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7/27/2019 What are the environmental issues associated with urban change.pptx
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What are the environmental issues
associated with urban change?
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Urban change can put increasing pressures on
the environment including:
Traffic congestion
Atmospheric pollution
Water pollution
Waste disposal
Urban dereliction
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Objectives for this topic
At the end of this topic you should be able to:
Explain the links between urban change and theresulting environmental issues.
Describe the main impact of these environmentalissues.
Outline the challenges involved in managingthese environmental issues
Identify some examples of attempts to reduce theimpact of urban change on the environment.
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The Brown Agenda Launched by UN in 1992 at same
time as Rio Earth Summit
Drew attention to consequences of development andurban growth on built environments. Major issuesraised
Lack of safe water, sanitation and sewage disposal(drainage)
Inadequate management of solid and hazardous waste.
Incidence of traffic, industrial and environmental
accidents. Uncontrolled emissions into the atmosphere.
The occupation of unsafe land by shanty towns.
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Water
Water is essential for human survival and for urban growth.
Water demand is rising in most areas. What do we use itfor? Why do you think MEDCs use more water than LEDCs?
Major problem is that urban water supplies are readily
contaminated by industrial waste, sewage and pollutioncarried in urban runoff. In rural areas agricultural practicessuch as applying manure and artificial fertilisers can lead tolethal chemicals seeping into reservoirs and groundwaterstores.
It is difficult to collect and store water to ensure acontinuous supply during long dry seasons.
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Problems with a high demand for
water:
Cities such as London and Mexico are slowly
sinking as the groundwater is being removed
allowing underlying rocks to compress. M.C.
has subsided by 7m since 1940.
Increased areas of land are given over to
reservoirs e.g. The Lea Valley in London.
Water is transported ever greater distances so
potentially depriving the source area.
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Waste
Urban areas create huge quantities of solid
waste, particularly in MEDCs due to increasing
consumption and throwaway societies.
Recycling waste is the obvious solution but it
is not always done to its full potential due to
cost and technological reasons.
The challenge remains as to what to do with
non-recyclable waste, particularly toxic waste.
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Waste problems for urban centres:
Difficulties in locating and establishing landfillsites.
Pollution from landfill sites (methane and
groundwater pollution). Very high cost.
High transportation costs and the resulting air
pollution (traffic fumes) Risk of vermin and disease from rubbish
waiting to be collected.
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Comparison of waste production
MEDCs and LEDCsMEDC LEDC
Waste per person (kg/year)
composed of
800-1200 100-340
Organic matter 10% 75%
Paper 25% 2%
Plastics 35% 2%
Glass 15% 3%
Metals 10% 3%
Others 5% 15%
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Traffic and Transport
The movement of people and goods is a vitalaspect of urban areas.
The more efficient the movement the better it
is for the environment and the people. Three specific issues can be identified with
this
Traffic congestion Oil consumption
Public vs Private transport
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Traffic congestion
A major feature of most modern urban areas.
Caused by a range of factors including:outdated road networks, rise in cars,
concentration of jobs and services in the core. Resulting problems include: waste of time and
fuel, pollution, noise, stress, danger to
pedestrians, accidents. Paratransit is a major problem in many LEDC
citiesParatransit: mode of transport which does not
follow fixed routes or timetables e.g. Rickshaws,
minibuses, pedicabs. A major part of the informal
economy in LEDC cities
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Possible solutions to traffic congestion
problems
Segregation
Parking
Vehicle control Public transport
Traffic Information systemsHowever, these solutions are more likely to
prove effective in MEDC than LEDC citiesdue to the high incidence of paratransit in
LEDCs.
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Air pollution
Has been reduced in MEDCs due to deindustrialisation and
clean air legislation but has shifted to LEDCs.
Major polluters are:
Vehicles
Industry
Power stations
Domestic heating
Major concerns are the effects on :Human health and wildlife
Contribution to global warming
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The 3 main pollutants causing serious risk to human health are
suspended particles (soot, smoke, dust and liquid particles),
sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxide
Pollutant Effects on health
Sulpher dioxide and smoke Potential health effects include temporary respiratory in
sensitive groups exposed to high levels for short periods
and an increased prevalence of respiratory problems for
long term exposure.
Nitrogen dioxide Acute exposure can cause transient respiratory problems:
children and asthmatics are at greatest risk.
Ozone High levels increase susceptibility to infections and
respiratory disease; can cause irritation of eyes, nose and
throat, chest discomfort, coughs and headaches.
Carbon monoxide Reduces oxygen supply to the body, impairing physical
coordination, vision and judgment; affects central nervous
and cardiovascular systems; those with heart disease are at
most risk
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The net results of air pollution are as follows: Increase in number of deaths (est 8000 per year in Delhi).
Increase in rates of lung disease (40% more cases of
pneumonia occur in people living near motorways inEngland).
Expensive hospitalisation.
Absence from work.
Dirty buildings = Increased cleaning costs.
Smogs. Acid rain
Greenhouse effect.
General environmental damage to a range of vegetation.
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Urban dereliction and Brownfield sites.
Derelict land is an old name for areas now called Brownfield sites. These
are areas where buildings have been abandoned. They are often in a state
of disrepair.
Urban areas are dynamic and frequently changing, one negative effect of
this dereliction which has 3 main contributory causes:
Inevitable ageing and decay of buildings with the passage of time.
Movement of urban activities to better and more profitable locations
Basic changes in an urban economy brought about by the collapse of
certain notable activities.
Dereliction is often a temporary phase and much derelict land is
reclaimed for things like housing, tourism, industry etc.
Can you think of any examples?
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http://www.google.co.uk/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=tjS5nszXGF7aIM&tbnid=n8ZLF1XVfK_8qM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/habitats/Brownfield_land&ei=qI9KUoHDB8iW0AWo74GgDg&bvm=bv.53371865,d.d2k&psig=AFQjCNHXOSCA74E7cVc-HGQ_yt8qt98uAw&ust=13807045412784587/27/2019 What are the environmental issues associated with urban change.pptx
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Brownfield: Land previously used for urbandevelopments e.g. Factories, terraced housing etc.
The government prefers the use of Brownfield sites fornew developments. This means they regularly financeEnterprise Zones
In England government policy is that 60% of all newhomes should be built on Brownfield land
Can you foresee any problems with this idea?
Brownfield sites Greenfield sites
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Brownfield sites Greenfield sites
Derelict sites in urban areas New sites, usually on agricultural land in green
belts around urban areas.
The land is available, but can be costly to
reclaim if it has been polluted by industrial
use; this information may not be readily
available.
Land is not available unless planning
permission has been obtained; there will
usually be a public enquiry and a delay of
several years which will add to costs.
Housing is likely to be built at high density to
reflect the cost of the land; there is less
demand for such housing as it is in less
fashionable areas.
Housing will be at a relatively low density
compared with brownfield sites; there is a
great demand for such housing as it is in
fashionable areas.
Infrastructure is usually present, though
existing facilities can become overloaded.
Infrastructure costs are high as new sewerage,
water, gas and electricity supplies have to be
considered; similarly new schools and medicalfacilities may be needed.
Sites tend to be small patches of land. Sites tend to be large.
The environment is improved. The environment is harmed.
Existing services close by. New service provision is required.
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Tasks Make a list of the issues involved that make using brownfield sites
difficult or unpopular.
Read the information on building on the floodplain (pg 199) andoutline the key issues.
Complete the London and Mumbai comparison activity. (pg 202)
Read the case studies in the topic 3 booklet: The environmentalissues associated with urban change. You should be looking at CarShare and BART in San Francisco, Reducing air pollution and The
New East Manchester Plan. Make appropriate notes so that you canremember the key points to use as examples in exam questions.
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For each of the categories you will need to produce a
fact file. It should include the following:
A range of visual material showing the problems.
2 contrasting cities, one MEDC city and one LEDC
city.
Show how these pressures/problems effect the
quality of life of people who live in the cities by
looking at the environmental, social and economic
implications.
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Specific city websites can be used to identify a
range of issues.
General websites such as:
www.un.org (UN- millennium goals)
www.urbanicity.org (citiesonline/europeancities)
May be a useful starting point
http://www.un.org/http://www.urbanicity.org/http://www.urbanicity.org/http://www.un.org/7/27/2019 What are the environmental issues associated with urban change.pptx
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Issues associated with traffic
congestion:
Wikipedia Mexico City, Los Angeles,
Bangkok.
Google BART (Transport management)
www.nexus.org.uk (Tyne and Wear metro)
www.metrolink.co.uk (Manchester metro)
www.tfl.gov.uk (Transport management inLondon)
www.bbc.co.uk (traffic congestion)
http://www.nexus.org.uk/http://www.metrolink.co.uk/http://www.tfl.gov.uk/http://www.bbc.co.uk/http://www.bbc.co.uk/http://www.tfl.gov.uk/http://www.metrolink.co.uk/http://www.nexus.org.uk/7/27/2019 What are the environmental issues associated with urban change.pptx
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Issues associated with atmospheric
pollution
Wikipedia Mexico City, Los Angeles, Sao
Paulo, Bangkok.
http://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/urbandevelopment (urban
problems).
http://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/urbandevelopmenthttp://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/urbandevelopmenthttp://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/urbandevelopment7/27/2019 What are the environmental issues associated with urban change.pptx
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Issues associated with water pollution:
Wikipedia Cairo, Sao Paulo, Bangkok
www.worldbank.org (urban problems)
www.wateraid.org.uk
http://www.worldbank.org/http://www.wateraid.org.uk/http://www.wateraid.org.uk/http://www.worldbank.org/7/27/2019 What are the environmental issues associated with urban change.pptx
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Issues associated with waste disposal
Wikipedia Cairo, Sao Paulo, Bangkok.
Google managing waste
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Issues associated with urban
dereliction
Wikipedia Mexico City, Sao Paulo, Bangkok.
www.worldbank.org (slums, self help
schemes, urban problems)
www.urbansplash.co.uk (regeneration of
derelict industrial sites in the UK).
http://www.worldbank.org/http://www.urbansplash.co.uk/http://www.urbansplash.co.uk/http://www.worldbank.org/