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What is a neurotransmitter? Substance released at axon terminals Stimulates muscle contraction Stimulates nerve impulse
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What are the different parts of a neuron?
• Dendrites• Cell body• Axon• Axon terminal• Myelin sheath
What is a neurotransmitter?
• Substance released at axon terminals• Stimulates muscle contraction • Stimulates nerve impulse
What is your central nervous system?
• Brain• Spinal Cord
What is the function of your Autonomic Nervous System?
• Inovluntary Response• Emotional (Fight/Flight):
– Increased adrenaline– Increase sweat– Pupil dilation– Increased heart and respiratory rate
• Natural– Digestion– Excretion
What is a neuron like at resting potential?
• Inside less positive Less K+ ions• Outside more positive More Na+ ions
What is the spinal cord?
• Middle man between body and brain• Contains motor pathways• Contains sensory pathways
What are unipolar neurons?
• Cell body away from dendrites• Sends sensory / afferent messages to
CNS
What are multipolar neurons?
• Cell body directly off of dendrites• Sends motor/efferent messages from CNS
to body
What do you use Broca’s Area for?
• Speech production• Complicated speech
What does your occipital lobe do?
• Vision• Combines images to form complete
picture
What does your temporal lobe do?
• Visual + Auditory Memory
What is your cerebellum for?
• Coordinates muscle movement• Makes movement smooth
What are your thalamus and hypothalamus used for?
• Maintaining fluid-ion levels• Maintaining salt levels
Describe the pathway for an involuntary, natural response:
• Sensory • CNS • Motor • Autonomic • Parasympathetic
Describe the pathway for an involuntary, emotional response:
• Sensory • CNS • Motor • Autonomic • Sympathetic
Describe the pathway for a voluntary response:
• Sensory • CNS • Motor • Somatic
What are the events in a nerve impulse?
• Neurotransmitter • Opening of Na+ channels • Na+ flows into neuron • Opening of K+ channels • K+ flows out of neuron
What are junctions?
• Space between…• 2 neurons• 1 neuron + 1 muscle (effector organ)
What are different ways to describe a nerve impulse?
• Electrical current• Flow of charged particles• Movement of ions• Movement of sodium in, and potassium
out
What are neurons?
• Nerve cells• The dendrites receive incoming messages• The cell body integrates incoming
messages• The axon sends messages out• The axon terminal is the end of outgoing
messages
What happens with your iris when you go from a dark bright room?• Iris contracts• Decreases amount of light entering eye
What happens to your iris when you go from a bright dark room?• Iris relaxes• Increases amount of light entering eye
What is myopia?
• Nearsightedness• Bulging or Enlarged Cornea• Light overfocused
How do you fix myopia?
• Lens which is thinner in the middle• Spreads out light rays
What is hyperopia?
• Farsightedness• Flattened cornea• Light underfocused
How can you fix hyperopia?
• Lens that is thicker in the middle• Will condense light rays
What is the sclera?
• Outermost, white tissue of eye
What is the choroid?
• Made of dark pigments• Keeps light inside eye
What is the pupil?
• Hole in the iris• Lets light into the eye
What is the iris?
• Colored ring around pupil• Contracts + Relaxes to control amount of
light entering eye
What is the optic nerve?
• Connected between Retina + Brain• Relays visual impulses
What’s another word for afferent?
• sensory
What’s another word for efferent?
• motor
What are some involuntary organs?
• Intestines• Stomach• Heart• Glands• Kidneys
What are some voluntary organs?
• Skeletal muscle
List out the tissues of the eye:
• Outermost = Sclera• Choroid• Innermost = Retina
What could cause sound waves to not get to your cochlea?
• Damage to hammer, anvil and stirrup• Damage to ear drum (tympanic
membrane)
What does the basilar membrane respond to?
• Changes in pitch
What does your otolithic membrane respond to?
• Changes in static equilibrium• Head upright or not
What does your endolymph fluid + cap respond to?
• Changes in dynamic equilibrium• Head twisting and turning?
What is conduction deafness?
• Temporary• Damage to tympanic membrane, hammer-
anvil-stirrup
What is sensorineural deafness?
• Permanent damage• Damage to receptor hairs• Damage to cochlea• Caused by disease, virus, genetics
Describe the process of smelling:
• Smell = organic molecules• Organic molecules dissolve in nose mucus• Molecules bind to olfactory receptor hairs
Where do you taste something sweet?
• Very front tip of tongue• Taste monosaccharides (sugars)
Where do you taste something sour?
• Back Sides of tongue• Taste acidic, hydrogen ions in food
Where do you taste something salty?
• Front sides of tongue• Taste metallic ions in food
Where do you taste something bitter?
• Very back of tongue• Taste alkaline or nitrogenous compounds
in food
Which receptors pick up on changes in temperature?
• thermoreceptors
Which receptors pick up on pain?
• nociceptors
Which receptors pick up on deep vibrations?
• paccinian
KNOW THIS DIAGRAM!
KNOW THIS DIAGRAM!
KNOW THIS DIAGRAM!
KNOW THIS DIAGRAM!