WESTERN EUROPE

GOVERNMENTS,ECONOMIES,

ANDMISCELLANEOUS

GOVERNMENT TYPES

DEMOCRACY

CONSTITUTIONAL MONARCHY

DICTATORSHIP

ECONOMY TYPES

• MOST ARE MIXED FREE MARKET• THEY ARE SUCCESSFUL TO VARYING

DEGREES

SOCIALIST ECONOMY IN SWEDEN• VERY HIGH TAXES TO PAY FOR:

• NATIONAL HEALTH INSURANCE• GOVERNMENT PAYS FOR: EDUCATION CHILDCARE YEAR OFF WORK AND FREE $$$ TO RAISE KIDS MEDICAL NEEDS

MORE THAN 60 % OF PEOPLE RELY ON GOVERNMENT FOR WORK OR WELFARE PAYMENTS

DIVISION OF EUROPE AFTER WW II

UNITED STATES

GREAT BRITAIN

FRANCE

USSR

BERLIN WALL

ERECTED 8-13-61

BREACHED 11-9-89

COMMUNIST LEGACY• POLLUTION AND ENVIRONMENTAL DESTRUCTION

• POOR INFRASTRUCTURE

• RUN-DOWN FACTORIES• LACK OF UNDERSTANDING OF AND FRAMEWORK FOR FREE MARKET ECONOMY

BENELUX• SEEDS OF THE EUROPEAN UNION• BELGIUM• NETHERLANDS• LUXEMBOURG

EUROPEAN UNION• Austria (1995) • Belgium (1952) • Bulgaria (2007) • Cyprus (2004)

• Czech Republic (2004) • Denmark (1973) • Estonia (2004) • Finland (1995) • France (1952) • Germany (1952) • Greece (1981)

Greece (1981) Hungary (2004) Ireland (1973) Italy (1952) Latvia (2004) Lithuania (2004) Luxembourg (1952) Malta (2004) Netherlands (1952) Poland (2004) Greece (1981) Hungary (2004) Ireland (1973) Italy (1952) Latvia (2004) Lithuania (2004) Luxembourg (1952) Malta (2004) Netherlands (1952) Poland (2004)

Portugal (1986) Romania (2007) Slovakia (2004) Slovenia (2004) Spain (1986) Sweden (1995) United Kingdom (1973) On the road to EU membership Acceding country Croatia Candidate Countries Iceland Montenegro Serbia The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia Turkey Potential candidates Albania Bosnia and Herzegovina Kosovo

Eight countries are waiting in the to join the European Union.

Countries have been told they can join the EU one day, IF THEY MEET THE CRITERIA.

These include: DEMOCRACYRULE OF LAW

MARKET ECONOMYFOLOLOWING EU’S GOALS OF POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC

UNION

Iceland is the latest country to seek EU membership.

NATONORTH ATLANTIC TREATY

ORGANIZATION NATO is a political and military alliance whose primary goals are the collective defense of its members and the maintenance of a democratic peace in the North Atlantic area.

All 28 Allies have an equal say, the Alliance’s decisions must be unanimous and consensual, and its members must respect the basic values that underpin the Alliance, namely democracy, individual liberty and the rule of law.

NATO has a military and civilian headquarters and an integrated military command structure but very few forces or assets are exclusively its own. Most forces remain under full national command and control until member countries agree to undertake NATO-related tasks.

Albania, Belgium, Bulgaria, Canada, Croatia, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Turkey, the United Kingdom, and the United States.

NATO MEMBERSAlbania, Belgium, Bulgaria, Canada, Croatia, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Turkey, the United Kingdom, and the United States.

UNITED STATES = MELTING POT

EUROPE = SALAD BOWL

FACTORS/EVENTS AFFECTING MIGRATION

• THE GREAT FAMINE

• BLACK DEATH

• INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

IRISH POTATO FAMINE• FAMINE – WIDESPREAD SHORTAGE OF

FOOD

• 1845–49 • Potato crop destroyed by a blight (disease) from North

America – it made crops rot in the field

• By the early 1840s, almost one-half of the Irish population—mostly rural poor—depended almost entirely on the potato for their food

The British government’s efforts to relieve the famine were inadequate.

Many Irish farms continued to export grain, meat, and other high-quality foods to Britain because the Irish peasants (poor people) had no money to buy them.

The peasants were not allowed (under threat of punishment or death) to eat the food they grew for the

rich landowners.

About one million people died from starvation or from typhus and other famine-related diseases.

The number of Irish who emigrated during the famine was about two million, many of whom went to the United States.

***See textbook page 307What cultural feature would help explain the emigration patterns during the Great Potato famine?

BLACK DEATHBUBONIC PLAGUEPNEUMONIC PLAGUE

BLACK DEATH

*SEE TEXTBOOK PAGE 356

1/3 EUROPE’S POPULATION DIED30 MILLION PEOPLE!

NOT ENOUGH WORKERSTENSION BETWEEN RICH AND POORTERRIFIED PEOPLE TURNED FROM THE CATHOLIC CHURCH TO OTHER PRACTICES

INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION• BEGAN IN BRITAIN BECAUSE THEY HAD THE

NECESSARY RESOURCES• COAL MINING, IRON MINING, AND LARGE LABOR

FORCE BY 1700’S• GOOD TRANSPORTATION NETWORK – RIVERS AND CANALS• WORLD’S FIRST RAILROADS – EARLY 1800’S

• WORLD’S FIRST SUBWAY SYSTEM - 1863

INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTIONTHE TRANSITION (CHANGE) FROM ANIMAL

POWER TO MACHINE POWER

LED TO INCREASED URBANIZATION

IRELANDIRISH REPUBLICAN ARMY

IRA RELIGION-BASED TERRORISM

CATHOLICS IN NORTHERN IRELAND DO NOT WANT TO BE PART OF THE

MAINLY PROTESTANT UNITED KINGDOM

STRAIT OF GIBRALTARSEPARATES EUROPE (SPAIN)

ACTUALLY GIBRALTAR IS AN AUTONOMOUS BRITISH OVERSEAS TERRITORY

FROM NORTH AFRICA (MOROCCO)CONNECTS MEDITERRANEAN SEA TO ATLANTIC OCEAN

*STRAIT – NARROW BODY OF WATER CONNECTING TWO LARGER BODIES OF WATER

HOW DOES MAN USE TECHNOLOGY TO MODIFY THE ENVIRONMENT?

• ICELAND HARNESSES GEOTHERMAL ENERGY• VENICE USES CANALS FOR TRANSPORTATION• THE NETHERLANDS BUILDS POLDERS FOR MORE

LAND

ICELAND

GEOTHERMAL ENERGY – HEAT FROM EARTH’S INTERIOR

VENICE CANALS

VENICE CANALSFLOODING NOVEMBER 2012

CREATED A PROBLEM WORSE THAN JUST HIGH WATER

VENICE CANALS90% OF THE CITY’S RAW SEWAGE

GOES STRAIGHT INTO THE CANALS

POLDER

LAND CLAIMED FROM THE SEA

POLDER

• BUILD A DIKE• PUMP WATER OUT • INSTALL WINDMILL• HAUL DIRT IN• PLANT, BUILD, ETC

POLDERGEMAAL – MODERN

PUMP

WINDMILLS – NOT USED MUCH ANY MORE