WESTERN CIVILIZATIONS BETWEEN1940s AND 1970s

F.GÜLHUN DURAN

TUBA ARSLAN

AFTER WORLD WAR IITWO MAJOR ALLIED POWERS

SOVIET UNION UNITED STATES

AFTER 1945, THE COLONIAL EMPIRES OF THE EUROPEAN NATIONS DISINTEGRATED, AND EUROPE’S PLACE IN THE WORLD CHANGED RADICALLY.

AS THE COLD WAR CONFLICT BETWEEN THE WORLD’S TWO SUPERPOWERS INTENSIFIED, THE EUROPEAN NATIONS WERE DIVIDED INTO TWO ARMED CAMPS DEPENDENT ON ONE OR THE OTHER OF THESE TWO MAJOR POWERS.

DEVELOPMENT OF THE COLD WAR

BEFORE WW II HAD ENDED, THE SUPERPOWERS HAD BEGAN TO DISAGREE ON THE NATURE OF THE POSTWAR EUROPEAN WORLD.

CONFRONTATION OF THE SUPERPOWERS

CONSIDERABLE HISTORICAL DEBATE HAS BEEN WAGED ABOUT WHO WAS RESPONSIBLE FOR STARTING THE COLD WAR. BOTH THE UNITED STATES AND THE SOVIET UNION TOOK STEPS AT THE END OF THE WW II THAT WERE UNWISE OR MIGHT HAVE BEEN AVOIDED.

BECAUSE OF THEIR DIFFERENT POLITICAL VIEWS, IT SHOULD NOT SUPRISE US THAT, TWO SUCH DIFFERENT SYSTEMS WOULD SEEK TO EXTEND THEIR WAY OF LIFE TO THE REST OF THE WORLD.

1945-1949

SUSPICIOUS OF EACH OTHER’S MOTIVES, THE UNITED STATES AND THE SOVIET UNION SOON RAISED THEIR MUTUAL FEARS TO A NUMBER OF EVENTS EMBROILED THE TWO COUNTRIES IN CONTINUAL CONFLICT.

DISAGREEMENT OVER EASTERN EUROPE

ANTI SOVIET• EASTERN EUROPEAN

NATIONS WOULD RETURN TO TRADITIONAL ANTI-SOVIET ATTITUDES IF THEY WERE PERMITTED FREE ELECTIONS BY THE UNITED STATES & GREAT BRITAIN (WEST)

PRO SOVIET• HAVING LIBERATED

EASTERN EUROPE FROM THE NAZIS, THE RED AMY PROCEEDED TO INSTALL PRO-SOVIET GOVERNING REGIMES IN POLAND, ROMANIA, BULGARIA AND HUNGARY.

• THESE PROSOVIET GOVERNMENTS SATISFIED STALIN’S DESIRE FOR A BUFFER ZONE AGAINST THE WEST

MARSHALL PLAN 1947ACCORDING TO TRUMAN DOCTRINE, IF THE SOVIETS WERE NOT STOPPED IN GREECE, THE UNITED STATES WOULD HAVE TO FACE THE SPREAD OF COMMUNISM THROUGHOUT THE FREE WORLD.AS DEAN ACHESON EXPLANIED “… THE CORRUPTION OF GREECE WOULD INFECT IRAN & ALL THE EAST…LIKEWISE AFRICA, ITALLY, FRANCE…”THE PROCLAMATION OF THE TRUMAN DOCTRINE WAS FOLLOWED IN 1947 BY THE MARSHALL PLAN WHICH INCLUDED $13 BILLION FOR THE ECONOMIC RECOVERY OF WAR-TORN EUROPE.

THE MARSHALL PLAN DIDNOT INCLUDE THE SOVIET UNION, HELPED SPEED UP THE DIVISION OF EUROPE INTO TWO COMPETING BLOCS.

THE TWO SUPERPOWERS

AGAINST PRO- SOVIET PURPOSES, UNITED STATES DEVELOPED FORMAL POLICIES WHICH CAUSED SPLIT TO BE A FACT OF LIFE IN EUROPE BETWEEN THE WEST AND EAST.

GERMAN FEDERAL REPUBLIC

GERMAN DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC

NEW MILITARY ALLIANCES

THE FIRST ATOMIC BOMB IN 1949 BY SOVIET UNION

THE NORTH ATLANTIC TREATY ORGANIZATION (NATO) WAS FORMED IN 1949 WHEN BELGIUM, BRITAIN, DENMARK, FRANCE, ICELAND, ITALY, LUXEMBURG, NETHERLANDS, NORWAY, PORTUGAL SIGNED A TREATY WITH THE UNITED STATES AND CANADA.WEST GERMANY, GREECE AND TURKEY JOINED A FEW YEARS LATER.WARSAW PACT IS FOUNDED IN 1955 BY ALBANIA, BULGARIA,CZECHOSLOVAKIA, EAST GERMANY,HUNGARY,POLAND, ROMANIA AND SOVIET UNION

GLOBALIZATION OF COLD WAR

AMERICAN FEARS ABOUT THE SPREAD OF COMMUNISM CAME TRUTH BY

CHINIESE CIVIL WAR

KOREAN WAR

SHORTLY THEREAFTER,

THESE WARS TURNED

THE COLD WAR INTO A

WORLDWIDE STRUGGLE.

GLOBALIZATION OF COLD WAR

BERLIN CRISIS

1957,THE SOVIET UNION LAUNCHED ITS FIRST INTERCONTINENTAL BALLISTIC MISSILE&THE FIRST SPACE SATELLITE, SPUTNIK I

1958, KRUSHCHEV THREATENED WEST TO REMOVE ITS FORCES FROM WEST BERLIN AND GAVE 6-MONTH, BUT IT IS RESULTED IN KRUSHCHEVS BACK DOWN.

1961, KRUSHCHEV THREATENED KENNEDY WITH ANOTHER 6-MONTH ULTIMATUM OVER WEST BERLIN.

1961, EAST GERMAN WORKERS UNDER MILITARY SUPERVISION BEGAN THE CONSTRUCTION OF THE BERLIN WALL TO CUT OFF THE FLOW.

GLOBALIZATION OF COLD WARTHE CUBAN MISSILE CRISIS

1961, AN AMERICAN-SUPPORTED ATTEMPT TO INVADE CUBA VIA THE BAY OF PIGS AND OVERTHROW CASTRO’S REGIME ENDED IN UTTER FAILURE.

1962, THE SOVIET UNION DECIDED TO STATION NUCLEAR MISSILES IN CUBA. THE UNITED STATES WAS NOT PREPARED TO ALLOW NUCLEAR WEAPONS WITHIN SUCH CLOSE STRIKING DISTANCE OF AMERICA, EVEN THOUGH IT HAD PLACED NUCLEAR WEAPONS IN TURKEY WITHIN EASY RANGE OF THE SOVIET UNION.

PEACEFUL SOLUTION: KHRUSHCHEV AGREED TO TURN BACK THE FLEET IF KENNEDY PLEDGED NOT TO INVADE CUBA.

GLOBALIZATION OF COLD WARTHE VIETNAM WAR

1954, VIETNAM HAD BEEN DIVIDED.

A STRONGLY NATIONALISTIC REGIME IN THE NORTH UNDER HO CHI MINH RECEIVED SOVIET AID, WHILE AMERICAN SPONSORS WORKED TO ESTABLISH A PRO-WESTERN REGIME IN SOUTH VIETNAM.

KENNEDY ADMINISTRATION GREW INCREASINGLY DISENCHANTED WITH THE DIEM REGIME, WHICH WAS CORRUPT AND SEEMED INCAPABLE OF GAINING SUPPORT FROM THE PEOPLE.

GLOBALIZATION OF COLD WAR

1963, THE U.S. GOVERNMENT SUPPORTED A MILITARY COUP THAT OVERTHREW THE DIEM REGIME. HOWEVER, THE NEW MILITARY GOVERNMENT SEEMED EVEN LESS ABLE TO GOVERN THE COUNTRY.

ALTHOUGH NATIONALISM PLAYED A POWERFUL ROLE IN THIS CONFLICT, AMERICAN POLICY MAKERS SAW IT IN TERMS OF A DOMINO THEORY CONCERNING THE SPREAD COMMUNISM.

US FORCES FAILED TO PREVAIL OVER THE PERSISTENCE OF THE NORTH VIETNAMESE AND ESPECIALLY THE VIETCONG.GUERILLA FORCES IN THERE WERE EXTREMELY EFFECTIVE AGAINST AMERICAN TROOPS.

GLOBALIZATION OF COLD WAR1966, THE GROWING NUMBER OF TROOPS SENT TO

VIETNAM PRODUCED AN ANTIWAR MOVEMENT IN THE U.S., AS WELL AS IN EUROPE. SO, ANTIWAR PROTESTS BROKE OUT ALL OVER FRANCE AND SPREAD THROUGHOUT EUROPE.

1973, U.S. REACHED AN AGREEMENT WITH NORTH VIETNAM.

1975,SOUTH VIETNAM SURRENDERED TO THE NORTH & VIETNAM WAS REUNITED.

BY THE END OF THE VIETNAM WAR, A NEW ERA IN AMERICAN SOVIET RELATIONS HAD BEGUN TO EMERGE.

CHRONOLOGY OF THE COLD WAR

1947 TRUMAN DOCTRINE1947 EUROPEAN RECOVERY PROGRAM (MARSHALL

PLAN)1948-1949 BERLIN BLOCKADE1949 COMMUNISTS WIN CIVIL WAR IN CHINA1949 SOVIET EXPLODES FIRST ATOMIC BOMB1949 FORMATION OF NATO 1950-1953 KOREAN WAR1955 FORMATION OF WARSAW PACT1958 BERLIN CRISIS1962 CUBAN MISSILE CRISIS1964-1973 VIETNAM WAR

DECOLONIZATION

IT IS IMPORTANT TO THE PROCESS OF DECOLONIZATION AFTER THE WAR, THE POWER OF THE EUROPEAN STATES HAD BEEN DESTROYED BY THE STRUGGLES OF WWII.

DECOLONIZATION

IN AFRICA

BY THE LATE 1950s BRITAIN AND FRANCE HAD DECIDED TO ALLOW INDEPENDENCE FOR MOST OF THEIR AFRICAN COLONIES. MOST OF THE NEW STATES HAD DIFFICULTY PROMOTING ECONOMIC GROWTH AND DEALING WITH INTERNAL ETHNIC ANIMOSITIES

DECOLONIZATION

IN MIDDLE EAST

UNDER THE CONTROL OF THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE PRIOR TO WW I, MUCH OF THE MIDDLE EAST WAS RULED DIRECTLY OR INDIRECTLY BY THE BRITISH AND THE FRENCH AFTER THE WAR. BRITISH DID MAINTAIN CONTROL OF SMALL STATES IN THE PERSIAN GULF AND ARABIAN SEA REGION UNTIL 1971

DECOLONIZATION

IN ASIABRITAIN AND U.S. FACILITATED RELATIVELY PEACEFUL TRANSITIONS TO INDEPENDENCE FOR THEIR POSSESSIONS IN ASIA.COLD WAR TENSIONS IN ASIA LED TO BOTH THE KOREAN WAR AND THE VIETNAM WAR.

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