajdjrhtnod hajm ejtwjjd83-;:

(Ndtjrdjt & Boenlj Hssoknhtnod Ndmnh rjport9 N-Kuej, 5661-5663), hdm khll kjdtrjs , wcnkc hrj tcj bhnd


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cue `or youda ajdjrhtnod nd Bubehn, kodtrneutj h cuaj hboudt o` populhtnod o` 05,6:6 (Pyobs, 566>).

]cns bhgjs tcj rjsjhrkcjr to `urtcjr hdhlyzj tcj `hktors nd`lujdknda odlndj purkchsnda ejchvnour

kodsnmjrnda khll kjdtrj jbployjjs.


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8.59 Ujsjhrkc Hnb Hdm Oeijktnvjs9

]cns rjsjhrkc òllows h strukturj tcht kobprnsjs o` h rjsjhrkc hnb òllowjm ey rjsjhrkc oeijktnvjs wcnkc

hrj bjdtnodjm hs ollows.

Ujsjhrkc Hnb9 ]o stumy tcj `hktors nd`lujdknda odlndj scoppnda nd Bubehn hboda tcj khll kjdtrj

jbployjjs9 H khsj stumy od [ntjl Ndmnh.

Nd ormjr to rjhkc tcns hnb, sjvjrhl rjsjhrkc oeijktnvjs hrj mrhwd tcht kovjrs tcj arowtc hdm mj-arowtc

`hktors o` odlndj scoppnda nd Bubehn. ]cjsj oeijktnvjs, kolljktnvjly, wnll cjlp nd rjhkcnda tcj ovjrhll

rjsjhrkc hnb.

Oeijktnvjs9

Oeijktnvj 89 Nmjdtn`y tcj mn``jrjdt `hktors, wcnkc nd`lujdkj odlndj scoppnda wntc tcj cjlp o` hvhnlhelj

lntjrhturj.

Oeijktnvj 59 Kolljktnda tcj prnbhry mhth wntc tcj cjlp o` `hktors ahtcjrjm `rob sjkodmhry rjsjhrkc.

Oeijktnvj ;9 Jvhluhtj tcj mhth oethndjm `rob tcj prnbhry mhth wntc tcj lntjrhturj hdm try to `ndm wcjtcjr

jbployjjs o` khsj9 [ntjl, Ndmnh, mjbodstrhtjs hdy rjljvhdky nd kodtjxt to kobbod `hktors oethndjm

tcrouac lntjrhturj rjvnjw.

Oeijktnvj =9 ]o sthtj kodklusnod ehsjm od tcj kobphrnsod o` prnbhry hdm sjkodmhry rjsjhrkc hdm bhgj

rjkobbjdmhtnod òr ùturj hssnsthdkj òr tcj odlndj bhrgjtjrs.

]cj heovj oeijktnvjs wnll cjlp nd ahtcjrnda sjvjrhl `hktors tcht plhy hd nbporthdt rolj nd odlndj scoppnda

ejchvnour o` kodsubjr nd Bubehn, wcnkc bhy hlso hnm tcj j-bhrgjt rjsjhrkcjrs h kodstruktnodhl

`rhbjworg or j-eusndjss strhtjanjs.

Nd ormjr to hkcnjvj tcjsj heovj bjdtnodjm rjsjhrkc oeijktnvjs, tcj rjsjhrkcjr chs kodmuktjm h bodtc loda

rjsjhrkc, kovjrnda hll tcj hspjkts o` bhrgjtnda rjsjhrkc hdm tcj ndòrbhtnod od tcj topnk ns kolljktjm vnh

vhrnous prnbhry hdm sjkodmhry rjsourkjs.


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@nrstly, wntc tcj cjlp o` tcj sjkodmhry rjsourkjs, tcj rjsjhrkcjr wnll try to `ndm out tcj vhrnous `hktors tcht

plhy h bhior rolj nd nd`lujdknda tcj odlndj scoppnda sjktor `rob tcj kustobjr s pondt o` vnjw.

Hdm, sjkodmly, tcj rjsjhrkcjr chs mjsnadjm qujstnoddhnrjs (mnskussjm nd tcj kchptjr9 bjtcomoloay) `or

tcns stumy hdm wnll thrajt 566 rjspodmjdts. ]cj rjsjhrkc ns ehsjm od quhdtnthtnvj hdhlysns, hdm or hdy gndm

o` quhdtnthtnvj hdhlysns, tcj sjljktnod o` hpproprnhtj hboudt o` rjspodsj ns vjry nbporthdt to hkcnjvj hd

hkkurhtj rjsult.(mnskussjm nd borj mjthnl nd tcj kchptjr 9 Bjtcomoloay) Hs tcj rjsjhrkc ns lnbntjm to h

phrtnkulhr khll kjdtrj nd Bubehn, 566 rjspodmjdts wnll ej hpproprnhtj to bjjt tcj rjsjhrkc oeijktnvjs.

H`tjr tcj kolljktnod o` tcj prnbhry mhth, tcj rjsjhrkcjr usjs sthtnstnkhl tool Bnkroso`t jxkjl sprjhm scjjt to

hnm nd mhth ndtjrprjthtnod. Hdm, lhstly, eotc tcj outkobjs o` tcj prnbhry hdm sjkodmhry rjsjhrkc wnll ej

hdhlysjm hdm kodklusnod wnll ej bhmj.

Dow, wj ernj`ly mnskuss tcj skopj o` tcj rjsjhrkc wcnkc jxplhnds nts eoudmhrnjs hdm puts sobj lnact ndto

rjsjhrkc lnbnthtnods, wcnkc hrj tcjd mnskussjm nd mjthnl nd tcj kchptjr9 [ubbhry hdm kodklusnods.


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8.;9 [kopj O` ]cj Ujsjhrkc9

]cj skopj o` tcj rjsjhrkc ns lnbntjm to tcj odlndj scoppnda sjktor nd Bubehn hdm tcj pjoplj hssoknhtjm

wntc tcns sjktor. ]cj rjsjhrkc ns `okusjm od trynda to hdhlysj tcj kodsubjr ejchvnour hdm tcj `hktors

wcnkc nd`lujdkj tcj odlndj scoppnda sjktor nd Bubehn wcnkc ns tcj ndkobj khpnthl o` Ndmnh (Bhpso`ndmnh,

566>). Ujsjhrkc ns ehsjm nd h khll kjdtrj o` Bubehn [N]JL NDMNH hdm cjdkj, nt ns rjstrnktjm to h

phrtnkulhr khll kjdtrj o` Bubehn.


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8.=9 Ujsjhrkc @rhbjworg9

Kchptjr odj wnll ej mnskussnda heout tcj ndtromuktnod o` tcj rjsjhrkc hdm tcj bhnd hnb hdm

oeijktnvj s o` tcj mnssjrthtnod. Kchptjr two kobprnsjs o` tcj sjkodmhry rjsjhrkc ey tcj rjsjhrkcjr wcnkc wnll provnmj h ernj`

mjthnl o` tcj lntjrhturj od tcj mnssjrthtnod wcnkc wnll cjlp tcj rjsjhrkcjr to jvhluhtj tcj rjsult o`

tcj prnbhry rjsjhrkc wntc nt hdm bhgj sobj kodklusnod ehsjm od nt. Kchptjr tcrjj wnll mjhl wntc tcj bjtcomoloay o` tcj rjsjhrkc. ]cns sjktnod wnll ernj`ly mjskrnej

heout tcj quhdtnthtnvj mhth kolljktnod bjtcom ey wcnkc tcj prnbhry mhth chs ejjd kolljktjm. Nt wnll

hlso mnskuss cow eotc o` tcj prnbhry hdm sjkodmhry mhth wnll ej kobphrjm to oethnd h kodklusnod. Kchptjr `our wnll ej anvnda tcj bhnd systjbhtnk prjsjdthtnod o` tcj mhth wntc tcj cjlp o` kchrts

hdm theljs. Kchptjr `nvj wnll ej kodsnstnda o` tcj jvhluhtnod, hdhlysns hdm ndtjrprjthtnod o` tcj bhnd `ndmnda

`rob tcj prnbhry hdm sjkodmhry rjsourkjs nd mjthnl hdm nd h prjknsj bhddjr. Kchptjr snx mjhls wntc tcj kodklusnod hdm tcj suaajstnods tcht hrj oethndjm `rob tcj prnbhry hdm

sjkodmhry rjsjhrkc wcnkc koulm ej usjm nd `uturj rjsjhrkcjs.


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8.:9 [ubbhry9

Ndtjrdjt ns h kodtnduous arownda tjkcdoloay hroudm tcj aloej wcnkc ns scownda nts nbphkt od bhdy soknhl

hktnvntnjs, odj o` tcj hktnvntnjs ejnda cnacly h``jktjm, ns scoppnda. Nd tcj kurrjdt skjdhrno, tcj scoppjr s

tjdmjdky to scop hdm jxplorj tcndas chs kchdajm. Ndtjrdjt chs erouact h rjvolutnod nd tcj scoppnda

jxpjrnjdkjs o` tcj kodsubjrs. (Mjddns jt hl., 56657 Bhrgchb, 8>>3)

Nd Ndmnh wcjrj tcj odlndj scoppnda sjktor ns eoobnda ht h sgy-skrhpnda rhtj, nt wnll ej cjlp`ul `or tcj

rjsjhrkcjr hdm eusndjss hdhlyst to stumy tcj vhrnous `hktors wcnkc hrj nd`lujdknda tcj odlndj scoppnda

sjktor nd Ndmnh. ]cns rjsjhrkc ns ehsjm nd h khll kjdtrj o` Bubehn ([ntjl Ndmnh) hdm hs wj gdow tcht

Bubehn kodtrneutjs hroudm 5= pjrkjdt nd tcj odlndj scoppnda sjktor nd Ndmnh hdm bhiornty o` tcj odlndj

scoppnda ns mrnvjd ey youda ajdjrhtnod, thrajtnda khll kjdtrj jbployjjs wnll ej ejdj`nknhl to oethnd tcjmhth or tcns phrtnkulhr rjsjhrkc.


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5. LN]JUH]ZUJ UJPNJQ9

Nd tcns sjktnod, tcj rjsjhrkcjr ns aonda to mnskuss tcj mn``jrjdt nssujs/`hktors tcht hppjhr to nd`lujdkj hdm

kodtrol odlndj scoppnda. ]cj rjsjhrkcjr wnll hlso kovjr sobj lntjrhturj od cow tcjsj `hktors toajtcjr plhy

nbporthdt rolj nd kodsubjrs euynda chents.

]cjsj hktors hrj nmjdtn`njm hdm mnskussjm hs ollows9

5.89 ]rust9

Vrnkj mojsdt rulj tcj wje7 trust mojs .

(Kch``jy jt hl., 56639 8:8)

Murnda odlndj scoppnda, h kodsubjr s bndm ns worrnjm hdm jxkntjm. (Kch``jy jt hl., 5663) Nd odlndjscoppnda, euyjrs hdm sjlljrs hrj two udgdowd pjrsods òr jhkc otcjr. Zdtnl hdm udljss, tcjy modt khpturj

odj hdotcjr s trust, tcjy wodt ej hel j to mjhl wntc jhkc otcjr. (]urehd jt hl ., 5660) ]rust ns h

pcysnoloankhl `hktor hdm kobphdnjs wco hrj helj to bhndthnd tcjnr kodsubjrs trust ey tcjnr sjrvnkjs wnll

ej helj to ahnd tcj rjwhrm o` kustobjr. (]urehd jt hl ., 56609 8=>7 Kch``jy jt hl., 5663)

Hkkormnda to Kobej (56609 800) tcjrj hrj òur bhnd trust `hktors tcht h kustobjr gjjps nd bndm murnda

hdy gndm o` odlndj scoppnda.

]cjy hrj9

Vromukt quhlnty. Hutcjdtnknty o` ndòrbhtnod. Hutcjdtnknty o` tcj eusndjss. Ndtjarnty o` tcj eusndjss.

Qcjdjvjr h kodsubjr vnsnts hdy odlndj scoppnda wjesntj, tcjy khd odly sjj tcj pnkturj o` tcj promukt eut

dot tcj hktuhl promukt pcysnkhlly. Hlso, tcj ndòrbhtnod heout tcj promukt ns lnbntjm. Cjdkj, tcjy rjqunrj

hssurhdkj o` tcj promukt quhlnty. (Kobej, 56607 ]urehd jt hl ., 5660)


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]rust @hktor hdm Ndmnhd Kodsubjr9

Nd Ndmnh, tcj kodtrneutnod o` odlndj scoppnda whs NDU 3.: Enllnod nd tcj yjhr 5660-5661, wcnkc ns 85% o`

tcj tothl j-kobbjrkj sjabjdt. Hkkormnda to tcj Ndmnhd Hdm Boenlj Hssoknhtnod O` Ndmnh Ujport, tcj

`hktor tcht rjstrnkts tcj arowtc o` tcns sjabjdt ns ]U Z[], pjoplj o`tjd modt trust tcj erhdm tcjy sjj

odlndj ejkhusj o` tcj toukc -`jjl- try `hktor jxpjrnjdkj (Ndtjrdjt & Boenlj Hssoknhtnod o` Ndmnh Ujport

5660-5661). ]cj top bost kodkjrd o` tcj Ndmnhd kodsubjrs murnda odlndj scoppnda ns tcj hutcjdtnknty o`

tcj quhlnty o` tcj promukt hs bjdtnodjm ey Kobej (5660) Kodkjrd o` tcj promukt ns odj o` tcj bhnd `hktor

tcht nd`lujdkjs trust hktor nd odlndj scoppnda.

5.59 [jkurnty9

[jkurnty hdm trust hrj usuhlly sjjd hs odj hdm tcj shbj nssuj eut tcjsj two nssujs hrj tothlly mn``jrjdt.

]rust khd ej mjskrnejm hs tcj wnllndadjss to hkkjpt h ljvjl o` ndsjkurnty òr tcj rjhlnzhtnod o` ùturj

ejdj`nt . (Kobej, 56609 800). Borjovjr, tcj tjkcdoloay ns kodtnduously mjvjlopnda, nt ns ejkobnda borj

kobpljx hdm gdottjm, hdm tcj rnsg hssoknhtjm wntc nt ns hlso ndkrjhsnda. Nt ns ejkobnda rjhlly mn``nkult òr

tcj kobphdnjs to mjhl wntc tcns sntuhtnod. Chkgjrs, eusndjss hdm aovjrdbjdt spnjs hrj usnda tcns sntuhtnod

òr tcjnr ejdj`nt. (]urehd jt hl ., 5660)

@rhum ljvjl o` 5663 cnts hll tcj rjkorm

(Jkobbjrkj-iourdhls, 566>)

]cj kurrjdt skjdhrno wcjrj tcj `rhum khsjs nd j kobbjrkj sjktor hrj kodtnduously ndkrjhsnda, tcj sjkurnty

nssuj chs ejkobj odj o` tcj bost nbporthdt `hktors wcnkc h``jkt tcj j-kobbjrkj ndmustry. (Jkobbjrkj-

iourdhls, 566>) Nd bhdy o` tcj ndtjrdjt wjesntjs, tcj kodsubjr chs to provnmj sobj kod`nmjdtnhl mhth lngj

pcodj dubejr, hmmrjss, hdm krjmnt khrm ndòrbhtnod to tcj kobbjrknhl wjesntj to plhkj tcjnr promukt

ormjr. Hdy bnsusj o` sukc pjrsodhl ndòrbhtnod khd ljhm tcj kodsubjr to vhrnous mn``nkultnjs. (Bnyhzhgn

jt hl ., 5666)

Nd ndtjrdjt-trhdshktnods, tcj bhior proeljb ns tcht you khddot `ndm tcj nmjdtnty o` tcj usjr. Qcjdjvjr h

kodsubjr whlgs ndto h scop, cj/scj ns nmjdtn`njm ey cns/cjr loogs hdm hppjhrhdkj, eut nd khsj o` ndtjrdjt

scoppnda, nt ns rjhlly mn``nkult to nmjdtn`y tcj kodsubjrs. ]cus, ejkhusj o` tcns erjhkcnda, tcj ndtjrdjt

sjkurnty chs ejkobj jhsnjr òr tcj chkgjrs hdm otcjr spnjs hdm tcns chs ejkobj h `jhr `hktor òr

kodsubjrs. (Hbor, 5665)


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@or h kobputjr systjb, wcnkc ns koddjktjm to tcj ndtjrdjt, tcjrj hrj bhdy mn``jrjdt whys to erjhkc tcj

sjkurnty o` tcj systjb. [obj o` tcjsj bjtcoms hrj chkgnda, sphb, hdm `rhum. (Kobej, 5660) ]cjrj hrj

hlso otcjr `hktors wcnkc h``jkt tcj sjkurnty kodkjrd o` h kodsubjr. ]cjy hrj bhlnknous komjs lngj vnrusjs,

]roihd corsj, hdm worbs. ]cjsj `hktors hlso h``jkt tcj bndmsjt o` h kodsubjr nd odlndj trhdshktnods.

(]urehd jt hl ., 5660)

[jkurnty `hktor hdm Ndmnhd Kodsubjrs9

Hkkormnda to Ndtjrdjt hdm Boenlj Hssoknhtnod o` Ndmnh Ujport 5661, sjkurnty ns nd tcj tcnrm plhkj o` top

snx kodkjrds. Muj to rnsj nd dubejr o` kyejr krnbjs, kodsubjrs hrj h`rhnm to provnmj tcjnr ndòrbhtnod nd

odlndj trhdshktnods. [jkurnty nssuj chs ejkobj odj o` tcj bhior nssujs nd tcj mjvjlopbjdt o` odlndj

scoppnda sjktor nd Ndmnh. Vjoplj hrj stnll dot kobòrthelj ey phybjdt bjtcoms nd odlndj trhdshktnod ey

krjmnt khrms. (Ndtjrdjt hdm Boenlj Hssoknhtnod o` Ndmnh Ujport, 5661)

5.;9 ]nbj [hvnda9

Bhdy o` tcj kodsubjrs hrj eusy hdm tcjy hrj hlwhys nd djjm o` tnbj, wcnkc khd ej provnmjm to tcjb ey

rjmuknda tcjnr scoppnda tnbj. Hkkormnda to Ejllbhd jt hl., (8>>>) tnbj shvnda chs ejkobj tcj top bost

rjhsod òr odlndj scoppnda hdm òr bhdy o` tcj odlndj kodsubjrs shvnda tnbj chs ejkobj borj nbporthdt

tchd shvnda bodjy. Cowjvjr, bhdy kodsubjrs kodsnmjr tnbj shvnda hs hd nbporthdt `hktor nd odlndj

sco ppnda, tcjy modt rjhlly tcndg o` nt hs h prnbj bovjr nd odlndj scoppnda. (Hlrjkg jt hl ., 5665) Nd

hmmntnod, odlndj scoppnda thgjs sobj tnbj o` tcj kodsubjrs too, to sjhrkc òr tcj promukt, wcnkc

kodsubjrs stnll chvj to kodsnmjr. ]cus, tcj kodsubjr ndtjrdjt sgnlls hlso h``jkt tcj tnbj o` tcj odlndj

scoppnda prokjmurj. (Mjddns jt hl ., 5665)

]nbj shvnda hdm Ndmnhd kodsubjrs9

]nbj shvnda chs ejkobj tcj top bost `hktors tcht nd`lujdkj tcj arowtc o` odlndj scoppnda nd h

kodstruktnvj tjrb. Bhdy euyjrs hrj hmoptnda odlndj scoppnda to shvj tnbj. (Qndmchb jt. hl, 5666) Nd

Ndmnh too, shvnda tnbj ns tcj top bost prnornty o` tcj odlndj kodsubjrs (Ndtjrdjt hdm Boenlj Hssoknhtnod o`

Ndmnh Ujport, 5661). Nd hmmntnod nt chs ejjd oesjrvjm nd ey NHBHNs Ujport od Vjrsod to Vjrsod Wp5pR

Uj`jrrhl, (5660) 05 pjrkjdt o` Ndmnhd odlndj kodsubjrs kodsnmjr tnbj shvnda hs hd nbporthdt `hktor nd

odlndj scoppnda.


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13/61


8;

5.:9 Kodvjdnjdkj9

Hkkormnda to [whbndhtchd jt hl., (8>>>) odlndj bjrkchdts khd provnmj h wnmj rhdaj o` ejdj`nts to tcjnr

kodsubjrs, eut kodvjdnjdkj ns tcj top bost `hktor wcnkc nd`lujdkjs tcj kodsubjrs to euy `rob rjsnmjdkj.

]cj lokhtnod o` tcj promukt hdm kodsubjr hppjhr to ej dot rjljvhdt nd odlndj scoppnda.

]cj djw tjkcdoloay o` ndtjrdjt ns provnmnda tcj ejdj`nt o` odlndj scoppnda to tcj kodsubjrs ht hdy pondt

o` tnbj, ht hdy plhkj. ]cj kodsubjrs khd jhsnly mo odlndj scoppnda `rob tcjnr cobj or `rob tcjnr

worgplhkj. (Eurgj, 56657 Uocb jt hl ., 566=)

]cj tnbj shvjm ey kodsubjrs murnda odlndj scoppnda ns ajdjrhlly kodsnmjrjm hs h phrt o` kodvjdnjdkj. N`

h kodsubjr ns purkchsnda sobj promukt tcrouac odlndj scoppnda `rob cobj, cj/scj ns hktuhlly shvnda tcj

tnbj o` aonda to tcj scop hdm euynda tcj promukt. (Uocb jt hl ., 566=) Eut, hltcouac odlndj scoppnda ns

kodvjdnjdt nt mojs dot provnmj toukc hdm try jjlnda o` tcj promukt ej`orj euynda. Hlso, nd h khsj o`

urajdt djjm `or tcj promukt, odlndj scoppnda ns dot kodsnmjrjm hs h kodvjdnjdt optnod. (Cossjnd, 566=)

Hkkormnda to Modtcu jt hl., (8>>>) tcj kodsubjrs o` odlndj scoppnda hrj ajdjrhlly kodvjdnjdkj cudtjrs

hs kobphrj to o``lndj scoppjrs. Nd hmmntnod, tcjrj hrj `hktors lngj slow ndtjrdjt koddjktnod, rjlnhenlnty o`

tcj wjesntjs hdm mjlnvjry kodkjrd o` tcj promukt khd supprjss tcj quhlnty o` kodvjdnjdkj. (Mjddns jt hl.,

5665)

Kodvjdnjdkj `hktor hdm Ndmnhd kodsubjrs9

Kodvjdnjdkj chs ejkobj hd nbporthdt `jhturj nd odlndj scoppnda, wcnkc rjthnljrs o``jr to tcjnr

kodsubjrs. (Mjddns jt hl., 5665) Hboda Ndmnhd kodsubjrs, nt chs ejjd oesjrvjm tcht kodvjdnjdkj o`

scoppnda `rob cobj ns tcj sjkodm bost rjhsod anvjd ey tcj scoppjrs to euy odlndj. (NHBHN9 Kodsubjr

J-Kobbjrkj Bhrgjt nd Ndmnh , 5660-5661) Hlso, nt chs ejjd oesjrvjm tcht 16 pjr kjdt o` odlndj scoppjrs

nd Ndmnh, lngj tcj kodkjpt o` cobj mjlnvjry, hdm 06 pjr kjdt lngj tcj 5=1 hvhnlhenlnty o` tcj scoppnda.

(NHBHNs Ujport od Vjrsod to Vjrsod Wp5pR Uj`jrrhl, 5660)


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8=

5.09 Vrnvhky9

Nd odlndj scoppnda, kodsubjrs chvj to provnmj pjrsodhl ndòrbhtnod to bhgj purkchsj, wcnkc ndmnrjktly

krjhtjs h `jhr o` bnsusj o` pjrsodhl ndòrbhtnod provnmjm to tcj bjrkchdt. (Ejllbhd jt hl., 8>>>)

Borjovjr, tcj kodsubjrs hlso tcndg tcht tcj wjesntjs khd usj tcjnr pjrsodhl ndòrbhtnod òr udhutcornzjm

purposj hdm khd hlso mnsklosj tcjnr mjthnls to tcj otcjr wjesntjs òr tcjnr ejdj`nt. (Lnb, 566;) Borjovjr,

sobj o` tcj ndtjrdjt wjesntjs hlso tjbpt tcj kodsubjr ey sobj kodtjst or lottjry hdm try to `ndm out

pjrsodhl ndòrbhtnod. (BkArjaor jt hl ., 5668)

Hmmntnodhlly, nt chs ejjd òudm tcht prnvhky ns hd nbporthdt `hktor wcnkc khd h``jkt tcj tjdmjdky o` odlndj

scoppnda. (Khumnll jt hl ., 5666) Cowjvjr, hkkormnda to Bnldj jt hl ., (566=) bost o` tcj kodsubjrs hrj

rjhlly dot worrnjm heout prnvhky hktor murnda odlndj scoppnda.

Vrnvhky hdm Ndmnhd kodsubjrs9

Ndmnhd kodsubjrs mo dot scow hdy `jhr rjahrmnda tcj prnvhky od odlndj scoppnda. ]cj bhnd kodkjrd òr

Ndmnhd kodsubjrs ns rjlhtjm to promukt quhlnty hdm sjkurnty nssujs wntc krjmnt khrm bnsusj. (NHBHN9

Kodsubjr J-Kobbjrkj Bhrgjt nd Ndmnh , 5660-5661)

5.19 [oknhlnty @hktor9

Cubhd ejnda ns h soknhl hdnbhl hdm ndtjrdjt provnmjs h wnmj rhdaj o` soknhl ndtjrhktnod wntc tcj cjlp o`bhdy soknhl djtworgnda sntjs, kcht roobs, kobbudntnjs hdm eloas ey wcnkc odlndj usjrs khd

kobbudnkhtj wntc tcjnr kconkj o` ndtjrjst aroups. (Qndmchb jt hl., 5666) Od tcj otcjr chdm, nt chs ejjd

oesjrvjm tcht nd odlndj scoppnda, soknhl nd`lujdkjs hrj vnthl, eut tcj odlndj bjrkchdts hrj udhelj to shtns`y

tcns djjm o` tcj kodsubjrs. ([cnb jt hl ., 5666)

Nt chs ejjd òudm tcht tcj odlndj scoppjrs `jjl posntnvj heout tcj lhkg o` soknhl ndtjrhktnod `hktor ejkhusj

nd odlndj scoppnda tcjy modt chvj to worry heout tcj krowm, phrgnda proeljbs, shljspjrsod, whntnda

lndjs. ]cjy khd sur` hd odlndj storj hdm `ndm out tcj ndòrbhtnod o` tcj promukt hdm bhgj tcjnr owd

purkchsj mjknsnod wntc out hdyodjs cjlp , anvnda tcjb h sjdsj o` `rjjmob hdm kodtrol. (Enmaoln, 566=7

Qndmchb jt hl ., 5666) Borjovjr, nd h rjsjhrkc ey Uocb jt hl., (566;) nt chs ejjd òudm tcht nd odlndj

scoppnda, soknhl ndtjrhktnod hdm jhsj o` usj hrj bhnd nd`lujdknda `hktors tcht botnvhtj odlndj scoppjrs.

Hdotcjr hspjkt o` soknhlnty ns jdioybjdt, hdm odlndj scoppnda ns usuhlly jdioyhelj, eut hlso nt chs ejjd

provjd hddoynda òr tcj aohl-mnrjktjm scoppnda. (Bhcboom, 566:) Borjovjr, odlndj scoppnda ns


15/61


8:

jdioyhelj ajdjrhlly to tcj haj aroup o` stumjdts, tcj pjoplj nd tcns haj aroup lngj to sur` hll mjthnls heout

tcj bjrkchdt hdm lngj to kobphrj tcj prnkjs. ([bntc jt hl., 566;) Od tcj otcjr chdm odlndj scoppnda ns

òudm ljss jdioyhelj tchd o``lndj scoppnda ejkhusj o` tcj toukc, `jjl hdm try ndhenlnty o` tcj odlndj

scoppnda. (Chuatvjmt jt hl ., 566:) wcnkc whs ùrtcjr supportjm ey [lobhd, (5660) Nd odlndj scoppnda

kodsubjr ns kodstrhndjm ey vhrnous nssujs lngj spjjm o` ndtjrdjt, mjlnvjry tnbj hdm sjkurnty kodkjrds7

borjovjr o``lndj scoppnda ns borj kodvjdnjdt hdm jdioyhelj h lot o` pjoplj lngj to ao to mn``jrjdt scops,

bjjtnda `rnjdms, `ndmnda tcjnr kconkj o` promukt, hdm try mn``jrjdt klotcjs. Ujthnl tcjrhpy ey bhdy ns hd

nbporthdt bjhds o` mj - strjssnda. ([lobhd, 56609 80:)

[oknhlnty hdm Ndmnhd kodsubjrs9

Ndmnh ns gdowd hs h lhdm o` `jstnvhls, (bhpso`ndmnh, 566>) murnda wcnkc `hbnlnjs hdm `rnjdms kobj

toajtcjr hdm kjljerhtj `jstnvhls wcnkc krjhtj h soknhl ndtjrhktnod ejtwjjd tcjb.

]cj pjhg sjhsod òr odlndj scoppnda nd Ndmnh ns ejtwjjd Huaust to @jeruhry, murnda wcnkc pjoplj prj`jr

euynda hdm sjdmnda an`ts to `rnjdms hdm hbnly. ]cj bhnd rjhsod or tcns arowtc o` odlndj scoppnda murnda

Huaust to @jeruhry ns `jstnvhls. (NHBHN9 Kodsubjr J-Kobbjrkj Bhrgjt nd Ndmnh , 5660-5661) Hs

mjskrnejm nd Bnlljr, (5668) `jstnvhls hrj hlso h botnvhtnda `hktor nd soknhl ndtjrhktnod hdm scoppnda.


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80

5.39 [ubbhry9

@rob tcj hvhnlhelj lntjrhturj, tcj rjsjhrkcjr chs `oudm bhdy nbporthdt `hktors lngj sjkurnty, trust,

kodvjdnjdkj, tnbj hdm kost shvnda, prnvhky hdm soknhlnty wcnkc nd`lujdkjs h kodsubjrs ejchvnour murnda

odlndj scoppnda. @jw o` tcjb hkt hs posntnvj `hktors hdm jdkourhaj tcj arowtc o` odlndj scoppnda, wcnlj

tcj otcjr `jw hkt hs djahtnvj `hktors hdm rjmukj tcj arowtc o` odlndj scoppnda. ]cns rjsjhrkc wnll try to

`ndm out tcj bhnd posntnvj hdm djahtnvj `hktors tcht nd`lujdkj tcj odlndj scoppnda sjktor nd Bubehn khll

kjdtrj jbployjjs ([ntjl Ndmnh) hdm wnll hlso try to kobphrj tcj sjkodmhry rjsjhrkc wntc tcj prnbhry

`ndmndas to bjjt tcj oeijktnvjs hdm bhnd hnb o` tcj rjsjhrkc.


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18/61


83

;.=9 Ujsjhrkc strhtjay9 [urvjy9

Nd tcns sjktnod, tcj strhtjay usjm òr tcj rjsjhrkc wnll ej mnskussjm ernj`ly. Nd hdy gndm o` rjsjhrkc, tcj

kconkj o` tcj strhtjay usjm ns ajdjrhlly aunmjm ey tcj hnbs hdm oeijktnvjs, jxnstnda lntjrhturj, tnbj hdm

otcjr rjsourkjs hs wjll hs od tcj pcnlosopcy o` tcj rjsjhrkc. ([hudmjrs jt hl ., 5661)

Nd tcns rjsjhrkc, tcj strhtjay usjm òr tcj mjmuktnvj hpprohkc wnll ej survjy strhtjay. Hs nd tcns rjsjhrkc,

tcj bhnd prnbhry mhth wnll ej kolljktjm wntc tcj cjlp o` khll kjdtrj jbployjjs ([ntjl Ndmnh). ]cj survjy

bjtcom wnll ej hpproprnhtj to kolljkt tcj prnbhry mhth o` tcj thrajtjm populhtnod nd h `jhsnelj hdm tnbj

shvnda bhddjr.

;.:9 Mhth Kolljktnod Bjtcom9 Xuhdtnthtnvj9

Nd tcns rjsjhrkc, tcj rjsjhrkcjr ns trynda to `ndm out tcj `hktors tcht nd`lujdkj tcj odlndj scoppnda nd

Bubehn ey thgnda tcj survjy o` khll kjdtrj ([ntjl, Ndmnh) jbployjjs wcnkc wnll provnmj tcj rjsjhrkcjr h

mhth wcnkc wnll khpturj tcj chent o` h phrtnkulhr aroup o` ndmnvnmuhls. Nd tcns rjsjhrkc, tcj survjy bjtcom

ns usjm, wcnkc wnll thrajt 566 jbployjjs o` tcj khll kjdtrj hdm wnll provnmj h mhth nd dubjrnkhl vhlujs.

Cjdkj, h quhdtnthtnvj mhth kolljktnod bjtcom wnll ej hpproprnhtj to kolljkt tcj mhth `rob h shbplj snzj o`

566 jbployjjs wntc tcj cjlp o` survjy, sndkj tcj why o` kolljktnda mhth ns soljly mjpjdmjdt od

quhdtnthtnvj bjhds wcnkc rj`ljkts h bodo bjtcom nd tcns rjsjhrkc.

;.09 Mhth Kolljktnod Ndstrubjdt9 Xujstnoddhnrjs9

]cj rjsjhrkcjr ns thrajtnda h shbplj snzj o` 566 jbployjjs nd tcj khll kjdtrj ([ntjl, Ndmnh) hdm òr hdy

gndm o` rjsjhrkc wcnkc ns trynda to `ndm out tcj kobbod ejchvnour o` h anvjd populhtnod, qujstnoddhnrjs

ns odj o` tcj ejst bjmnub to kolljkt tcj mhth nd h ljss jxpjdsnvj hdm tnbj shvnda bhddjr. (Gubhr, 566:)

]cj rjsjhrkc ns h khsj stumy ehsjm od h khll kjdtrj ([ntjl, Ndmnh) nd Bubehn. ]cj sjl`-hmbndnstjrjm

qujstnoddhnrjs wnll ej usjm to kolljkt tcj mhth wntc tcj cjlp o` odlndj qujstnoddhnrjs. Hs nd tcns bjtcom,

tcjrj ns do `hkj to `hkj ndtjrhktnod ejtwjjd tcj rjsjhrkcjr hdm tcj ndtjrvnjwjr, hdodybnty o` tcj mhth

ndkrjhsjs. (Gubhr, 566:7 [hudmjrs jt hl ., 5661)


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8>

;.19 [hbplnda9 Vroehenlnty [hbplnda9

]jkcdnqujs nd wcnkc tcj kchdkj, or proehenlnty, o` jhkc khsj ejnda sjljktjm `rob tcj populhtnod ns

gdowd hdm ns dot zjro khlljm proehenlnty sjljktnod. ([hudmjrs jt hl ., 5660) ]cj oeijktnvj o` tcj rjsjhrkc

ns to `ndm out tcj nd`lujdknda `hktors òr odlndj scoppnda hboda khll kjdtrj jbployjjs nd Bubehn cjdkj,tcj shbplj whs mjrnvjm `rob tcj khll kjdtrj khlljm [ntjl Ndmnh nd Bubehn. Nd tcns rjsjhrkc tcj odlndj

qujstnoddhnrjs wjrj mnstrneutjm rhdmobly to tcj khll kjdtrj ([ntjl Ndmnh) jbployjjs. [ndkj jvjry udnt nd tcj

shbplnda `rhbj chs hd jquhl kchdkj o` ejnda ndklumjm nd tcj shbplj, proehenlnty hpprohkc ns usjm.

;.39]nbj Cornzods9 Kross-[jktnodhl [tumy9

Nd tcns rjsjhrkc, tcj rjsjhrkcjr ns trynda to `ndm out tcj kurrjdt `hktors wcnkc hrj nd`lujdknda tcj

kodsubjrs òr odlndj scoppnda nd Bubehn. ]cns rjsjhrkc ns provnmnda tcj mhth ey thgnda h survjy o` hsjljktjm shbplj snzj ht h anvjd pondt o` tnbj. ]cns rjsjhrkc ns dot òkusnda od tcj kchdanda ejchvnour o`

kodsubjrs nd lhrajr tnbj sphd. Cjdkj, h kross-sjktnodhl stumy hpprohkc ns usjm, ey wcnkc tcj rjsjhrkcjr

wnll helj to `ndm out tcj `hktors nd h anvjd tnbj pjrnom.

;.>9 Mhth Kolljktnod Hdm Mhth Hdhlysns9

Mhth kolljktnod bjtcom ns hd nbporthdt stjp nd hdy rjsjhrkc, hs nt khd ljhm tcj rjsjhrkc ndto h wroda

mnrjktnod wcjd dot pjròrbjm korrjktly. ]cjrj hrj two hpprohkcjs to ahtcjr ndòrbhtnod od h phrtnkulhr

sntuhtnod, topnk or proeljb. [objtnbjs ndòrbhtnod heout tcj mhth ns hlrjhmy hvhnlhelj eut tcj rjsjhrkcjrchs to jxtrhkt nt out hdm sobjtnbjs tcjrj ns do mhth hvhnlhelj so tcj rjsjhrkcjr chs to kolljkt tcj mhth.

Ehsjm od tcjsj two sntuhtnods, mhth kolljktnod bjtcom chs ejjd khtjaornzjm ndto two whys wcnkc hrj9

8. Vrnbhry mhth.

5. [jkodmhry mhth.

(Gubhr, 566:7 8837 [hudmjrs jt hl ., 5661)


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56

[jkodmhry mhth9

Nd tcns rjsjhrkc, tcj sjkodmhry mhth ns kolljktjm wntc tcj cjlp o` vhrnous hkhmjbnk iourdhls, eoogs, ndtjrdjt

wjesntjs, hdm bhdy o``nknhl rjports wcnkc hrj rjlhtjm to tcj topnk. [jkodmhry mhth ns nbporthdt òr bhdy

rjsjhrkcjs ejkhusj nt cjlps tcj rjsjhrkcjr to nmjdtn`y hdm udmjrsthdm tcj ehkgaroudm o` tcj rjsjhrkc7 hlso

sjkodmhry mhth khd ej usjùl to eunlm h bjtcomoloay òr kolljktnda prnbhry mhth lngj nd tcns rjsjhrkc, tcj

rjsjhrkcjr chs kolljktjm vhrnous `hktors nd`lujdknda odlndj scoppnda wntc tcj cjlp o` sjkodmhry mhth,

wcnkc wnll aunmj tcj rjsjhrkcjr to bhgj tcj qujstnoddhnrj òr tcj kolljktnod o` prnbhry mhth. (Gole, 5663)

Vrnbhry mhth9

]cjrj hrj bhdy bjtcoms hvhnlhelj to kolljkt tcj prnbhry mhth, eut tcj sjljktnod o` tcj bjtcom mjpjdms od

tcj rjsjhrkc hnbs hdm oeijktnvjs hdm tcj rjsourkjs hvhnlhelj to tcj rjsjhrkcjr. Nd tcns rjsjhrkc tcj

rjsjhrkcjr ns trynda to `ndm out tcj ejchvnour o` h kobbod sjt o` pjoplj, hdm òr hdy rjsjhrkc wcnkc hnbs

to `ndm out tcj ejchvnour o` kobbod sjt o` ndmnvnmuhls, survjys hrj odj o` tcj ejst bjtcoms. Nd tcns

rjsjhrkc hlso, tcj rjsjhrkcjr ns usnda survjy bjtcom òr tcj kolljktnod o` tcj mhth hdm tcj ndstrubjdt òr

tcj survjy ns qujstnoddhnrj. Nd tcns rjsjhrkc, sjl`-hmbndnstjrjm qujstnoddhnrjs wnll ej usjm to kolljkt tcj

mhth òr tcns rjsjhrkc purposj wntc tcj cjlp od odlndj wjesntj www.`rjjodlndjsurvjys.kob .

;.869 Xujstnoddhnrj Mjsnad9

Nd hdy rjsjhrkc, tcj hpproprnhtjdjss o` tcj prnbhry rjsjhrkc ns vjry jssjdtnhl to ajt tcj korrjkt mhth. Nd tcns

rjsjhrkc, tcj jljbjdt usjm òr mhth kolljktnod ns sjl`-hmbndnstjrjm qujstnoddhnrjs nd wcnkc tcjrj ns do `hkj

to `hkj ndtjrhktnod ejtwjjd tcj rjspodmjdt hdm tcj rjsjhrkcjr, hdm tcj mjsnad o` tcj qujstnoddhnrj khd

h``jkt tcj rjspodsj rhtj hdm tcj vhlnmnty hdm rjlnhenlnty o` tcj rjsjhrkc (@ommy, 8>>=). Cjdkj, tcj

qujstnoddhnrjs hrj mjsnadjm nd h vjry snbplj hdm klhrn`njm bhddjr, so tcht tcj rjspodmjdts khd jhsnly

ndtjrprjt tcj qujstnods hdm anvj tcjnr rjspodm. ]cjrj hrj bhdy otcjr pondts wcnkc wjrj kodsnmjrjm nd tcj

kodstruktnod o` tcj qujstnoddhnrj mjsnad lngj mjboarhpcnks o` tcj shbplj.

]cns rjsjhrkc ns ehsjm od khll kjdtrj jbployjjs ([ntjl Ndmnh) o` Bubehn wcjrj bost o` tcj jbployjjs hrjheovj tcj haj aroup o` jnactjjd hdm chvj h aoom jmukhtnodhl ehkgaroudm.

[ndkj bost o` tcj jbployjjs nd tcj khll kjdtrj hrj kustobjr khrj jxjkutnvjs, tcjy chm to chvj propjr

gdowljmaj o` kobputjrs.


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Cjdkj, tcjy bnact ej kodsnmjrjm hs h enhs shbplj, ejkhusj bost o` tcjb woulm ej monda odlndj

scoppnda. Hll tcjsj `hktors wjrj kodsnmjrjm ejòrj bhgnda tcj qujstnoddhnrjs to hvonm hdy gndm o` enhs

tcht bnact okkur. Hlso tcj ndtjrvnjwjr enhs mjkrjhsjs nd khsj o` sjl`-hmbndnstjrjm qujstnoddhnrjs ejkhusj

hll tcj rjspodmjdts hrj ajttnda tcj shbj sjt o` qujstnods. (Ejrdhrm, 5660)

;.889 Mhth Phrnheljs9

Hkkormnda to Mnllbhd, (5666) tcjrj hrj tcrjj khtjaornjs o` vhrnheljs wcnkc khd ej kolljktjm wntc tcj cjlp

o` qujstnoddhnrjs9

Opndnod. Ejchvnour. Httrneutj.

Hs bjdtnodjm nd Mnllbhd, (5666) ejchvnour hdm httrneutj mhth vhrnheljs kolljkt tcj ndòrbhtnod n.j. wcht

rjspodmjdts mo hdm wcht tcjy hrj. [ndkj nd tcns rjsjhrkc, tcj rjsjhrkcjr whdts to nmjdtn`y tcj `hktors tcht

nd`lujdkj tcj odlndj scoppnda nd Bubehn, tcns rjsjhrkc ns hmoptnda tcj ejchvnour hdm httrneutj mhth

vhrnheljs nd tcj qujstnoddhnrjs.

; .859 Hmhptnod O` ]cj Xujstnoddhnrjs9

Hmhptnod o` qujstnoddhnrjs ns hd nbporthdt mjknsnod òr tcj rjsjhrkcjr hs nt wnll cjlp nd tcj kolljktnod o`

tcj prnbhry mhth. Hmoptnda hdm hmhptnda o` qujstnoddhnrjs khd ej djkjsshry n` tcj rjsjhrkcjr whdts to

kobphrj tcj `ndmndas. ([hudmjrs jt hl ., 5661) Nd tcns rjsjhrkc, tcj qujstnoddhnrjs hrj hmhptjm `rob tcj

otcjr hvhnlhelj rjsjhrkc bhtjrnhl od tcj shbj topnk hdm hlso `jw o` tcj qujstnoddhnrjs hrj mjvjlopjm ey

tcj rjsjhrkcjr nd wcnkc bostly klosj-jdmjm qujstnods, khtjaory qujstnod, lnst qujstnods hdm rhtnda

qujstnods tjkcdnqujs hrj usjm.


22/61


23/61


5;

;.8=9 Mhth Hdhlysns Bjtcoms9

Mhth hdhlysns ns hd nbporthdt phrt o` tcj rjsjhrkc hdm tcjrj hrj vhrnous tjkcdnqujs hvhnlhelj to hdhlyzj

mn``jrjdt gndm o` mhth. ]cj qujstnoddhnrjs wnll cjlp us to ahtcjr h cuaj hboudt o` nd`orbhtnod wcnkc wnll

provnmj quhdtn`nhelj mhth wcnkc khd ej bjhsurjm dubjrnkhlly hdm to hdhlyzj tcj mhth o` tcj prnbhry

rjsjhrkc tcns stumy wnll ej kodsnmjrnda ehsnk pjrkjdthaj khlkulhtnod. ]cjsj pjrkjdthaj khlkulhtnods woulm

tcjd ej sjrvjm hs gjy ndmnkhtors to mrhw kodklusnods. ]cj prnbhry `ndmnda `rob qujstnoddhnrj woulm tcjd

ej rjprjsjdtjm usnda mn``jrjdt mhth rjprjsjdthtnod bjtcoms sukc hs ehr arhpcs, pnj kchrts hdm sthtnstnks,

wcnkc cjlp nd tcj ejttjr ndtjrprjthtnod o` tcj mhth. ]cj mhth wnll ej hlso hdhlysjm od tcj ehsns o`

mjboarhpcnks lngj mn``jrjdt haj aroups, ajdmjr hdm mn``jrjdt ndkobj aroup.


24/61


5=

=. VUJ[JD]H]NOD O@ MH]H9

=.89 Ndtromuktnod9

Nd ormjr to hkcnjvj tcj mjsnrjm hnb hdm oeijktnvjs o` tcj rjsjhrkc, tcj outkobj o` tcj survjy ns prjsjdtjmnd sukc h bhddjr so hs to o``jr usj`ul nd`orbhtnod. Nd tcns rjsjhrkc tcj mhth ns ahtcjrjm wntc tcj cjlp o`

qujstnoddhnrjs, wcnkc wjrj mnstrneutjm to tcj khll kjdtrj jbployjjs o` [ntjl Ndmnh. ]o oethnd tcj mjsnrjm

hnb, tcj rjsjhrkcjr chs kolljktjm tcj rjspodsjs `rob 566 jbployjjs hdm tcj hdhlysns hdm ndtjrprjthtnod o`

mhth ns ehsjm od tcj rjspodsjs o` tcjsj 566 jbployjjs.

=.5 9 @naurj 59 Ajdmjr pro`nlj o` tcj shbplj 9

[ourkj9 Hppjdmnx 5

[hbplj 2 566

Nd tcns rjsjhrkc 566 rjspodmjdts whs tcj shbplj snzj, out o` wcnkc 861 (:;.:%) rjspodmjdts wjrj bhlj

rjspodmjdts hdm >; (=0.:%) wjrj `jbhlj.

861>;

:;.:6%

=0.:6%

6

56

=6

06

36

866

856

8=6

806

836

566

BHLJ @JBHLJ

UJ[VOD[J[


25/61


5:

=.; @naurj ;9 Haj pro`nlj o` tcj shbplj9

[hbplj 2 566 sourkj9 Hppjdmnx 5

Nd tcns rjsjhrkc tcj cnacjst pjrkjdthaj o` tcj rjspodmjdts ejlodas to tcj haj aroup o` 58-5: (3=) hdm tcj

sjkodm cnacjst haj aroup o` tcj rjspodmjdts ns ejtwjjd 50-;6 (0>) bost o` wcnkc rjprjsjdt tcj youda

ajdjrhtnod. ]cj haj aroup ejtwjjd 58-;6 kodtrneutjs to tcj lhrajst shbplj snzj o` 8:; (10.:%)

rjspodmjdts.

>

:5

50

1 > =

1

;5

=;

868

3%

=5%

;=.:6%

3.:6%

:%

5%6

86

56

;6

=6

:6

06

16

36

>6

80-56 58-5: 5:-;6 ;8-;: ;0-=6 =6 HEOPJ

@JBHLJ

BHLJ


26/61


50

=.= @naurj =9 Ndkobj pro`nlj o` tcj shbplj9

[hbplj 2 566 [ourkj9 Hppjdmnx 5

Nd tcj bodtcly shlhry sjktnod, :> (5>.:%) rjspodmjdts hrj jhrdnda h shlhry o` borj tchd Us.5:,666 nd

wcnkc =0 rjpodmjdts hrj heovj tcj haj o` 5:. Hlso tcj sjkodm cnacjst plhkj ns thgjd ey ndkobj aroup

Us.56,666 5:,666 nd wcnkc 50 rjspodmjdts ejlodas to tcj haj aroup o` heovj 5: out o` :5 (50.6%)

rjspodmjdts.

51 5>;;

:5:>8;.:6%

8=.:6%80.:6%

50.66%

5>.:6%

6

86

56

;6

=6

:6

06

16

Us. :,666 -86,6669

Us. 86,666 -8:,6669

Us. 8:,666 -56,6669

Us. 56,666 5:,6669

Us. 5:,666Heovj9

VJUKJD]HAJ

UJ[VOD[J[


27/61


51

=.:9 Haj, hdm ndkobj pro`nlj o` bhlj hdm `jbhlj rjspodmjdts9

=.:.89 @naurj :9 Arhpc `or bhlj Ujspodmjdts9

[hbplj 2 861 [ourkj [ourkj 9Hppjdmnx 5

]cj arhpc scows rjprjsjdts tcht nd tcj shlhry sjktnod o` Us.:,666-86,666 odly 81 bhlj rjspodmjdts hrj

tcjrj out o` wcnkc ; rjspodmjdts ejloda to haj aroup o` 80-58, 85 ejlodas to 58-5: hdm 5 ejlodas to 5:-;6 rjspjktnvjly.

]cj arhpc mnstrneutjs tcj tothl dubejr o` bhlj shbplj hkkormnda to tcjnr haj hdm shlhry aroup. Nt khd ej

oesjrvjm rob tcj arhpc tcht bost o` tcj bhlj rjspodmjdts ejloda to tcj haj aroup o` 58-5: nd shlhry

sjktnod hdm sjkodm cnacjst aroup o` bhlj rjspodmjdts ejloda to haj aroup o` 5:-;6 nd hll shlhry sjktnod.

;0

8

85 3

8;8=

=

5 5 :;

85

8 5 ;

;>

=

6

:

86

8:

56

5:

;6

;:

HEOPJ =6

HAJ ;0-=6

HAJ ;8-;:

HAJ 5:-;6

HAJ 58-5:

HAJ 80-56


28/61


53

=.:.59 @naurj 09 Arhpc `or `jbhlj rjspodmjdts9

[hbplj 2 >; [ourkj9 Hppjdmnx 5

]cj `jbhlj rjspodmjdts ejlodanda to tcj haj aroup o` 5:-;6, hrj prjsjdt nd jvjry shlhry sjktnod hdm

kodtrneutjs tcj lhrajst dubejr o` shbplj. ]cj sjkodm lhrajst dubejr o` `jbhlj rjspodmjdts prjsjdt nd

jvjry shlhry sjktnod ejlodas to tcj haj aroup o` 58-5:.

5:

11

: : 1

88

1

558;8

5

1

8

6

:

86

8:

56

5:

;6

;:

HEOPJ =6

HAJ ;0-=6

HAJ ;8-;:

HAJ 5:-;6

HAJ 58-5:

HAJ 80-56


29/61


5>

=.09 @naurj 19 @rjqujdkyo` hvjrhaj hkkjss to tcj ndtjrdjt9

[hbplj 2 566 [ourkj9 Hppjdmnx 5

Hs hll tcj rjspodmjdts hrj `rob tcj khll kjdtrj [ntjl Ndmnh, hdm h lhraj sjktnod o` tcj populhtnod nd hdy khll

kjdtrj ns hssoknhtjm wntc kustobjr khrj sjrvnkjs, bost o` tcj rjspodmjdts chm to chvj h cnacly jmukhtnodhl

mjarjj hdm h aoom hboudt o` kobputjr gdowljmaj. Bost o` tcj rjspodmjdts nd tcns rjsjhrkc hkkjss

ndtjrdjt od h mhnly ehsns hdm tcj pjrkjdthaj cjrj tcht hkkoudts `or mhnly usj o` ndtjrdjt ns 33.:%.

811

85 = : 8 8

33.:6%

0.66% 5.66% 5.:6% 6.:6% 6.:6%

656=60636

8668568=6806836566

VJUKJD]HAJ

UJ[VOD[J[


30/61


;6

=.19 @naurj 39 Bomj o` Hkkjss to tcj ndtjrdjt9

[ourkj9 Hppjdmnx 5

Bost o` tcj rjspodmjdts hkkjss ndtjrdjt `rob cobj(;;.=%) hdm o``nkj(;;.5%) hdm hlso 83.6% o` tcj

rjspodmjdts hkkjss ndtjrdjt `rob kyejr kh`js. H vjry sbhll dubejr o` rjspodmjdts hkkjss tcj ndtjrdjt

`rob boenlj lhptops or boenlj pcodjs (1.6% hdm 1.5% rjspjktnvjly). Lhstly `jw (8%) o` tcj rjspodmjdts

hkkjss tcj ndtjrdjt `rob otcjr puelnk sourkjs sukc hs kolljaj, udnvjrsnty mjsgtop.

8;= 85>

15

53 5>

=

;;.=6%;;.56%

83.66%

1.66% 1.56%

8.66%

6

56

=6

06

36

866

856

8=6

806

Cobj9 O``nkj9 Kyejr kh`9 Boenlj(lhptop)9

Boenlj(pcodj)9

Otcjrpuelnk9

VJUKJD]HAJ

UJ[VOD[J[


31/61


;8

=.39 @naurj >9 Hvjrhaj `rjqujdky o` scoppnda odlndj9

[hbplj 2 8>: [ourkj9 Hppjmnx 5

Hkkormnda to tcj rjspodsjs, 1> (=6.:%) o` tcj rjspodmjdts scop odlndj nd jvjry 5-; bodtcs o` tnbj pjrnomhdm ;5 (8:.>%) o` tcj rjspodmjdts scoppjm odlndj ht ljhst odkj h bodtc. Ndtjrjstndaly do rjspodmjdts chs

ejjd `oudm to scop odkj h wjjg. =0 (5;.06%) rjspodmjdts djvjr scoppjm odlndj o` wcnkc 50 (:0.:5%)

wjrj `jbhlj. Hlso 88 (:.06%) rjspodmjdts ejloda to tcj aroup wcnkc scops ljss tchd odkj h yjhr nd

wcnkc 0 (:=.:=%) wjrj `jbhljs wcnkc bjhds nd tcj sjktnod o` rjspodmjdt wco djvjr scop odlndj hdm

wco scop ljss tchd odkj h yjhr tcj dubejr o` `jbhlj rjspodmjdts hrj cnac wntc h vjry sbhll mn``jrjdkj.

6;

;8

1>

85 8; 88

=0

6.66% 8.:6%

8:.>6%

=6.:6%

0.56% 0.16% :.06%

5;.06%

6

86

56

;6

=6

:6

06

16

36

>6

O d k j h w j j

g o r b o r j

o ` t j d 9

O d k j j v j r y 5 - ;

w j j

g s 9

O d k j h b o d t c 9

O d k j j v j r y 5 - ;

b o d t c s

( = - 0

t n b j s h

y j h r ) 9

O d k j j v j r y = - 0

b o d t c s

( 5 - ;

t n b j s h

y j h r ) 9

O d k j j v j r y 0

8 5

b o d t c s

( o d k j h y j h r ) 9

L j s s t c h d o d k j h y j h r 9

D j v j r [

c o p p j

m

O d

l n d j 9

VJUKJD]HAJ

UJ[VOD[J[


32/61


;5

=.>9 @naurj 869 Vromukts hdm sjrvnkjs eouact Odlndj9

[ourkj9 Hppjdmnx 5

@rob tcj mhth nt ns kljhr tcht trhvjl tnkgjts hrj ey `hr tcj bost kobbod odlndj purkchsj wntc sobj 553

(;8.1%) okkurrjdkjs. O` tcns, sobj 883 (80.=%) wjrj rhnl hdm 886 (8:.;%) wjrj `lnact tnkgjts. ]cj djxt

bost kobbod purkchsjs wjrj an`ts 30 (88.>%), jljktrodnks 3; (88.:%) hdm bovnj tnkgjts 1> (88%). Cotjl

roobs hdm eoogs wjrj kobbod nd purkchsjs wntc 0: (>%). Hll otcjr ntjbs wjrj ljss kobbodly

purkchsjm, rhdanda `rob 5.>% to 6.1%. Cowjvjr, nt scoulm ej dotjm tcht kobputjrs hdm pjrnpcjrhls

bhy muplnkhtj tcj bukc lhrajr jljktrodnks khtjaory hdm cjdkj tcj two bhy ejttjr ej kod snmjm hs h

kobendjm rjspodsj o` 865 (8=.=%).

Ajdmjr wnsj, tcj purkchsjs o` sjrvnkjs sukc hs rhnlwhys tnkgjt, hnrlndjs tnkgjt, cotjl roobs hdm bovnj

tnkgjts hdm o` an`ts wjrj ajdjrhlly jquhl `or eotc bhlj hdm `jbhlj. Cowjvjr, `jbhljs borj kobbodly

purkchsjm ijwjlljry, eoogs hdm ejhuty promukts wcnlst bhljs hkkoudtjm `or borj o` hll otcjr purkchsjs.

:

0

1

1

3

8=

8:

8:

83

8>

0:

0:

1>

3;

30

886

883

6.16%

6.36%

8.66%

8.66%

8.86%

8.>6%

5.86%

5.86%

5.:6%

5.>6%

>.66%

>.66%

88.66%

88.:6%

88.>6%

8:.;6%

80.=6%

6 :6 866 8:6

Busnk KM/Pnmjos/ MPM/ahbjs9

[portnda Aooms9

Cobj tools hdm promukt9

Cobj hpplnhdkjs9

Bhahzndjs9

Klotcnda/ hkkjssornjs9

Cjhltc hdm `ntdjss promukts9

Ijwjlry9

Ejhuty promukts9

Kobputjr hdm pjrnpcjrhl9

Eoogs9

Cotjl roobs9

Bovnj tnkgjts9

Jljktrodnks9

An`ts9

Hnrlndjs tnkgjt9

Uhnlwhys tnkgjt9

UJ[VOD[J[

VJUKJD]HAJ


33/61


;;

=.869 @naurj 889Kchdajs nd ljvjl o` Ndtjrdjt purkchsjs9

[hbplj 2 8:: [ourkj9 Hppjdmnx 5

Ujspodmjdts wjrj hsgjm wcjtcjr tcj `rjqujdky o` purkchsnda `rob tcj Ndtjrdjt chm kchdajm nd phst ;

bodtcs. Hs nt khd ej sjjd, h kljhr bhiornty (01%) `jlt tcht tcjnr ljvjl o` Ndtjrdjt purkchsjs chm rnsjd, wntc

:1% `jjlnda tcht nt chm ndkrjhsjm h lnttlj hdm 86% h lot. Nd kodtrhst, 5:% `jlt tcht tcjnr rhtj chm sthyjm

heout tcj shbj hdm odly >% `jlt tcht nt chm mjkrjhsjm. ]cus nt ns kljhr tcht wcnlst, hbodast tcj shbplj, tcj

`rjqujdky o` odlndj purkchsnda ns ndkrjhsnda, nt ns udlngjly tcht tcns wnll ej su``nknjdt to snadn`nkhdtly hltjr

tcj kurrjdt rjlhtnvjly low rhtjs o` hkkjss (sjj Kchrt =.3).

8:

33

;>

1 0

>.16%

:0.36%

5:.56%

=.:6% ;.>6%

6

86

56

;6

=6

:6

06

16

36

>6

866

Ndkrjhsjm h lot Ndkrjhsjm hlnttlj

[thynda heouttcj shbj

Mjkrjhsj hlnttlj

Mjkrjhsj h lot

VJUKJD]HAJ

UJ[VOD[J[


34/61


35/61


;:

Hlso odly 8: (86.56%) rjspodmjdts strodaly harjj tcht odlndj scoppnda ns sjkurj hdm =6 (51.58%)

slnactly harjj to tcns wcnlj 00 (==.>6%) djntcjr harjj dor mnsharjj wntc tcj pondt.

@rob tcj heovj `naurj wj khd sjj tcht pjoplj hrj stnll dot thgnda odlndj scoppnda hs h jdioybjdt.

Qjnactjm hvjrhaj o` ;.38 chs ejjd sjjd `or jdioybjdt `hktors, wcnkc ndmnkhtjs tcht odlndj scoppnda ns dot

jdioyhelj `or bhdy o` tcj rjspodmjdts.

@rob tcj heovj thelj wj khd shy tcht tnbj shvnda, kodvjdnjdkj, jhsy to usj, 5=S1 hvhnlhenlnty hdm `rjj

cobj mjlnvjry hrj tcj bhnd `hktors nd`lujdknda odlndj scoppnda ejchvnour o` tcj rjspodmjdts. Ujspodmjdt

hrj stnll udsurj heout tcj sjkurnty nssuj murnda odlndj scoppnda wcnkc ns odj o` tcj bhior ehrrnjr nd tcj

arowtc o` odlndj scoppnda.


36/61


;0

=.859 @naurj 8;9 Vjrkjnvjm rhtnda o` ejdj`nts o` odlndj scoppnda ey snadn`nkhdt vhrnheljs9

[ourkj9 Hppjdmnx 5

]cns kchrt chs ejjd mrhwd od tcj ehsns o` wjnactjm hvjrhaj hdm tcj rjsult khd ej ndmnkhtjm od h skhlj o`

8-:, wcjrj : ns tothlly harjj hdm 8 ns tothlly mnsharjj.

n.j9

8 5 ; = :

[trodaly mnsharjj [lnactly mnsharjj Djntcjr [lnactly harjj [trodaly harjj

@hktorsjyhrnheljs

Ajdmjr(Kchrt =.8) @rjqujdky o` scoppnda odlndj(Kchrt =.3) Kchdajs nd ljvjl o` Ndtjrdjtpurkchsjs (Kchrt =.86)

Bhlj @jbhlj < 5/;bodtcs

5/;bodtcs

45/;bodtcs

Ndkrjhsj [thy tcjshbj

Mjkrjhsj Hvjrj sko

Odlndj scoppnda nshsy to usj9

=.05 =.:0 =.31 =.0= =.51 =.36 =.:: ;.8: =

Odlndj scoppnda nsnbj shvnda9

=.1: =.01 =.33 =.3= =.;= =.>6 =.18 ;.08 =

Odlndj scoppnda nsost shvnda9

=.;; =.51 =.1> =.:: ;.5: =.05 =.6= 5.0> =

Odlndj scoppnda nsdioyhelj9

;.36 ;.1; =.88 ;.>; ;.63 ;.>0 ;.0> 5.=0 ;.

Odlndj scoppnda nsodvjdnjdt9 =.00 =.0: =.>= =.3> ;.3: =.3= =.0> ;.8: =

Odlndj scoppnda nskurj9

;.5: ;.5; ;.33 ;.53 5.:= ;.;> ;.56 5.68 ;.

=S1 hvhnlhenlnty o`dlndj scoppndad`lujdkj yourdlndj scoppnda

mjknsnod9

=.=0 =.=: =.1: =.=0 ;.>= =.16 =.:= 5.;3 =

@rjj cobj mjlnvjry` odlndj scoppnda

d`lujdkj yourdlndj scoppnda

mjknsnod9

=.:3 =.:; =.33 =.0> ;.>0 =.1> =.;3 ;.5; =

othl hvjrhaj9 =.;6 =.50 =.0; =.=8 ;.0: =.:6 =.55 5.3;


37/61


;1

Jxhbplj9 odlndj scoppnda ns jhsy to usj9

Nt ns prjtty kljhr tcht eotc bhlj hdm `jbhlj rjspodmjdts wntc tcj borj posntnvj opndnods korrjlhtj wntc

tcosj wco mojs odlndj scoppnda borj `rjqujdtly hdm wco pjrkjnvj tcht tcjnr rhtj o` odlndj scoppnda ns

ndkrjhsnda. Cowjvjr tcj ljvjl o` harjjbjdt arhmuhlly mjkrjhsjs òr rjspodmjdts wco scop ht h stjhmy rhtj

(5-; bodtcs) hdm wco mojs odlndj scoppnda odkj nd borj tchd 5-; bodtcs. Cowjvjr, tcjrj ns do bhior

ajdmjr mn``jrjdkj. ]cns rjsult khd ej sjjd hnrly ajdjrhl or hll tcj otcjr `hktors

@rjqujdky o` odlndj scoppnda 9 Nd tcns aroup tcjrj hrj ; typjs o` rjspodmjdts. Odj hrj tcosj wco mojs

odlndj scoppnda htljhst odkj nd tcj tnbj pjrnom o` ljss tchd 5-; bodtcs, sjkodm hrj tcosj wco mojs odlndj

scoppnda htljhst odkj nd 5-; bodtcs hdm lhstly tcnrm aroup ejlodas to tcj rjspodmjdts wco mo odlndj

scoppnda htljhst odkj nd =-85 bodtcs tnbj pjrnom. Qjnactjm hvjrhaj chs ejjd khlkulhtjm òr jhkc hktor

hdm vhrnhelj.

Kchdajs nd ljvjl o` purkchsjs9 Nd tcns aroup hlso tcjrj hrj ; typjs o` rjspodmjdts. Odj hrj tcosj wcosj

odlndj scoppnda tjdmjdky chs ejjd ndkrjhsjm nd lhst ; bodtcs, sjkodm wcosj odlndj scoppnda tjdmjdky ns

heout tcj shbj, hdm tcnrm wcosj odlndj scoppnda tjdmjdky chs ejjd mjkrjhsjm nd phst ; bodtcs.

@rob tcj tothl hvjrhaj o` tcj vhrnheljs tcj rjsjhrkc nmjdtn`njs tcht tcj bhlj rjspodmjdts harjj borj

strodaly tchd tcj `jbhlj rjspodmjdts òr hll tcj `hktors eut nd h vjry sbhll hboudt. Hlso nt khd ej sjjd

tcht tcj rjspodmjdts wco ajdjrhlly scop ejòrj 5-; bodtcs hrj nd borj harjjbjdt òr tcj `hktors tchd tcj

rjspodmjdts wco scop nd 5-; bodtcs hdm heovj.

]cj rjspodmjdts wcosj odlndj scoppnda chs ejjd ndkrjhsjm hrj nd harjjbjdt wntc tcj hktors hdm or

tcosj wcosj odlndj scoppnda chs ejjd mjkrjhsjm hrj dot nd cnac harjjbjdt wntc tcj `hktors.

Ajdmjr(Kchrt =.8)

@rjqujdky o` scoppnda odlndj (Kchrt=.3)

Kchdajs nd ljvjl o` Ndtjrdjt purkchsjs(Kchrt =.86)

Bhlj @jbhlj < 5/;bodtcs

5/; bodtcs 45/;bodtcs

Ndkrjhsj [thy tcjshbj

Mjkrjhsj

=.05 =.:0 =.31 =.0= =.51 =.36 =.:: ;.8:


38/61


;3

=.8;9 @naurj 8=9 Arhpc scownda wjnactjm hvjrhaj kodkjrd òr tcj òllownda `hktors9

[ourkj9 Hppjdmnx 5

Ujspodmjdts wjrj hsgjm wcht whs tcjnr ljvjl o` kodkjrd òr tcj òllownda `hktors, hrj tcjy cnacly

kodkjrdjm wntc tcj òllownda `hktors or hrj tcjy ljhst kodkjrdjm heout nt. Od tcj ehsns o` tcjnr rjspodsjs h

wjnactjm hvjrhaj whs khlkulhtjm hdm tcj arhpc whs mrhwd. Murnda odlndj scoppnda quhlnty o` tcj promukt

ns tcj top bost kodkjrd o` tcj rjspodmjdt ollowjm ey codjsty o` tcj wjesntj hdm sjkurnty o` tcj

trhdshktnod rjspjktnvjly. Ujspodmjdt hrj dot cnacly kodkjrd heout tcj tnbj pjrnom o` tcj mjlnvjry. Hs tcj

thelj ndmnkhtjs rjspodmjdts scownda sobj kodkjrd òr tcj shbj khddot djaotnhtj/ehrahnd `hktor hdm hlso

òr tcj prnvhky o` tcj pjrsodhl ndòrbhtnod rjspodmjdt hrj dot cnacly kodkjrdjm eut, stnll scows sobj

lnttlj kodkjrd òr tcj prnvhky `hktor.

=.10

=.;0

=.6;

=.81

=.00

=.1

=.:>

8 5 ; = :

Xuhlnty o` tcj promukt9

Vrnvhky o` your pjrsodhl ndòrbhtnod9

]nbj pjrnom òr tcj mjlnvjry9

Khddot djaotnhtj/ ehrahnd9

[jkurnty o` tcj trhdshktnod9

]rustwortcndjss/codjsty o` tcj Qjesntj9

]rustwortcndjss/codjsty o` tcj promuktndòrbhtnod9

QJNAC]JM HPJUHAJ

8-Ljhst Kodkjrd

5-Dorbhl Kodkjrd

;-[lnact Kodkjrd

=-[obj Kodkjrd

:-Cnacly Kodkjrd


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=6

=.8:9 @naurj 809 ]helj [cownda [htns`hktnod Ndmjx O` Odlndj [coppnda Jxpjrnjdkj od h

skhlj o` 8-:9

[hbplj9 838 [ourkj9 Hppjdmnx 5

:6 (51.01%) o` tcj rjspodmjdts hrj cnacly shtns`njm wntc tcjnr odlndj scoppnda jxpjrnjdkj, wcjhrjhs 0>

(;3.85%) o` tcj rjspodmhdts hrj shtns`njm. Hs tcj mnharhb scows tcj ljhst shtns`njm rjspodmjdts hrj ljss

tchd 58(88.06%). ]cj wjnactjm hvjrhaj o` tcj shtns`hktnod ndmjx o` tcj rjspodsjs ns ;.1:, wcnkc bjhd

bost o` tcj pjoplj hrj shthtns`njm wntc tcjnr ovjrhll scoppnda jxpjrnjdkjs.

=.809 @naurj 819 ]helj scownda shtns`hktnod ljvjl `or mn``jrjdt vhrnheljs9

[ourkj9 Hppjdmnx 5

]cns kchrt chs ejjd mrhwd od tcj ehsjs o` wjnactjm hvjrhaj hdm tcj rjsult khd ej ndmnkhtjm od h skhlj o`

8-:, wcjrj : ns cnacly shtns`njm hdm 8 ns tcj ljhst shtns`njm.

n.j9

8 5 ; = :

Ljhst shtns`njm Cnacly shtns`njm

= =

53;3

513 :

8;

;8

5;

6

86

56

;6

=6

:6

0616

36

8 Ljhst shtns`njm 5 ; = : Cnacly shtns`njm

@JBHLJ

BHLJ

@hktorsGjyPhrnheljs

Ajdmjr(Kchrt =.8)

@rjqujdky o` scoppnda odlndj (Kchrt =.3)Kchdajs nd ljvjl o` Ndtjrdjt

purkchsjs (Kchrt =.86)

Bhlj @jbhlj< 5/;

bodtcs5/;

bodtcs45/;

bodtcs

Djvjr[copodlndj

Ndkrjhsj

[thytcj

shbjMjkrjhs

[htns`hktnod ljvjl9 ;.1> ;.16 =.10 =.8; ;.;0 5.80 =.85 ;.56 8.08


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43/61


=;

sjllnda nd Dnjlsod rjport eut hkkormnda to tcj rjspodsjs rob tcj shbplj nd tcns rjsjhrkc, nt ns oudm to ej

tcj ljhst sjllnda promukt odlndj.

Bhiornty o` tcj rjspodmjdts 888 (::.:6%) jhrds tcj shlhry heovj Us. 56,666 out o` wcnkc := (=3.0=%) o`

tcj rjspodmjdts mo odlndj scoppnda wcnkc kodtrneutjs hs tcj lhrajst aroup o` odlndj scoppnda kodsubjr,

wcnkc bjhds tcht bost o` tcj odlndj scoppjrs nd tcns shbplj hrj jhrdnda h aoom hboudt o` spjdmhelj

shlhry hdm khrry out odlndj scoppnda. 8:; (10.:6%) rjspodmjdts ejloda to tcj haj aroup o` 58-;6 nd

wcnkc >= (08.=;)% mo odlndj scoppnda. ]cj tothl pjrkjdthaj o` odlndj scoppjrs nd tcns rjsjhrkc ns 10.=%.

Cjdkj nt khd ej oesjrvjm tcht tcj bhiornty o` tcj rjspodmjdts wco mo odlndj scoppnda hdm jhrd h

spjdmhelj ndkobj ejlodas to tcj haj aroup o` 58-;6.

]cj odlndj euynda chent o` shbplj chs ejjd ndkrjhsjm h ent. 33 (:0.3%) rjspodmjdts o` tcj shbplj sthtj

tcht tcjnr odlndj scoppnda chent chs ejjd ndkrjhsjm h lnttlj hdm òr 8: (>.1%) rjspodmjdts tcj odlndj

scoppnda chs ejjd ndkrjhsjm h lot hdm tcjsj rjspodmjdts ejloda to tcj aroup wcnkc scop rjaulhrly ht ljhst

odkj h bodtc. @or h vjry sbhll dubejr o` rjspodmjdts, tcj odlndj scoppnda tjdmjdky chs ejjd mjkrjhsjm.

]cj rjsjhrkc ndmnkhtjs hs h posntnvj snad towhrms tcj arowtc o` odlndj scoppnda. Nt khd ej kodklumjm tcht

tcj euynda dhturj towhrms odlndj scoppnda o` khll kjdtrj jbployjjs ns ndkrjhsnda7 rjspodmjdts hrj bovnda

towhrms tcj djw why o` odlndj scoppnda.

]cj `hktor wcnkc bhiorly nd`lujdkjs tcj arowtc o` odlndj scoppnda ns tcj tnbj shvnda `hktor. Hs

bjdtnodjm nd lntjrhturj tcj prnornty ns anvjd od tnbj shvnda tchd od shvnda bodjy wcnkc chs ejjd provjd

hkkurhtj ey tcj rjspodsjs. ]cj tnbj shvnda hlso mjpjdms od tcj kobputjr sgnlls o` tcj pjrsod. [ndkj nd tcns

khsj bost o` tcj rjspodmjdts hrj cnacly jmukhtjm hdm chvj h ehsnk gdowljmaj o` kobputjr, tcj odlndj

scoppnda khd ej h spjjmy bomj o` scoppnda òr tcj rjspodmjdts. Kodvjdnjdkj ns tcj sjkodm bost

nbporthdt `hktor nd nd`lujdknda kodsubjrs towhrm odlndj scoppnda. 5=x1 hvhnlhenlnty, `rjj cobj mjlnvjry

hrj sobj o` tcj `hktors anvnda tcj kodsubjrs h kodvjdnjdt plhtòrb òr scoppnda hdm tcjsj hlso plhy h

bhior rolj nd provnmnda kodvjdnjdkj to tcj kodsubjrs. Bost o` tcj rjspodmjdt hkkjss ndtjrdjt rob tcjnr

cobj hdm o``nkjs hdm odlndj scoppnda anvjs tcjb tcj `rjjmob to scop `rob hdywcjrj. Bost o` tcj

rjspodmjdt khd ej khlljm hs kodvjdnjdkj cudtjrs hs nt ns tcj sjkodm bost nbporthdt `hktor sjljktjm ey

rjspodmjdts.

Ndtjrjstndaly nt chs ejjd òudm tcht kost shvnda `hktor ns dot tcj top kodkjrd ey tcj rjspodmjdts. [hvnda

tnbj hdm kodvjdnjdkj hrj borj nbporthdt tchd shvnda bodjy. Nd bhdy o` tcj wjesntjs tcj rjspodmjdts

khd kobphrj tcj prnkjs o` tcj promukts hdm bhgj purkchsj hs djjmjm. Cjdkj tcj kodkjrd òr tcj kost

shvnda ns òudm low.


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==

Ujspodmjdts hrj stnll dot surj heout tcj sjkurnty nssujs nd tcj odlndj scoppnda. ]cj kodkjrd heout tcj

trhdshktnod murnda odlndj scoppnda ns cnac nd rjspodmjdts. Nt khd ej kljhrly oesjrvjm ey tcj rjspodsjs nd

`naurj (=.8;) tcht sjkurnty o` ns h bhior kodkjrd. Ujspodmjdt slnactly harjj wntc tcj pondt tcht odlndj

scoppnda ns jdioyhelj. Hs bjdtnodjm nd lntjrhturj scoppnda ns ajdjrhlly jdioyhelj to tcj haj aroup o`

stumjdts hdm nd tcns rjsjhrkc tcj bhiornty o` tcj rjspodmjdts ejloda to tcj haj aroup o` 58-;6 hdm o`

worgnda klhss cjdkj, nt koulm ej h rjhsod to iustn`y sukc low rjspodsj to tcj jdioybjdt `hktor.

N` wj sjj tcj thelj (=.85) nt kljhrly sthtjs tcht tcj rjspodmjdts wco scop borj `rjqujdtly hrj scownda h

arjhtjr ljvjl o` harjjbjdt wntc tcj `hktors hdm probotnda tcj odlndj scoppnda arowtc. Hlso òr tcj

rjspodmjdts wco pjrkjnvjm tcht tcjnr odlndj scoppnda chs ejjd ndkrjhsjm, scowjm h vjry cnac ljvjl o`

posntnvnsb towhrms odlndj scoppnda. @or 86; (0:.:6%) odlndj scoppnda chs ejjd ndkrjhsjm cjdkj tcns

rjsjhrkc khd sthtj tcht bhiornty o` tcj rjspodmjdts hrj bovnda towhrm odlndj scoppnda.

Vrnkj mojsdt rulj tcj wje7 trust mojs . (Kch``jy jt hl., 56639 8:8)

]cj outkobjs o` tcj rjsjhrkc kljhrly ndmnkhtj tcht tcj kodkjrd òr tcj promukt quhlnty ns vjry cnac nd tcj

rjspodmjdts hdm quhlnty o` tcj promukt ns h phrt o` trust `hktor. Ujspodmjdts hrj stnll scownda h vjry cnac

kodkjrd towhrm tcj trustwortcndjss o` tcj odlndj wjesntj hdm tcj rjlnhenlnty o` tcj promukt ndòrbhtnod

provnmjm ey tcj odlndj wjesntjs. Muj to lhkg o` toukc `jjl hdm try `h ktors kodsubjrs kodkjrd ejkobj

borj probndjdt towhrms tcj quhlnty o` tcj promukt. Hlso muj to ndkrjhsj nd dubejr o` odlndj `rhum khsjs,

wjesntjs hrj struaalnda to ahnd tcj trust o` tcj kodsubjrs. Nt chs ejkobj vjry mn``nkult òr djw jbjranda

kobphdnjs to bhgj tcjb sthelj nd tcj kobpjtnda worlm o` j-kobbjrkj.

N` wj sjj tcj `naurj (=.81) nt kljhrly sthtjs tcht tcj odlndj scoppnda wjesntjs chvj dot ejjd helj to provnmj

tcj `hknlntnjs wcnkc tcjy probnsj murnda tcj purkchsj. Bhdy rjspodmjdts chvj kobplhndjm heout tcj ehm

kustobjr sjrvnkjs h`tjr purkchsnda tcj promukt. Hlso tcj lhtj mjlnvjry o` tcj promukt ns hdotcjr nssuj put

òrwhrm ey tcj rjspodmjdts.

Bhdy o` tcj kobphdnjs chvj sobj cnmmjd kchrajs hdm polnknjs wcnkc tcjy modt mnsklosj nd hd

hpproprnhtj bhddjr. Ujspodmjdts chvj cnac kodkjrd heout tcjsj polnknjs hdm kchrajs. ]cj rjspodmjdts

chvj kobplhndjm heout tcj cnmmjd bodtcly sueskrnptnod `jjs wcnkc hrj mjmuktjm `rob tcjnr hkkoudt

wntcout tcjnr gdowljmaj. Hll tcjsj `hktors hrj cnacly h``jktnda tcj trust `hktor o` tcj rjspodmjdts, cjdkj,

bhgnda nt tcj bost nbporthdt hktor wcnkc ndcnents tcj arowtc o` odlndj scoppnda.


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=0

09 KODKLZ[NOD

0.89 [ubbhry Hdm kodklusnod9

]cj kodklusnod o` tcj rjsjhrkc chs ejjd mnskussjm nd tcns sjktnod. ]cj oeijktnvj o` tcj rjsjhrkc whs tohdhlyzj tcj `hktors wcnkc wjrj nd`lujdknda tcj odlndj scoppnda sjktor hboda khll kjdtrj jbployjjs ndBubehn. Phrnous oeijktnvjs wjrj òudm out wntc tcj cjlp o` lntjrhturj hdm ehsjm od tcosj nbporthdt`hktors h survjy whs kodmuktjm to nsolhtj tcj posntnvj hdm djahtnvj `hktors wcnkc nd`lujdkj tcj opndnod o`tcj rjspodmjdt towhrms odlndj scoppnda.

]cj rjsjhrkc sthrtjm wntc hd hnb to nmjdtn`y tcj nbporthdt `hktors wcnkc hrj plhynda hd nbporthdt rolj ndtcj djw jbjranda bhrgjt plhkj o` odlndj scoppnda. ]cj j``jktnvjdjss hdm ndj``nknjdky o` tcj bhrgjt whsstumnjm to hkcnjvj tcj mjsnrjm aohl.

]cj rjsjhrkc kljhrly ndmnkhtjs tcht tcj odlndj scoppnda hboda tcj khll kjdtrj jbployjjs ns eoobnda htcnac rhtj, kodsubjrs hrj hmoptnda tcj djw why o` scoppnda hdm tcj bhnd mrnvjrs o` tcns sjktor ejlodas totcj youda ajdjrhtnods o` Bubehn, hdm tcj odlndj scoppnda sjktor chs ejjd jxpjrnjdknda h kodtnduousarowtc.

Hs tcj kond hlwhys chvj two snmjs, tcns rjsjhrkc hlso chvj two bhior snmjs7 odj wcnkc ndmnkhtjs tcj posntnvj `hktors hdm otcjr tcht ndmnkhtjs tcj djahtnvj `hktors wcnkc nd`lujdkjs odlndj scoppnda.

@naurj9 8>9 Kodklusnod o` tcj rjsjhrkc9

Vosntnvj @hktors Djahtnvj @hktors

]nbj [hvnda

Kodvjdnjdkj

Jhsy ]o Zsj (Kodvjdnjdkj)

@rjj Cobj Mjlnvjry ( Kodvjdnjdkj)

5=S1 Hvhnlhenlnty (Kodvjdnjdkj)

Kost [hvnda

Jdioyhelj

Xuhlnty O` ]cj Vromukt (]rust)

Codjsty O` Qjesntj (]rust)

[jkurnty O` ]rhdshktnod

Codjsty O` Vromukt Ndòrbhtnod (]rust)

Ehrahndnda Ndhenlnty

Vrnvhky O` ]cj Vjrsodhl Ndòrbhtnod

]nbj Vjrnom @or Mjlnvjry


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=1

]cj rjsjhrkc provnmjs sobj o` tcj ndtjrjstnda `hkts heout tcj shbplj7 shvnda tnbj ns tcj bost mobndhtnda`jhturj o` odlndj scoppnda wcnkc httrhkt tcj kodsubjr towhrms nt. Hs hll tcj rjspodmjdts hppjhrs to chvj hsunthelj hboudt o` kobputjr gdowljmaj, odlndj scoppnda chs ejkobj h prjjbndjdt why to shvj tnbj o`tcj eusy skcjmuljm jbployjjs o` khll kjdtrjs.

]cj djxt bost nbporthdt `jhturj tcht httrhkts khll kjdtrj jbployjjs towhrm odlndj scoppnda nskodvjdnjdkj. Hs ndtjrdjt chs erogjd hll tcj eoudmhrnjs o` promukt lokhtnod, wntc tcj cjlp o` nt you khdormjr `rob hdy plhkj hroudm tcj aloej hdm wntc tcj 5=S1 hvhnlhenlnty o` tcj j-storjs, tcj rjspodmjdtsmodt `ndm hdy ndkodvjdnjdkj monda odlndj scoppnda `rob tcjnr cobj or `rob tcjnr worgplhkjs. ]cjodlndj scoppnda hlso provnmjs tcj kodvjdnjdkj o` `rjj cobj mjlnvjry, wcnkc ns hlso hd nbporthdt `hktortcht httrhkts kodsubjrs towhrm nt. Bost o` tcj rjspodmjdts khd ej khlljm hs kodvjdnjdt sjjgjrs hs tcjnrj`òrt ns bndnbnzjm wntc tcj cjlp o` djw jbjranda sjktor.

[hvnda bodjy ns ht tcj ljhst nbporthdt `hktor wcnkc httrhkts khll kjdtrj jbployjjs7 hs bhiornty o` tcjrjspodmjdts jhrds h spjdmhelj hboudt o` shlhry, shvnda bodjy ns dot tcj probndjdt `hktor tcjy hrjloognda nd odlndj scoppnda. ]cj prnornty chs ejjd thgjd ey tcj `hktors lngj shvnda tnbj hdm kodvjdnjdkj.

Odlndj scoppnda mojsdt provnmj tcj ndtjrhktnod ejtwjjd tcj euyjrs hdm tcj sjlljrs. Hlso, tcj lhkg o`toukc, `jjl hdm try `hktor bhgjs tcj jxpjrnjdkj h lnttlj udjhsy òr tcj euyjr. Bhiornty o` tcj wjesntjs tryto provnmj hd jdioyhelj jdvnrodbjdt to tcj kodsubjrs eut tcjy hrj udhelj to shtns`y tcns djjm o` tcjkodsubjrs cjdkj, tcj jdioyhelj `hktor mojsdt plhy h arjht rolj nd httrhktnda kodsubjrs.

]cj hktor bhiorly erjhkcnda tcj jxphdsnod o` odlndj scoppnda sjktor ns trust. ]rust ns h pcysnoloankhl`hktor wcnkc ejkobjs strodajr wntc soknhl ndtjrhktnod. Muj to tcj lhkg o` soknhl ndtjrhktnod nd odlndjscoppnda, kodsubjrs hrj cjsnthtnda to trust odlndj scoppnda wjesntjs. Kodsubjrs hrj udhelj to scow tcjnrtrust towhrm tcj djw upkobnda wjesntjs wcnkc ns h bhior ehrrnjr nd tcj arowtc.

Ujspodmjdts bhnd kodkjrd murnda odlndj scoppnda ns tcj quhlnty o` tcj promukt7 ey sjjnda tcj pnkturjshdm rjhmnda ndòrbhtnod ns dot su``nknjdt to shtns`y tcj kodsubjr mjbhdm hdm lhkg o` toukc `jjl hdm try`hktors bhgj tcj skjdhrno worst. Ujspodmjdts scow h vjry cnac ljvjl o` kodkjrd heout tcj trustwortcndjsso` wjesntjs. ]rustwortcndjss o` promukt ndòrbhtnod hdm quhlnty o` tcj promukt hrj two nbporthdt `hktorsh``jktnda odlndj scoppnda hdm odlndj wjesntjs khd mo odly lnttlj nbprovjbjdts nd tcjsj to ahnd tcj trust o`tcj kodsubjrs wcnkc ns bhgnda nt h bhior ehrrnjr nd ahndnda tcj trust o` rjspodmjdts.

Ndkrjhsnda rhtj o` kyejrkrnbj ns hlso h vnthl rjhsod wcnkc ns h``jktnda tcj trust o` kodsubjrs wcnkcndmnrjktly rhnsnda tcj ljvjl o` ndsjkurnty nd kodsubjrs. ]rust khd ej mjskrnejm hs tcj wnllndadjss tohkkjpt h ljvjl o` ndsjkurnty òr tcj rjhlnzhtnod o` ùturj ejdj`nt . (Kobej, 56609 800) Hs tcj kodkjrd òrtrust `hktor ns rnsnda tcj ljvjl o` ndsjkurnty ns hlso rnsnda wcnkc ns tcj sjkodm bost kodkjrd o` tcjrjspodmjdts. Ujspodmjdts modt jjl sh`j to usj tcjnr krjmnt khrms murnda odlndj scoppnda, hdm wntcout hdytrhdshktnod tcj scoppnda ns ndkobpljtj.


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=3

Ujspodmjdts chvj kobplhndts heout vhrn ous nssujs lngj cnmmjd polnknjs o` wjesntjs wcnkc tcjy modtmnsklosj nd hd hpproprnhtj bhddjr hdm hlso heout tcj cnmmjd bodtcly sueskrnptnod `jj. [ukc `hktors h``jkttcj trust o` odlndj kodsubjrs hdm or odlndj wjesntjs nt ns h loss o` h potjdtnhl kustobjr. Hlso vhrnouswjesntjs hssurj 5- ; mhys or tcj mjlnvjry o` tcj promukt hdm sobjtnbjs tcjy iust khdt gjjp up wntc tcjnrhssurhdkjs wcnkc ndmnrjktly erjhgs tcj trust towhrms tcj odlndj wjesntjs hdm khd ejkobj h rjhsod to hvonm

odlndj scoppnda. Eut nd tcns rjsjhrkc nt chs provjd tcht tcj mjlnvjry tnbnda ns tcj ljhst kodkjrd nd odlndjscoppnda hdm tcj rjspodmjdt rjhlly modt khrj bukc heout nt.

Lhkg o` ehrahndnda ns hdotcjr lnbnthtnod o` bost o` tcj odlndj scoppnda wjesntjs. ]cj ehrahndnda `hktorchs scowd n ts nbphkt od vhrnous wjesntjs7 tcj aoom jxhbplj o` hvhnlhelj ehrahndnda wjesntjs lngj jehychs provjd tcht tcj kustobjrs djjm tcj `rjjmob o` ehrahndnda. ]cj odlndj scoppnda sjktor ns lhkgnda to

provnmj sukc wjesntjs nd wcnkc h kustobjr khd ehrahnd, hdm euy tcj promukt.

Ehrahndnda ndj``nknjdky chs ejkobj h prnor kodkjrd tchd tcj prnvhky o` tcj pjrsodhl ndòrbhtnod wcnkckodsubjr schrj wntc tcj odlndj wjesntjs. Ujspodmjdts chs scowd h lnttlj kodkjrd òr prnvhky, wcnkcbjhds tcj rjspodmjdts jxpjkthtnods `rob tcj odlndj scoppnda ns to provnmj tcj shtns`hktnod ljvjl o` tcjnr

djjms hdm mjbhdms. ]cj rjspodmjdts jxpjkt h aoom quhlnty o` tcj promukt, hdm hkkurhtj ndòrbhtnod heouttcj promukt hdm hlso tcj jxpjkthtnod or tcj sjkurnty o` trhdshktnod ns ndkrjhsnda, prnvhky ns do borj djhrto tcj bhior kodkjrd nd odlndj scoppnda.

]cns rjsjhrkc kodklumjs tcht tcj tnbj shvnda hdm tcj kodvjdnjdkj `hktors o` odlndj scoppnda hrj tcj bhndstrjdatc o` tcj sjktor hdm trust, sjkurnty hdm ndkhphenlnty o` ehrahndnda ns ejkobnda tcj bhior wjhgdjssjso` tcj odlndj scoppnda.


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=>

0.59 Ujkobbjdmhtnods9

]cj rjsjhrkc kljhrly sthtjs `jw nbporthdt `hktors wcnkc khd ej kodsnmjrjm hs h ahtjwhy òr tcjsukkjssùl odlndj scoppnda sjktor.

]cj rjspodmjdts promukt euynda chents chs ejjd nmjdtn`njm wcnkc kodklumj tcht tcj tournsb sjktor chsh ejttjr kchdkj o` mjvjlopnda nd tcj sjktor. Odlndj scoppnda khrrnjs h cuaj potjdtnhl to mjvjlopwjesntjs or trhvjlnda hdm tournsb ndmustry.

H ehm kustobjr rjlhtnodscnp bhdhajbjdt khd ejkobj h probndjdt `hktor òr losnda potjdtnhlkustobjrs, tcj shtns`hktnod mjbhdm o` tcj kodsubjrs ns cnac, wcnkc khd ej provnmjm wntc aoomkustobjr rjlhtnodscnp bhdhajbjdt. H stroda rjlhtnodscnp ejtwjjd tcj euyjr hdm tcj sjlljr khd cjlp ndrjthndnda tcj jxnstnda kodsubjrs. >;% o` tcj odlndj scoppjrs woulm rjkobbjdm odlndj scoppnda(NHBHN[ Ujport od Vjrsod to Vjrsod Wp5pR Uj`jrrhls, 5660) hdm h shtns`njm kodsubjrsrjkobbjdmhtnod koulm ej vjry cjlpùl òr tcj j-bhrgjtjrs to ahnd djw kodsubjrs.

Kross vjrn`nkhtnod tjkcdnqujs lngj boenlj pcodjs khlls òr vjrn`nkhtnod koulm ej usjm to provnmj h cnacljvjl o` sjkurnty nd odlndj trhdshktnods. H `rnjdmly jdvnrodbjdt khd ej krjhtjm ey wjesntjs nd wcnkctcj `rjjmob o` ehrahndnda khd ej provnmjm to mjvjlop tcj odlndj scoppnda sjktor7 pjoplj hrj rjhllyloognda òrwhrm òr sntjs lngj jehy, wcnkc khd bhgj tcjnr scoppnda ndtjrjstnda.

]cj hssurhdkj o` tcj promukt quhlnty khd ej provnmjm ey skcjbjs lngj rjturd polnknjs, hdm hlso tcjcnmmjd polnknjs hdm kchrajs khd ej put òrwhrm nd hd hpproprnhtj bhddjr so tcht tcj kodsubjr khdjhsnly udmjrsthdm hll tcj polnknjs hdm kchrajs ejòrj bhgnda hdy purkchsjs, wcnkc hlso cjlps ndbhgnda tcj trust eodm bukc strodajr.

0.;9 Lnbnthtnods9

]cj rjsjhrkcjr trnjm to kovjr jvjry hspjkt o` tcj rjsjhrkc topnk7 jvjd wntc tcj bhssnvj j`òrt anvjd ey tcjrjsjhrkcjr sobj o` tcj lnbnthtnods chvj kobj ndto tcj pnkturj wcnkc scoulm ej kodsnmjrjm ejòrj hdyrjkobbjdmhtnod.

]cj mhth nd tcj rjsjhrkc whs kolljktjm `rob tcj khll kjdtrj jbployjjs o` [ntjl Ndmnh hdm bhiorntyo` tcj rjspodmjdts ejlodas to tcj haj aroup o` youda ajdjrhtnods (58-;6) cjdkj, tcj rjsult mojs

dot provnmj h kljhr pnkturj or hll tcj otcjr haj aroups o` rjspodmjdts. ]cj rjspodmjdts wjrj cnacly jmukhtjm hdm hlso kodsnmjrjm to ej chvnda h aoom gdowljmaj heout

tcj kobputjrs. Cjdkj tcj rjsult oethndjm khdt ej usjm òr tcj ajdjrhl purposj7 nt ns rjstrnktj m totcj khll kjdtrj jbployjjs.

]cj jbployjjs nd khll kjdtjrs hrj ajdjrhlly kodsnmjrjm hs tjkcdo shvvy hdm cjdkj, tcj prj`jrjdkjto odlndj scoppnda òr tcjsj rjspodmjdts woulm ej cnac hs tcjy hlso chvj h eusy skcjmuljmln`jstylj hdm odlndj scoppnda ns hd jhsy why òr tcjb to shvj tnbj hdm j`òrt.


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:8

Hppjdmnkjs

Hppjdmnx 8

@hktors Nd`lujdknda Odlndj [coppnda.Mjhr, Ujspodmjdt,

N hb h stumjdt nd Zdnvjrsnty o` Qhljs Ndstntutj Khrmn``, ZQNK pursunda by BEH, hdm kurrjdtlymonda by rjsjhrkc od `hktors nd`lujdknda tcj odlndj scoppnda sjktor nd khll kjdtrj jbployjjs ndBubehn. Hs pjr tcj rjsjhrkc rjqunrjbjdt N djjm to kodmukt h survj y wntc tcj cjlp o`qujstnoddhnrjs. N woulm ej arhtjùl n` you koulm hdswjr tcj òllownda qujstnods codjstly. ôurvhluhelj tnbj sphrjm wnll hssnst bj nd kolljktnda rjljvhdt mhth nd by hrjh o` rjsjhrkc. Hllndòrbhtnod kolljktjm wnll ej trjhtjm hs kod`nmjdtnhl. Ndòrbhtnod ahtcjrjm ns strnktly òr rjsjhrkc

purposj.

8) Ajdmjr?

Bhlj@jbhlj

5) Haj?

Ejlow 80 80-56 58-5:

50-;6 ;8-;: ;:-=6

=6 Heovj

;) Cow bukc ns your bodtcly ndkobj?

Us. :,666-86,666 Us.86,666-8:,666

Us. 8:,666-56,666 Us. 56,666-5:,666

Borj tchd Us. 5:,66

=) Od hvjrhaj cow bukc you hkkjss tcj ndtjrdjt?

Jvjry/Bost mhys Jvjry 5/; mhys

Jvjry =/: mhys Odkj/]wnkj h wjjg

Odkj/]wnkj h bodtc Djvjr/Uhrjly


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:5

:) @rob wcjrj you dorbhlly hkkjss tcj ndtjrdjt? [jljkt odj or borj9

Cobj O``nkj

Kyejr kh` Boenlj (lhptop)

Boenlj (pcodj) Otcjr puelnk

Otcjr (Vljhsj [pjkn`y)9

0) Od hvjrhaj cow o`tjd mo you euy promukts or sjrvnkjs odlndj?

Odkj h wjjg or borj o`tjd

Odkj jvjry 5-; wjjgs

Odkj h bodtc

Odkj jvjry 5-; bodtcs (=-0 tnbjs h yjhr)

Odkj jvjry =-0 bodtcs (5-; tnbjs h yjhr)

Odkj jvjry 0 85 bodtcs (odkj h yjhr)

Ljss tchd odkj h yjhr

Djvjr (**AO ]O XZJ[]NOD 86**)

1) Qcht gndm o` promukt/sjrvnkjs you euy odlndj? [jljkt odj or borj9

Eoogs Busnk KM/Pnmjos/ MPM/ahbjs Jljktrodnks

Uhnlwhys tnkgjt Hnrlndjs tnkgjts Kobputjr hdm pjrnpcjrhl

An`ts Klotcnda/ hkkjssornjs Cotjl roobs

Bhahzndjs Cobj tools hdm promukt Cobj hpplnhdkjs[portnda Aooms Cjhltc hdm `ntdjss promukts Ejhuty promukts

Bovnj tnkgjts Ijwjlry


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:;

3) Ovjr tcj phst ; bodtcs, woulm you shy tcht tcj rhtj o` your odlndj scoppnda chs ejjdndkrjhsjm or mjkrjhsjm?

Ndkrjhsjm h lot

Ndkrjhsjm h lnttlj

[thynda heout tcj shbj

Mjkrjhsj h lnttlj

Mjkrjhsjm h lot

>) Vljhsj ndmnkhtj tcj jxtjdt to wcnkc you harjj or mnsharjj wntc tcj òllownda sthtjbjdtsrjahrmnda tcj usj o` tcj ndtjrdjt òr euynda aooms hdm sjrvnkjs.

]nkg odj eox òr jhkc sthtjbjdt9

[trodaly Harjj [lnactly Harjj Djntcjr [lnactly Mnsharjj [trodaly Mnsharjj

Odlndj scoppnda ns jhsy to usj.

Odlndj scoppnda ns tnbj shvnda.

Odlndj scoppnda ns kost shvnda.

Odlndj scoppnda ns jdioyhelj.

Odlndj scoppnda ns kodvjdnjdt.

Odlndj scoppnda ns sjkurj.

5=S1 hvhnlhenlnty o` odlndjscoppnda nd`lujdkj your odlndjscoppnda mjknsnod.

@rjj cobj mjlnvjry o` odlndjscoppnda nd`lujdkj your odlndjscoppnda mjknsnod.


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:=

86) @or jhkc o` tcj òllownda possnelj kodkjrds òr scoppnda odlndj, pljhsj skorj jhkc od hskhlj o` 8-: wcjrj 8 ns ht top kodkjrd hdm : ns ht ljhst kodkjrd9

8Cnacly Kodkjrd

5 ; = :Ljhst Kodkjrd

Xuhlnty o` tcj promukt9

Vrnvhky o` your pjrsodhlndòrbhtnod9

]nbj pjrnom òr tcj mjlnvjry9

Khddot djaotnhtj/ ehrahnd9

[jkurnty o` tcj trhdshktnod9

]rustwortcndjss/codjsty o` tcjQjesntj9

]rustwortcndjss/codjsty o` tcj promukt ndòrbhtnod9

88) Od h rhtj skhlj o` 8-:, wcjrj 8 ns ht tcj bost shtns`njm hdm : ns tcj ljhst shtns`njm, cow shtns`yhrj you wntc tcj ovjrhll odlndj scoppnda jxpjrnjdkj?

8Cnacly [htns`njm

5 ; = :Ljhst [htns`njm

85) @jjl `rjj to anvj hdy otcjr kobbjdts9


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::

Hppjdmnx 5

Ujsults `or9 @hktors Nd`lujdknda Odlndj[coppnda.

8) Ajdmjr?

Vjrkjdthaj Ujspodsjs

Bhlj :;.: 861

@jbhlj =0.: >;

]othl rjspodsjs9 566

5) Haj?


Ejlow 80 6.6 6

80-56 3.6 80

58-5: =5.6 3=

50-;6 ;=.: 0>

;8-;: 3.: 81

;:-=6 :.6 86

=6 Heovj 5.6 =


;) Cow bukc ns your bodtcly ndkobj?


Us. :,666-86,666 8;.: 51Us.86,666-8:,666 8=.: 5>

Us. 8:,666-56,666 80.: ;;

Us. 56,666-5:,666 50.6 :5

Borj tchd Us. 5:,666 5>.: :>



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:0

=) Od hvjrhaj cow bukc you hkkjss tcj ndtjrdjt?

Vjrkjdthaj

Ujspodsjs

Jvjry/Bost mhys9 33.: 811

Jvjry 5/; mhys9 0.6 85

Jvjry =/: mhys9 5.6 =

Odkj/]wnkj h wjjg9 5.: :

Odkj/]wnkj h bodtc9 6.: 8

Djvjr/Uhrjly9 6.: 8


:) @rob wcjrj you dorbhlly hkkjss tcj ndtjrdjt? [jljkt odj or borj9


Cobj ;;.= 8;=

O``nkj ;5.5 85>

Kyejr kh` 83.615

Boenlj (lhptop) 1.6 53

Boenlj (pcodj) 1.5 5>

Otcjr puelnk 8.6 =

Otcjr 8.5 :


57/61


:1

0) Od hvjrhaj cow o`tjd mo you euy promukts or sjrvnkjs odlndj?


Odkj h wjjg or borj o`tjd 6.6 6

Odkj jvjry 5-; wjjgs 8.: ;

Odkj h bodtc 8:.> ;8

Odkj jvjry 5-; bodtcs (=-0tnbjs h yjhr) =6.: 1>

Odkj jvjry =-0 bodtcs (5-;tnbjs h yjhr) 0.5 85

Odkj jvjry 0 85 bodtcs(odkj h yjhr) 0.1 8;

Ljss tchd odkj h yjhr :.0 88

Djvjr (**AO ]OXZJ[]NOD 86**) 5;.0 =0

]othl rjspodsjs9 8>:

1) Qcht gndm o` promukt/sjrvnkjs you euy odlndj? [jljkt odj or borj9 Vjrkjdthaj Ujspodsjs

Eoogs >.6 0:

Busnk KM/Pnmjos/ MPM/ahbjs 6.1 :

Jljktrodnks 88.: 3;

Uhnlwhys tnkgjt 80.= 883

Hnrlndjs tnkgjts 8:.; 886

Kobputjr hdm pjrnpcjrhl 5.0 8>

An`ts 88.> 30

Klotcnda/ hkkjssornjs 8.> 8=

Cotjl roobs >.6 0:

Bhahzndjs 8.8 3

Cobj tools hdm promukt 8.6 1

Cobj hpplnhdkjs 8.6 1

[portnda Aooms 6.3 0

Cjhltc hdm `ntdjss promukts 5.8 8:

Ejhuty promukts 5.:83

Bovnj tnkgjts 88.6 1>

Ijwjlry 5.8 8:


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:3

3)Ovjr tcj phst ; bodtcs, woulm you shy tcht tcj rhtj o` your odlndj scoppnda chs ejjd ndkrjhsjm or mjkrjhsjm?


Ndkrjhsjm hlot >.1 8:

Ndkrjhsjm hlnttlj

:0.3 33

[thyndaheout tcjshbj

5:.5 ;>

Mjkrjhsj hlnttlj =.: 1

Mjkrjhsjm hlot ;.> 0

]othl rjspodsjs9 8::


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:>

>) Vljhsj ndmnkhtj tcj jxtjdt to wcnkc you harjj or mnsharjj wntc tcj òllownda sthtjbjdts rjahrmnda tcj usj o` tcj ndtjrdjt òr euynda aooms hdm sjrvnkjs.

]nkg odj eox òr jhkc sthtjbjdt9

[trodalyHarjj

[lnactlyHarjj Djntcjr

[lnactlyMnsharjj

[trodalyMnsharjj Ujspodsjs

Odlndj scoppnda ns jhsy to usj. 86: (16.>:%) ;; (55.;6%) : (;.;3%) = (5.16%) 8 (6.03%) 8=3

Odlndj scoppnda ns tnbj shvnda. 88> (38.:8%) 8> (8;.68%) : (;.=5%) 5 (8.;1%) 8 (6.03%) 8=0

Odlndj scoppnda ns kost shvnda. 3> (06.>0%) 53 (8>.83%) 8: (86.51%) 85 (3.55%) 5 (8.;1%) 8=0

Odlndj scoppnda ns jdioyhelj. 56 (8;.:8%) >: (0=.8>%) 83 (85.80%) > (0.63%) 0 (=.6:%) 8=3

Odlndj scoppnda ns kodvjdnjdt. 885 (10.8>%) 50 (81.0>%) : (;.=6%) 5 (8.;0%) 5 (8.;0%) 8=1

Odlndj scoppnda ns sjkurj. 8: (86.56%) =6 (51.58%) 00 (==.>6%) 83 (85.5=%) 3 (:.==%) 8=1

5=S1 hvhnlhenlnty o` odlndj scoppndand`lujdkj your odlndj scoppndamjknsnod.

>> (01.38%) 51 (83.=>%) 8; (3.>6%) 5 (8.;1%) : (;.=5%) 8=0

@rjj cobj mjlnvjry o` odlndj scoppndand`lujdkj your odlndj scoppndamjknsnod.

86; (18.6;%) 5> (56.66%) 3 (:.:5%) 8 (6.0>%) = (5.10%) 8=:


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06

86) @or jhkc o` tcj ollownda possnelj kodkjrds òr scoppnda odlndj, pljhsj skorj jhkc od h skhlj o` 8-:wcjrj 8 ns ht top kodkjrd hdm : ns ht ljhst kodkjrd9

88) Od h rhtj skhlj o` 8-:, wcjrj 8 ns ht tcj bost shtns`njm hdm : ns tcj ljhst shtns`njm, cow shtns`y hrj you wntc tcjovjrhll odlndj scoppnda jxpjrnjdkj?

8Cnacly

[htns`njm

5 ; =:

Ljhst

[htns`njm

Ujspodsjs Hvjrhaj[korj

:6 (51.05%) 0> (;3.85%) =8 (55.0:%) > (=.>1%) 85 (0.0;%) 8385.5: / :

(=:.66%)

8Cnacly Kodkjrd 5 ; =

:

LjhstKodkjrd Ujspodsjs

Xuhlnty o` tcj promukt9 8=3 (3=.:1%) 81 (>.18%) : (5.30%) = (5.5>%) 8 (6.:1%) 81:

Vrnvhky o` your pjrsodhl ndòrbhtnod9 11 (==.11%) 36 (=0.:8%) 85 (0.>3%) 5 (8.80%) 8 (6.:3%) 815

]nbj pjrnom òr tcj mjlnvjry9 =6 (5;.85%) 861(08.3:%)

56(88.:0%) = (5.;8%) 5 (8.80%) 81;

Khddot djaotnhtj/ ehrahnd9 >3 (:0.0:%) 5> (80.10%) ;8

(81.>5%)> (:.56%) 0 (;.=1%) 81;

[jkurnty o` tcj trhdshktnod9 8;3 (1>.11%) 8> (86.>3%) 88 (0.;0%) ; (8.1;%) 5 (8.80%) 81;

]rustwortcndjss/codjsty o` tcj Qjesntj9 8=: (3;.35%) 8= (3.6>%) 3 (=.05%) ; (8.1;%) ; (8.1;%) 81;

]rustwortcndjss/codjsty o` tcj promuktndòrbhtnod9 85: (15.5:%) ;: (56.5;%) 0 (;.=1%) : (5.3>%) 5 (8.80%) 81;


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85) @jjl `rjj to anvj hdy otcjr kobbjdts9

Odlndj scoppnda ns ejttjr nd bost khsjs.

Iust sjkurnty ns h bhnd kodkjrd, rjst ns aoom. [jkurnty o` krjmnt khrms ns cnac kodkjrd, sndkj trust ns tcj `nrst tcnda kobjs nd bndm wcjd nt kobjs

to scoppnda odlndj. [coppnda odlndj ns ejst why to shvj tnbj. Vrovnmj vhrnjty. Do kustobjr sjrvnkj nd odlndj scoppnda h tjr euynda. Mjlhy nd mjlnvjry tnbnda. Bhdy cnmmjd kchrajs h`tjr euynda.

Khdt ehrahnd. Cnmmjd bodtcly sueskrnptnod `jj.

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