Westward ExpansionWestward Expansion

• What does the term “frontier of exclusion” imply about United States expansion?

Exploring the WestExploring the West

• 60 years after independence majority of the US population lived west of the original 13 states

• Expansion linked to the market revolution, transportation improvements, and increases commerce

From A Coastal to A ContinentalFrom A Coastal to A ContinentalNation Nation

• Between 1800–1840 9 states west of the Appalachians will be added to the Union

• (Ohio, Louisiana, Indiana, Mississippi, Illinois, Alabama, Missouri, Arkansas, Michigan)

The Fur Trade 1820’s-1840’sThe Fur Trade 1820’s-1840’s

• Rocky Mountain Fur Company

• Rendezvous System – polyglot affair

• Mountain Men – James Beckwourth, Jedediah Smith, Thomas “Broken Hand” Fitzpatrick, John C. Fremont all pave the way for future exploration

Thomas “Broken Hand”Fitzpatrick

James Beckwourth

JedediahSmith John C.

Freemont

Government Sponsored Exploration

• 1804-06 - Lewis and Clark

• 1806-07 - Zebulon Pike

• 1819-20 – Major Stephen Lang maps the Great Plains

• 1843-44 John C. Fremont maps trails to Oregon and California

• 1869 Major John Wesley Powell maps the Grand Canyon

Art of the American West

Expansion and Indian Policy

• Indians east of the Mississippi River will be moved to west of the Mississippi River, so they can live “undisturbed”

• From Mississippi River to western edge of Iowa, Missouri and Arkansas will be a “permanent Indian frontier”

• By the 1820’s the Indain frontier was being crossed by trails heading west

• Removal did not solve Indian problem

““Go west, young man!”Go west, young man!”

• Expansion involved risk• British land claims in Pacific Northwest• Mexican land claims encompassing all or parts of present day Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, Utah, Nevada, California and Colorado• 75,000 plus Spanish speaking people• 150,000 Native American people (Plains Indians)

Manifest DestinyManifest Destiny

• Phrase coined by newspaperman John L. O’Sullivan

• Expressed the idea that it was our God given right to rule the continent

• Why shouldn’t we?

John L. O’SullivanJohn L. O’Sullivan

Would Manifest Destiny create Would Manifest Destiny create a western Slave Empire? a western Slave Empire?

• Since 1803 the slave states of Louisiana, Mississippi, Missouri, Arkansas, Florida, Texas all added to the Union

• Iowa will be the only non-slave state western state added, that is not part of the Old Northwest or the Missouri Compromise

The Politics of ExpansionThe Politics of Expansion

• Democratic Party – supporters of “Manifest Destiny” cotton growers, fear industrial power, believe in Jeffersonian ideals, spread influence of agriculture

• Whigs – develop industrial power with in current borders, fear spread of slavery

““Westward, Ho!!!!”Westward, Ho!!!!”

• From Independence, Missouri to California and Oregon

• Wagon trains will travel 15 miles a day for up to 7 months

• Motivation – land, pride, curiosity

• You will become “A stranger in a strange land”

OregonOregon

• Early trade led to a “frontier of inclusion”• Convention of 1818 – US & GB agree to share

the region• 1830’s - Missionaries begin moving into the

Willamette Valley little luck in converting Native peoples

• 1840’s – Farmers arrive and create a “frontier of exclusion”, claim lands that they have no title to

Oregon TrailOregon Trail

Oregon and PoliticsOregon and Politics

• 1844 Democratic Presidential candidate makes expansion an issue

• 54 -40 or Fight Polk wants lands all the way to Alaska

• 1846 US & GB compromise at the 49th parallel• Northern Dems. Angered, opens a breach in

party• Single white males will receive 320 acres of

lane, married 640 acres

The Oregon Dispute: The Oregon Dispute: 54’ 40º or Fight!54’ 40º or Fight!

The Oregon Dispute: The Oregon Dispute: 54’ 40º or Fight!54’ 40º or Fight!

The Santa Fe TrailThe Santa Fe Trail

American SouthwestAmerican Southwest

• Santa Fe Trail – 900 miles of danger

• Independence, Missouri to Santa Fe, New Mexico

• Polyglot communities along the trail

• Texas at one time was big enough to hold three communities, Comanche, Tejano, American

The Texas War for The Texas War for IndependenceIndependence

Mexican Independence achieved from Spain in 1821

Mexico includes California, New Mexico, Arizona and Texas

The United States will conduct a vigorous trade with Mexico along the Santa Fe Trail and by sailing around South America to the coast of California

GTT – Gone to TexasGTT – Gone to Texas

• 1822 Stephen Austin brings first settlers from the US to Mexico

• 1825 1,000 plus settlers have emigrated to Mexican Texas, most from the slave holding South

• Mexican requirements – take an oath of loyalty to Mexico and practice the Catholic faith

SlaverySlavery

• 1829 - Mexico abolishes slavery• 1830 - Mexico passes anti-immigration legislation to stop

further settlement by US citizens• 1833 – General Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna begins rule as dictator• 1835 – 30,000 US immigrants in Texas with 3,000 slaves• North American settlers in Texas announce that they

intend to secede from  Mexico rather than give up their "right" to slavery

• 1836 – Stephen Austin on Mexico, “a mongrel Spanish-Indian & negro race, against civilization & the Anglo Americans.”

There Will Be BloodThere Will Be Blood

• 1836 – March Texans declare independence in the town of Washington, Texas , due to restrictions on slavery, religion and immigration

• Sam Houston named Commander-in-Chief• March 6, 1836 small band of Texans

defeated by Santa Anna at the Alamo• March 20, 1836 defenders of Goliad

massacred by Mexican forces• April 21, 1836 Houston defeats Santa Anna

at San Jacinto

The AlamoThe Alamo

• Old Spanish mission located in San Antonio, Tx.

• Approx. 200 Texans led by William Travis, Jim Bowie and Davy Crockett stand in defiance of Santa Anna’s forces numbering in the thousands

• Text of Travis' Alamo Letter

• The Grand Canyon of Texas or Line in the Sand

• After 13 Days the Mexican Army will breach the walls of the Alamo and all the defenders of the Mission will be slaughtered• The Alamo and Goliad will become the rallying cry for Sam Houston’s army• American legends Jim Bowie and Davy Crockett are immortalized in death

Davy Crockett Jim Bowie

FreedomFreedom

• May 14th 1836 Santa Anna signs the Treaty of Velasco recognizing Texan independence

• Sam Houston becomes first president of Texas• Santa Anna renounces the treaty

Texas and StatehoodTexas and Statehood

• 1837 Texas applies for statehood

• John Q. Adams leads vote against statehood, Senate will not vote to add a 15th slave state

• March Pres. Jackson recognizes the Republic of Texas, offers to buy state from Mexico

Texas and StatehoodTexas and Statehood

• US will deny statehood until 1845

• Issues of slavery – North cries a slavocarcy conspiracy if Texas is added

• Potential war with Mexico

• In 1819 through the Adams-Onis Treaty the US had given up a claim to Texas

• US citizens will continue to push westward

The Mexican War 1846-48The Mexican War 1846-48

• Causes : Texas statehood, ending of diplomatic relations, border dispute,

James K. Polk, Bear Flag Rebellion, Slidell mission, General Zachary Taylor

The Slidell Mission: Nov., 1845The Slidell Mission: Nov., 1845The Slidell Mission: Nov., 1845The Slidell Mission: Nov., 1845

Mexican recognition of the Rio Grande River as the TX-US border.

US would forgive American citizens’claims against the Mexican govt.

US would purchase the New Mexico and California provinces for $30 million

Mexican recognition of the Rio Grande River as the TX-US border.

US would forgive American citizens’claims against the Mexican govt.

US would purchase the New Mexico and California provinces for $30 million

John SlidellJohn Slidell

Blood is SpilledBlood is Spilled

• April 1846 General Taylor moves south of Nueces River, shots fired, American casualties

• Polk – “Mexico has passed the boundary of the US…and shed American blood on American soil…”

• May 1846 Congress declares war on Mexico

The Mexican War The Mexican War (1846-1848)(1846-1848)

The Mexican War The Mexican War (1846-1848)(1846-1848)

Bloodshed on the Border?Bloodshed on the Border?

• Abraham Lincoln’s Spot Resolution

• William Lloyd Garrison – war of conquest

• Henry David Thoreau – civil disobedience

• Frederick Douglas – war on a sister republic

• Whigs – unnecessary war, compromise on Oregon, fight for Texas?

• Sectionalism surfaces over slavery

Events in the warEvents in the war

• California – 1846 - taken by General Stephen Kearny and Captain John C. Fremont, Bear Flag Republic established, Captain John D. Sloat captures Monterey and declares California US territory

Battle BriefsBattle Briefs

• By the end of 1846 California and Northern Mexico in US hands

• Feb. 1847 Santa Anna beaten back by General Taylor at Buena Vista

• March 1847 General Winfield “Old Fuss and Feathers” Scott with an amphibious attack captures Veracruz

• Six more months of hard fighting will culminate in Scott’s capture of Mexico City

War FactsWar Facts

• Scott, “committed atrocities to make Heaven weep and every American of Christian morals blush for his country.”

• Robert E. Lee, James Longstreet, Ulysses Grant, George Meade, Jefferson Davis and Stonewall Jackson all fight in the war

• 13,000 plus US deaths (disease), 30,000 Mexican deaths

• Cost the US $100 million plus

ContinuedContinued

• First amphibious assault made

• Gen. Zachary “Old Rough and Ready” parlays fame to the White House

• Saint Patrick’s Battalion

• Sept. 13, 1847 "Dia de Los Niños Heroes de Chapultepec”

• Imbedded reporters with troops, use of telegraph for war reports

ChapultepecChapultepec

Treaty of Guadalupe HidalgoTreaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

• Polk’s envoy Nicolas Trist

delivers peace terms

• Mexico loses all or part of

California, New Mexico, Texas, Nevada, Utah, Colorado, and Arizona

TreatyTreaty

• US pays Mexico $15 million and assumes $2 million plus in Mexican debts owed to US citizens

• Polk will fire Trist for not getting “All Mexico”

• Polk had wanted the Mexican heartland

No to “All Mexico”No to “All Mexico”

• Northern Whigs - slavery• Ralph Waldo Emerson, “Mexico will poison us”• Southerners who feared giving Mexican people

territorial government• John C. Calhoun opposes acquisition of more

territory, “We make a great mistake , when we suppose that all people are capable of self government.” “colored and mixed-breed.”

The California Gold RushThe California Gold Rush

January 24, 1848 January 24, 1848

• The California gold rush began when gold was discovered at Sutter’s Mill

• As the news of discovery spread, some 300,000 people came to California from the rest of the United States and abroad

Click here to view a treasure map and see the destinations of the 49ersClick here to view a treasure map and see the destinations of the 49ers

These early gold

seekers called “49ers”

traveled to California by

sailing ships and

covered wagons across

the continent.

Clipper ShipClipper Ship

Chinese Immigration During the Chinese Immigration During the Gold RushGold Rush

• Thousands of Chinese workers immigrated to California during the gold rush.

• Though it was one of the most ethnically diverse regions of the country, the Chinese were subject to discrimination.

• They were relegated to doing the most menial labor.• In 1852, they became subject to a tax on foreign miners. • In 1882, Chinese immigration was outlawed with the Chinese Exclusion Act.

Techniques for retrieving gold Techniques for retrieving gold

• At first a technique called panning was used to retrieve gold from streams and riverbeds.

• Hydraulic mining was later invented in California. This technique was created for larger scale gold mining

The negative effects of the gold The negative effects of the gold rushrush

Native Americansbecame the victims ofdisease, starvation, andgenocidal attacks.- The Native American

population in 1845 was 150,000

- The Native American population in 1870 was less than 30,000.

Many people that

journeyed to California

from around the world

never made it.- The Donner party- A total of 87

people from various families set out for California and became snowbound in the Sierra Nevada. Only 48 of the original 87 pioneers survived.

To read the Donner party journals and learn more about their journey click here

Territorial Expansion, 1830-Territorial Expansion, 1830-18601860

1830

Territorial Expansion, 1830-Territorial Expansion, 1830-18601860

1850

Territorial Expansion, 1830-Territorial Expansion, 1830-18601860

1860