7/30/2019 Western Civilization: Late Middle Ages

1/2

ChapterTenTheLateMiddleAges

Crisis#1:TheBlackDeath

Plaguehitmanytimesbefore Lastmajoroutbreakwasin7thcentury Alsocalledbubonicplague

Causes

o Susceptiblepopulation:becauseofincreasinglybaddietssincestartof14thcenturysawhugecropfailure,thisledtodeclininghealthofpopulation

o Bacillusingutoffleaonblackrats Spreadmostlikelythroughtrade ProbablyoriginatedincentralAsia

Typeso Bubonic(50%60%deathrate)o Pneumonic(80%90%deathrate)o Septicaemic(probablykilledeveryonethroughdirectbloodblood)

Remedies/Preventiono Causesnotknown,soremediesandpreventionareweird

Bleedingthroughleeches(tobalancebodilyfluids) Incense(believeditspreadthroughnoxiousodors;Venetianmasksoriginate

here

Reactionso Somesoughttoreformthemselveso Somesimplyfledaffectedareasforsafetyo Somereactedwithextremebehavior

Scapegoatso Thosewhodontfitinareoftenfirsttobeaccused

InmedievalEurope,thiswasusuallytheJews Accusedofpoisoningwells WorstpogromsinGermanlands,where60Jewishcommunitieswere

destroyedin1351

ResultwasmassivemovementofJewseastwardtopresentdayPoland,Russia(wheretheyremaineduntilHolocaust)

Consequenceso 1/3toofEuropediedo Wageincreaseforfreeworkerso Pricesofagriculturalgoodsfello Bothweregoodforfreeworkerso Landlordsreactbyfreezingwages,andfreepeasantsrevolto DeclineofChurchauthority,riseofstateauthority

Churchsaidtobehaveforgoodlife,butwithplague,peoplesaidWebehaved,andlookwhathappened. Bishops/archbishopsoftenisolatedthemselvesasmillionsdied,sohierarchyof

Churchlessrespected(parishpriestsoftendidcarryoutduties)

7/30/2019 Western Civilization: Late Middle Ages

2/2

Crisis#2:TheHundredYearsWar

Causeso EdwardIIIofEnglandclaimsFrenchthroneafterdeathofCharlesIV(Edwardthe

grandsonofPhiliptheFairofFrance)

o Frenchsaidnoway:EnglishseenasincreasinglydifferentcomparedtoFrench(emergingnationalism):statebuildingkingswerebuildingidentitiesforpeople;

centeredonlanguage,law

Consequenceso FrencheventuallyforceEnglishoffcontinent,exceptatCalaiso BirthofmoreintenseEnglishandFrenchnationalismo Englanddevelopsinternaltextileindustryasmarketsoncontinentareseenastoo

vulnerable

Crisis#3:ProblemswithintheChurchTheGreatSchism

HeightofpowerwasunderInnocentIII Butafter,papalpowerstartstowaneaskingsconsolidate WecantraceChurchproblemsespeciallywithpontificateofBonifaceVIII

o PhilipIVneeds$forstatebuildingo WantstotaxFrenchclergyo Bonifacesaidhehadtoapproveo Philipsayshehasauthorityovereveryoneinstate,Bonifacesayshehasauthorityover

clergyineverystate

o BonifaceissuesUnamSanctum(bullofpapalsupremacyoversecularauthorities)o BonifacecapturedbyPhilipsforces,diesincustodyo PhiliphasClementVelected(aFrenchman)movespapacytoAvignon

Cutofffrompapallands($) Purgatoryinventedandindulgencessold

o UnderClementV,CollegeofCardinalsbecamemostlyFrench Result:divisionwithinChurch

BecauseafterGregoryIXmovespapacybacktoRomein1378,hedies RomanswantItalianpope;FrenchcardinalswantFrenchone

OriginallyelectUrbanVI(Italian) ThenchooseClementVII(French) Bothclaimpapacy;Churchlooksridiculoustomany CouncilofPisathenelectsthirdpope

o CouncilofConstancedeposesallthree,electsMartinVo Churchalsohadtodealwithpopularreligiousmovementsthatthreatenedauthority

(heresies)

LollardsinEngland(Wycliffe) HussitesinBohemia(JanHus;captured,burnedatstakebyCouncil)

o SeedsofReformation?:challengepapalinfallibility,indulgences,emphasizescripturalauthorityoverauthorityofbishops,preachedinvernacular