WHAT ARE THE WHAT ARE THE CAUSES OF CAUSES OF MIGRATION?MIGRATION?

PUSH AND PULL FACTORSPUSH AND PULL FACTORS

PUSH FACTORSPUSH FACTORS

Low wagesLow wages PovertyPoverty FamineFamine UnemploymentUnemployment Natural disastersNatural disasters

PULL FACTORSPULL FACTORS

High wagesHigh wages Cheap landCheap land Attractive living conditionsAttractive living conditions Opportunities for economic Opportunities for economic

advancementadvancement

BARRIERS TO MIGRATIONBARRIERS TO MIGRATION

Physical cost of movePhysical cost of move Mental costs of breaking family or Mental costs of breaking family or

cultural tiescultural ties Age, Health, Marital status, DistanceAge, Health, Marital status, Distance Immigration policiesImmigration policies

INTERVENING OPPORTUNITIESINTERVENING OPPORTUNITIES

As one migrates, there could be stops As one migrates, there could be stops along the way which could be positive or along the way which could be positive or negative, but the migrant does not negative, but the migrant does not reach his/her final destination. The reach his/her final destination. The migrant stays where the intervening migrant stays where the intervening opportunity has taken place. For opportunity has taken place. For example this could be a job offer. The example this could be a job offer. The migrant could be migrating from Bangla migrant could be migrating from Bangla Desh to the UK but as he/she travels Desh to the UK but as he/she travels through Italy to reach the UK a job is through Italy to reach the UK a job is given to him and he/she stays in Italy.given to him and he/she stays in Italy.

FORCED MIGRATIONFORCED MIGRATION

This is negative selected migration This is negative selected migration where there is little choice involved where there is little choice involved in the movement and in the choice of in the movement and in the choice of the destination.the destination.

Reasons are usually politically Reasons are usually politically motivated or for emergency motivated or for emergency economic reasonseconomic reasons

MAIN CAUSES OF FORCED MAIN CAUSES OF FORCED MIGRATIONMIGRATION

War, especially civil warWar, especially civil war Political persecutionPolitical persecution Lack of freedom & individual rightsLack of freedom & individual rights FamineFamine Major natural disastersMajor natural disasters

REFUGEESREFUGEES

Migrants who are forced to migrate Migrants who are forced to migrate and arrive in another country. If the and arrive in another country. If the movement is politically motivated, movement is politically motivated, they often ask for asylum status.they often ask for asylum status.

INTERNALLY DISPLACED INTERNALLY DISPLACED PERSONSPERSONS

Refugees within their own country. Refugees within their own country. They are forced to leave their region They are forced to leave their region and they move to another part of the and they move to another part of the country.country.

RECENT EXAMPLES OF RECENT EXAMPLES OF FORCED MIGRATIONFORCED MIGRATION

Sudan – DarfurSudan – Darfur

IRAQIRAQ

IRANIRAN