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Landscape approaches for sustainable development, water and land resource management
World Water Week, Stockholm, 26th August 2015
What are integrated landscape approaches and how effectively have they been implemented in the tropics?
What are integrated landscape approaches?
A response to the failings of sectorial land management approaches
The latest in a series of attempts to concurrently address conservation and development challenges
A refinement of previous approaches
A method to integrate stakeholders at multiple scales
A framework to integrate policy and practice
An attempt to reconcile traditional scientific disciplinary divides
A land management strategy to fulfill social, economic, ecological & cultural objectives
A tool to assess performance and manage trade-offs within the landscape
All of the above?
Development of the “Landscape Approach”
1980s 1990s 2000s 2010 - present
1980s: Integrated Rural Development
1998: Integrated Natural Resource Management (INRM)
1985 onwards: Integrated Conservation & Development projects (ICDPs)
Contributing Sciences:Ecosystem ManagementLandscape EcologyIsland biogeography
Conservation rooted frameworks e.g. “Ecosystem Approach”
1992: “Landscape Approach” first documented (Barrett 1992)
Last decade: (Integrated) Landscape Approach frameworks
Landscapes are complex socio-ecological systems
Hypothesis:
The confusion over the conceptualization and application of integrated landscape approaches is impeding policy traction and practitioner uptake.
Terminology confusion (from Google):
“We use the same words but we aren’t speaking the same language”
Objective:
Systematically map the available evidence to provide clarity
Systematic Review Maps
• Transparent, repeatable, pre-determined methodology
• Commonly used in medical research
• Recently adopted by natural and social sciences
(see www.environmentalevidence.org)
Methods
Evolution of search terms and strategy:
• Internal/external consultation
• Two stakeholder workshops (Nairobi, Kenya & Cape Tribulation, Australia)
• Extensive scoping exercise using Web of Science
• Developed inclusion/exclusion criteria for studies
• Protocol published. See Reed et al.
2015http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf/2047-2382-4-2.pdf
Specialist databases:
Scopus
CAB Direct
ISI Web of Knowledge
PubMed
Internet searches:
Google Scholar
Other:
Grey literature search
Screening results: peer-reviewed articles
26,303 scoping results in WoK
using 35 revised search terms
13,290 Publications captured with
refined search terms
All TITLES screened
271,974 results from initial 56
main search terms trialed in WoK
1,171 Relevant studies
All ABSTRACTS screened
382 Relevant studies
All FULL TEXTS screened
82 Final studies of relevance
Preliminary results: geographic coverage
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Africa Central Asia South America SubContinental
Asia
Multiple SE Asia Australasia CentralAmerica
No
. of
case
stu
die
s
Region
Preliminary results: entry point
29%
16%
25%
13%
13%
4%
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Livelihoods
Water
Forests
Soil
Biodiversity Conservation
Agriculture
Percentage of peer-reviewed studies (%)
Preliminary results (peer-reviewed literature only)
Success of implementation Reasons identified for success
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
Successful Not determined Mixed
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Successful Mixed
Lessons learned
• Often funded on short term or temporary basis (time limited project investments)• Terminology issues• Landscape approach remains relatively under-theorized• Lack of true integration across scientific disciplines• Institutional barriers - government agencies still rooted in silos• Governance concerns• Empowerment and engagement concerns• Lack of appropriate metrics and monitoring• Stop making assumptions, start acting…but how?!