WESTERN AUSTRALIA Closed Circuit Television (CCTV ......developed for security purposes rather than occupational health and safety or alternative workplace purposes. As such, it is

Office ofCrime Prevention

WESTERN AUSTRALIA

Closed Circuit Television (CCTV) Technical Advice

CONTENTS | CCTV TECHNICAL ADVICE 1

CONTENTS

1 Introduction 2

2 Glossary 3

3 Policy and Management 5

4 Cabling Platforms 6

5 Power Considerations 7

6 Technical Advice 8

6.1 Public Spaces 8

6.2 Semi-Public Spaces: Institutions (Schools and Hospitals) 16

6.3 Semi-Public Spaces: Retail or Pharmacy 24

6.4 Semi-Public Spaces: Licensed Premises 32

6.5 Private Spaces: Commercial or Industrial Premises 41

6.6 Private Spaces: Private Residential 49

CCTV TECHNICAL ADVICE | INTRODUCTION2

Since the introduction of ClosedCircuit Television (CCTV) as ameans of addressing crime andsecurity concerns withincommunities, the popularity anduse of this technology hasrapidly increased. Countlesssystems have been installed inan ever increasing range oflocations for the purpose ofreducing the likelihood that thelocation will be the subject ofcriminal activity and anti-socialbehaviour.

However, CCTV can beexpensive to implement, manageand maintain, and as it is anapplication specific technology,poorly designed systems orsystems installed for the wrongpurposes may be ineffective andexpensive to correct.

This document has beendeveloped by a panel ofindustry experts to provideadvice and support to potentialowners and users of CCTV. Ithas been developed to assistthose individuals with little orno technical experience in theimplementation or use of CCTV.

The document outlines a set ofsuggested system requirementsand technical considerationsthat CCTV owners and usersmay seek to apply within theirown systems. As CCTV systemdesign must be based on thefindings of a properly undertakenrisk assessment as well aslocation and owner or user needs,this advice provides a ‘startingpoint’ upon which specifictechnical decisions can be based.

Similarly, given that thedefinitive test for determiningthe successful technicalinstallation of a CCTV system isthe extent to which the imagesdisplayed on the system’smonitor in live view mode andin playback mode meet theidentified needs of the CCTVowner, the specific technicaladvice provided within thisdocument is intended to actonly as a set of ‘guide-posts’ toassist CCTV owners and usersmeet this ultimate outcome.

The technical advice within thisdocument addresses suggestedtechnical considerations for arange of CCTV system sizes andcommon purposes includingprivate use, use within smallbusinesses and the retail sector,use within semi-public spacessuch as schools, hospitals andlicensed premises and CCTV usewithin public spaces.

It is important to note that thetechnical advice has beendeveloped for security purposesrather than occupational healthand safety or alternativeworkplace purposes. As such, itis intended to support theWestern Australia Closed CircuitTelevision (CCTV) Guidelines.CCTV owners and users readingthis technical advice should alsoread the Western AustraliaClosed Circuit Television (CCTV)Guidelines.

This technical advice is not ableor intended to provide a meansof selecting the most suitableCCTV system for a particularuser or application. Owners ofCCTV systems should determinetheir own objectives and risksand where appropriate engagequalified and licensed CCTVconsultants and installers inorder to select and operate anappropriate system.

The WA Police – Office of CrimePrevention can not provide legalinterpretation of legislationrelating to CCTV and contentwithin this technical adviceshould not be viewed as such.The WA Police – Office of CrimePrevention recommends thatorganisations employing CCTVshould seek legal advice toensure compliance withWestern Australian andCommonwealth legislation.

1 INTRODUCTION

... this advice

provides a ‘starting

point’ upon which

specific technical

decisions can

be based.

GLOSSARY | CCTV TECHNICAL ADVICE 3

2 GLOSSARY

Angle of View. The angularrange that can be focusedwithin the image size. Smallfocal lengths give a wide angleof view, and large focal lengthsgive a narrow angle of view.Sometimes referred to as Fieldof View.

Bandwidth. The number ofcycles per second (Hertz)expressing the differencebetween the lower and upperlimiting frequencies of afrequency band; also, the widthof a band of frequencies.

Bitmap (BMP). A pixel-by-pixeldescription of an image. Eachpixel is a separate element.Also a computer file format.

Closed-circuit television(CCTV). The use of videocameras to transmit a signal toa specific place, on a limited setof monitors.

CODEC. A codec is a device orcomputer program capable ofencoding and/or decoding adigital data stream or signal.The word codec is a portmanteau(a blending of two or morewords) of 'compressor-decompressor' or, moreaccurately, 'coder-decoder'.

Colour Rendition. The qualityof the reproduction of coloursunder a given illumination.

Common IntermediateFormat (CIF). Also known asFCIF (Full Common IntermediateFormat), is a format used tostandardize the horizontal andvertical resolutions in pixels ofYCbCr sequences in videosignals. Terms also used are2CIF (2 x CIF) and 4CIF (4 x CIF).

Compression. The reduction ingain at one level of a picturesignal with respect to the gain atanother level of the same signal.

Contrast. The range of light todark values in a picture or theratio between the maximumand minimum brightness values.

Data Transmission. Thephysical transfer of data (adigital bit stream) over a point-to-point or point-to-multipointtransmission medium.

Definition. The fidelity of atelevision system to the originalscene.

Extra Low Voltage (ELV).Alternating current (AC) voltageless than 50V, or direct current(DC) voltage less than 120V.

Field of View (FOV). Themaximum angle of view thatcan be seen through a lens oroptical instrument.

Frames per second (fps). Is thefrequency (rate) at which animaging device produces uniqueconsecutive images called frames.

H.264. Also known as MPEG-4AVC is a standard for videocompression.

Infra Red (IR). Is a wavelengthof light which is above thevisible light spectrum and isused for discrete illumination inCCTV systems.

Joint Photographic ExpertsGroup (JPEG). A group thathas recommended a compressionalgorithm for still digital imagesthat can compress with ratios ofover 10:1. Also the name of theformat itself.

Light. Electromagnetic radiationdetectable by the eye, rangingin wavelength from about 400to 750 nm.

Lux (lx). Light unit formeasuring illumination. It isdefined as the illumination of asurface when luminous flux of 1lumen falls on an area of 1 m2.It is also known as lumen persquare meter, or meter-candelas.

Motion JPEG (M-JPEG). Aninformal name for a class ofvideo formats where each videoframe or interlaced field of adigital video sequence isseparately compressed as aJPEG image.

MPEG-4. A patented collectionof methods for the compressionof audio and visual digital data.

CCTV TECHNICAL ADVICE | GLOSSARY4

Open ApplicationProgramming Interface(Open API). This describes setsof technologies that enablewebsites to interact with eachother by using SOAP, Javascriptand other web technologies.

Open Network VideoInterface Forum (ONVIF). A global and open industryforum that is facilitating thedevelopment and use of aglobal open standard for theinterface of network videoproducts.

Pixel. Short for ‘pictureelement’. A pixel is the smallestarea of a television picturecapable of being delineated byan electrical signal passedthrough the system of partthereof. The number of pictureelements (pixels) in a completepicture, and their geometriccharacteristics of vertical heightand horizontal width, provideinformation on the totalamount of detail which theraster can display and on thesharpness of the detail.

Physical SecurityInteroperability Alliance(PSIA). A global consortium ofphysical security manufacturersand systems integrators focusedon promoting interoperability ofIP enabled security devicesacross all segments of thesecurity community.

PTZ camera. Pan, tilt and zoomcamera.

Resolution. A measure of theability of a camera or televisionsystem to reproduce detail. Thenumber of picture elements thatcan be reproduced with gooddefinition.

Uninterruptible Power Supply(UPS). A power supply that isused to maintain power in theevent of a power outage.

Video analytics or Videomotion detection. A processof determining motion bycomplicated electronic analysisof picture signal and or neuralcomputing techniques.

Video monitor or Videodisplay. A device for convertinga video signal into an image.

Video signal. An electricalsignal containing all of theelements of the imageproduced by a camera or anyother source of video information.

Zoom lens. A camera lens thatcan vary the focal length whilekeeping the object in focus,giving an impression of comingcloser to or going away from anobject.

POLICY AND MANAGEMENT | CCTV TECHNICAL ADVICE 5

3 POLICY AND MANAGEMENT

Policy, management andprocedural considerations areimportant factors in thesuccessful implementation ofCCTV. Owners and managers ofCCTV systems, or at the veryleast those employing CCTV ina commercial context, shouldensure that formal, writtendocumentation outlining theoverarching policies, procedures,and responsibilities related tothe use of the CCTV system isdeveloped and maintained.Formal policies should, at aminimum, address the following:

• Roles and responsibilities;

• Data access and data sharing;

• Data integrity and continuityof evidence;

• Code of practice andpenalties for non-compliance;

• Signage;

• Security requirements for theCCTV infrastructure;

• Compliance with legislation;

• Training;

• Use of equipment;

• Storage of information;

• System minimum standards;

• Complaints handling; and

• Audit and review processes.

Further information on the development andimplementation of formalpolicies and procedures can beobtained within the WesternAustralia Closed CircuitTelevision (CCTV) Guidelines.

The Western Australia Police –Office of Crime Prevention, inpartnership with the State CCTVWorking Group has produced arange of policy and standardoperating procedure templatesfor CCTV owners. Thesetemplates can be obtained bycontacting the Office of CrimePrevention on (08) 9222 9733 orwww.crimeprevention.wa.gov.au.

CCTV TECHNICAL ADVICE | CABLING PLATFORMS6

An important and oftenoverlooked factor in thedevelopment and implementationof CCTV is the cabling requiredfor the transmission of CCTVsignals to the digital recordingdevice or control room. OftenCCTV owners will seek to installCCTV without due considerationbeing given to the location andsystem’s cabling needs. Ascabling infrastructure can beexpensive to install, it isimperative that CCTV ownersobtain the correct cabling fortheir desired system.

A range of cabling platformsare available for the delivery ofCCTV signals. These usuallyinclude coaxial cabling, fibreoptic cabling or Ethernet.However CCTV signals can alsobe transmitted via wirelessnetwork connection, microwaveand laser light.

To ensure that the appropriatecabling infrastructure isobtained, the CCTV ownershould obtain a full survey onexisting cabling infrastructure,and cabling needs based on theowner’s proposed system. Thiswork should be undertaken bya communications cablingcompany or a licensed securityinstallation company withappropriate CCTV experience.

The Office of Crime Preventionin partnership with the StateCCTV Working Group hasdeveloped the General Overviewon Developing Strategies Relatingto Closed Circuit Television(CCTV) Migration fromAnalogue to Digital (IP) CCTVSystems. This documentprovides some generalinformation on cabling platformsand typologies. Furtherinformation on cabling platformscan be obtained by consultingthis document. Copies can beobtained by contacting theOffice of Crime Prevention on(08) 9222 9733 orwww.crimeprevention.wa.gov.au.

4 CABLING PLATFORMS

CCTV signals can

also be transmitted

via wireless network

connection,

microwave and

laser light.

POWER CONSIDERATIONS | CCTV TECHNICAL ADVICE 7

5 POWER CONSIDERATIONS

All CCTV cameras require apower supply; these are usually:

• 12 volts DC

• 24 volts AC

• 240 volts AC

• POE (Power over Ethernet)

Most internal cameras are ratedat ELV either 12 Volts DC or24V AC.

This allows for the power suppliesto be remotely located awayfrom the camera and to have aback-up power supply attached,usually an UninterruptiblePower Supply (UPS).

12 volts DC / 24 volts AC

CCTV cameras using 12V DC or24V AC as their power sourceare the most common types ofCCTV units installed today.When selecting these camerasfor a particular installation thefollowing criteria need to betaken in to account:

• The electrical current draw ofeach camera and theimpedance of the cablereticulation for thedesignated feed.

• If more than 1 camera is tobe powered from a commonpower feed, the aggregatecurrent draw from eachcamera along with theimpedance of the cablereticulation for thedesignated feed.

• The use of filtered regulatedpower supplies that are ofthe correct rating to suit theload of the connected cameras.It is recommended that a25% overhead be allowedwhen calculating the powersupply requirements to caterfor future cable degradation.

12V DCThe use of line locked cameraswith Positive and Negativepower inputs is standardised sothey are installed in the correctpolarity power inputs on eachdevice.

Allowance:

500MA per Full Body orDome Camera (Non IR)

2.5A – 3A for a Pan TiltZoom Camera

Incorporation of an ExternalSync Generator isrecommended to minimise rollaspects when switchingbetween cameras connected toviewing device.

24V ACThe use of line locked cameraswith Active and Neutral powerinputs is standardised so theyare installed in the same powerinputs on each device to ensurepower synchronisation.

Allowance:

250MA per Full Body orDome Camera (Non IR)

2.5A – 3A for a Pan TiltZoom Camera

240 volts AC

240 Volt cameras must beinstalled by persons that arequalified to work in thatenvironment.

POE (Power over Ethernet)

With the introduction ofInternet Protocol (IP) basedcameras, CCTV systems are ableto take advantage of PowerOver Ethernet or POE. Throughthe use of POE enabledswitches, camera vision andpower is delivered through thenetwork cable plugged in to therear of the camera.

Care should be taken to ensurethat:

• The rating of the selectedPOE switch delivers sufficientpower for camera operation.Minimum output per switchoutput should be in theorder of 500ma per switchchannel (Typically Non PTZ orInfra Red) for full body orDome Cameras.

• The current draw of thecamera does not exceed therating of the POE switch.

When using IP Cameras or POEinfrastructure do not operatethe camera more than 90 metersfrom the POE rated switch.

As this system uses the ITinfrastructure to deliver the signalto the control and recordingequipment the use of UPS isrecommended for all equipmentbetween the camera andrecording device to cater forpower disruptions.

Since the 3rd of October 2003,a security installer must conformto the Cabling Provider Rulescontained within theTelecommunications Act 1997(Cth), which states that a Cablermust hold, as a minimum, aRestricted Registration beforethey can carry out cabling behinda compliant device in a domesticor commercial installation.

Any cabling work carried outthat is considered ELV and isconnected to a device that hasthe potential to be connectedto the telecommunicationsnetwork i.e. CCTV DVR, encoderor camera with provision for aremote connection, or a groupof computers/devices connectedtogether as a Local AreaNetwork that may or may notbe connected to the internetmust also be carried out by aregistered Cabler.

CCTV TECHNICAL ADVICE | TECHNICAL ADVICE – PUBLIC SPACES8

6 TECHNICAL ADVICE

The following technical adviceidentifies suggested technicalconsiderations for a range ofCCTV system sizes and commonpurposes. The technical advice isset out within matrices whichidentify common areas oftechnical concern and thecorresponding advice, highlightinga suggested response forachieving effective use of CCTVfor the purpose identified.

6.1 Public Spaces

Closed Circuit Television in publicspaces has been the subject of a wide range of documentation,both within Australia andinternationally. This documentationhas been aimed at achieving thebest and most effective use ofthe technology within the publicrealm.

The technical advice containedwithin S6.1 is based on theimplementation of CCTV withinspaces such as open air car-parksand open streets. It must bestressed that due to theapplication specific nature ofCCTV, the following providesonly general advice relating tothe technical considerationsrelevant to the use of CCTVwithin public spaces.

CONSIDERATION

Cameras

TECHNICAL STANDARD(S) / ADVICE

A range of camera types may be utilised for this application.These include:

• Monochrome (black & white)• Colour • Day/Night (combines colour and monochrome)

Monochrome cameras generally offer higher resolution and arerelatively inexpensive, but are mostly used only in extremely lowlighting conditions. Colour cameras generally offer a betteroverall representation of the scene (subject to adequate lighting)as well as higher identification capabilities. Day/night camerascombine the advantages of monochrome and colour cameras.They are much more sensitive to low light environments and arealso able to be used with infra red lighting.

Cameras also have basic functionality types including:• PTZ – Pan, tilt, zoom (where the camera may controlled along

the horizontal and vertical planes and may zoom in and outon an object.

• Fixed (the camera is pointed at a fixed spot and does notallow for control of movement).

• IP (internet protocol cameras – cameras which interfacedirectly with a computer network).

Cameras may also contribute to the quality of images throughthe type, size and sensitivity of the image sensor containedwithin the camera as well as the compression algorithm appliedwithin the camera.

Lenses should match the format of the selected camera’s imagesensor and be of such a design that presence of Infra Red shouldnot affect the sharpness of the image or focal point.

TECHNICAL ADVICE – PUBLIC SPACES | CCTV TECHNICAL ADVICE 9

CONSIDERATION

Light Levels and Placement

Colour Rendition

Scene Contrast

Fields of View


Balanced white lighting with levels sufficient to allow foridentification of individuals. Lighting levels should be at aminimum of 40-60 Lux. Lights should create intersecting cones ofillumination and be placed to prevent shadows and dark spots.

Lights should be located behind the camera to avoid backlightingof the target and should not be placed within the field of view toavoid glare.

For further information refer to Australian Standard S1.3.43AS4806.2: 2006.

Colour rendition depends on the type and level of lighting withinthe scene.

White light is best to achieve good colour rendition.Florescent lights or metal halide lighting is preferable.

Avoid colour lighting such as low pressure sodium (yellow)lighting in camera areas.

Where possible, consider the use of energy efficient lighting,however, this should not be to the detriment of system operation.

Consideration should be given to the effect of reflective surfaces(lights/sun reflecting off windows or other reflective surfaces) onimage capture.

In areas of widely varying lighting levels such as entry doorsconsideration should be given to the installation of day/nightwide dynamic cameras.

IR (infra red) flood lights may be considered for illuminating darkareas. However, IR reflects differently off a range of materials and has a tendency to ‘wash-out’ faces. This has implications foridentification of individuals and therefore the use of IR floodlights are not recommended for use with cameras which havebeen installed for the purpose of obtaining identifying informationunless a scene test has been carried out to verify results.

The CCTV system should be developed based on the findings of arisk assessment. Each FOV should therefore reflect the purposeand objectives of the entire system. In addition, the purpose andobjectives of each camera/location within system should bespecified and documented within a duty statement. Eachcamera/location should have its own documented duty statement.The system (including camera placement and FOV) should bedesigned and used to compliment other security operations.



Insofar as the FOV meets the documented objectives of the entireCCTV system, FOVs to be considered may include:

• higher camera/wide angle for viewing detecting movement andactivities within a large area;

• vehicle entrances and exits from car parks; stairs; • elevators; and • pedestrian entry/exits.

FOV should avoid ‘tops of heads’ shots, distances or angles of viewwhich make detection or identification problematic (refer to S3.7AS4806.2:2006 for relevant object/screen size ratio).

Consideration should be given to the use of pre-determined cameraduty cycles (FOV pathways or locations pre-programmed intocamera operation).

The choice of camera type (monochrome, colour, day/night, fixed orPTZ) must be reflected in the objectives of the system and thepurpose for which each camera is installed. Vandal and weatherproof dome cameras are most appropriate to ensure camerasecurity, however system owners may wish to consider other formsof vandalism/theft prevention.

Any internal cameras should be positioned at a height of 1800mm-2400mm. External cameras may need to be positioned higher,however, placement height should not impede the camera’s abilityto capture identifying information.

FOV should be tested in the desired resolution by playing backstored images from the recording device to ensure that the level ofdetail that is captured is not adversely affected by a FOV setting.i.e. one that may prevent the capture of the required level of detailthrough covering too wide an area, for example.

FOV should not include areas where private activities (as definedwithin the Surveillance Devices Act 1998 WA – See WA ClosedCircuit Television (CCTV) Guidelines for further information) may beobserved. E.g. neighbouring properties, changing rooms, toilets, etc.

System owners should consider masking areas of FOV that are notowned or managed by the system owner or where private activitiesmay take place. **Masking involves the use of software within thecamera or recording device to obscure areas within the camera’sFOV as defined by the user, so that these areas are not viewed orrecorded by the system.**

CONSIDERATION

Fields of View (continued)



Image resolution requirements should be based on the findings ofa risk assessment and the system’s stated objectives.

To detect activity within a FOV, systems should record at aminimum resolution of 4CIF (704 x 576 TV Lines) at a rate of 10frames per second.

To recognise actions (what is happening) within a FOV systemsshould record at a minimum resolution of 4CIF (704 x 576 TVLines) at a rate 12.5 - 15 frames per second.

To identify individuals or vehicles within a FOV systems shouldrecord at a minimum resolution of 4CIF (704 x 576 TV Lines) at arate 10-25fps (particularly if the subject/object is moving rapidly).

Day/night progressive scan or Mega Pixel cameras will yield thebest quality images for this application.However, Mega Pixel cameras can increase storage requirementsby in excess of 20 times the indicated MPEG figures per camera.

Premises should, as best as possible, have clearly signalled andcontrolled entrance and exit zones to allow for quality images ofindividuals entering and exiting premises to be obtained.

Cameras in public spaces are most often mounted on poles. Whenutilising poles for the mounting of CCTV cameras consider thefollowing:

• Pole height; • Footings, including any engineering requirements;• Environmental conditions (wind, etc); and• Pole shape and elasticity.

Cameras should have their own poles or be fixed mounted (tobuildings).

When considering camera placement, consideration should begiven to tampering and vandalism prevention.

It is recommended that signage is displayed at location entrancesand exits. Signage should also be placed within premises whereCCTV is operating (i.e. inside enclosed car parks, elevators, stairwells).

See S9 AS4806.2:2006 – signage standards.

See WA Police/OCP Analogue to Digital Migration Strategy forinformation on data transmission protocols.

CONSIDERATION

Image Resolution

Camera Placement

Signage

Data Transmission andProtocols



Files should be able to be exported from the recording device inthe following standards:

• Mpeg4• Jpeg• MJpeg• H.264 (and superseding standards)

Data should be able to be played on Windows Media format or incommon AVI format.

See WA Police suggested standard for minimum file exportrequirements within the WA Closed Circuit Television (CCTV)Guidelines document.

Systems which utilise a premises’ computer network placedemands on the capacity and bandwidth of the network. Whenconsidering a network based CCTV system, be aware of thefollowing issues:• Number of cameras: The more cameras a system has, the

larger bandwidth requirements.• Resolution: The higher the resolution required by the system,

the greater the amount of bandwidth required.• Storage capabilities: The higher the bandwidth required by the

system, the greater the system storage requirements.• Frames per second (fps): The higher the number of frames per

second captured by the camera/system, the greater theamount of bandwidth required.

• Linking additional devices (network videorecorders/alarms/sensors/telemetry) to the network increasesthe bandwidth requirements.

Proprietary equipment may have an impact on futureexpansion or replacement of cameras. This may effectively locka customer into the long-term use of one manufacturer’stechnology/equipment.

Both the Open Network Video Interface Forum (ONVIF) andPhysical Security Interoperability Alliance (PSIS) specificationsdefine a common protocol for the exchange of informationbetween network video devices including automatic devicediscovery, video streaming and intelligence metadata. TheONVIF and PSIA specification allows for interoperabilitybetween network video products regardless of manufacturer.CCTV equipment sourced from manufacturers who aremembers of the ONVIF group or PSIA may provide greaterflexibility for future system expansion and componentreplacement.

See www.onvif.org and www.psialliance.org

CONSIDERATION

File Export

Bandwidth Considerations

Open ApplicationProgramming Interface (API)systems versus proprietysystems.



Split displays (multiple images on a screen) may be mostappropriate for monitoring systems installed for this application.

The use of video motion detection (VMD) or video analytics (VA) ismost often application specific and should be based on thefindings of a risk assessment and the system’s stated objectives.

VA or VMD may be considered for use if locations are not activelymonitored or during non-business hours.

To be effective VA and VMD must trigger a response andtherefore should be tempered into location alarms. The systemowners should ensure that there is a capacity to provide a timelyresponse to any alarms.

VA or VMD alarms should not however be connected to premises“Alarm Dialler” for the purposes of generation of an externalalarm to a Central Monitoring Station (CMS) unless the CMS hasthe ability to remotely interrogate the video system for thepurpose of video verification.

When implementing VA or VMD consideration should be given tothe impact that the environment (trees, wind, insects) may haveon the system.

Preferred video coding/decoding systems include: • Mpeg4; • MJpeg, • H.264 (or current industry standard).

Image resolution should be specified as to the quality of theresolution required for the relevant CIF rating. This is required dueto the way modern CODECs insert information between the “I”Frame. As such each CIF rating further is defined in GOOD /BETTER / BEST at each level.

Data from all cameras should be kept for a minimum of 31 daysas suggested in Australian Standard S8.3 AS4806.1:2006.

Data should be recorded on DVR equipment, Storage AreaNetwork (SAN)/network storage or otherwise retained digitally.

Stored images should be protected through archiving & theutilisation of fault tolerant RAID configurations to protect againstdrive failure.

Image compression should be kept as low as possible giving dueconsideration to the objectives of the individual camera inquestion and the system as a whole.

CONSIDERATION

Displays

Video analytics (VA) andVideo motion detection(VMD)

Video CODEC(Coding/Decoding)

Image Retention

Compression



The amount of data storage required will be determined by theobjectives of the system and system design (including: frames persecond, resolution, data retention requirements).

Detecting activity: A resolution of 4CIF at a minimum of 10 frames per second for a minimum period of 31 days:

Required Storage per Camera:

H264 105.5 GB Standard to 460GB Best Quality 4 CIFMpeg 4 153.2 GB Quiet Scene to1.15 TB Busy scene

Recognising actions: A resolution of 4CIF at 15 frames per second for a minimum of 31 days:


H264 105.5 GB Standard to 460GB Best Quality 4 CIFMpeg 4 153.2 GB Quiet Scene to1.15 TB Busy scene

Identification: A resolution of 4CIF at 10-25 frames per secondfor a minimum period of 31 days:


H264 188.44 GB Standard to 823 GB Best Quality 4 CIFMpeg 4 268.2 GB Quiet Scene to 1.61 TB Busy scene

Data should be regularly backed-up and retained.

When exported, image data should also include: • Time/date stamp; • Camera location; • Camera identifier.• Watermarking or method of verifying the original image forauthenticity ensuring tamper prevention.

The system should be registered on the WA Police’s Blue Iris CCTVregister. https://blueiris.wa.gov.au.

A budget should be identified and allocated for auditing andmaintenance of the system.

Maintenance of system components should be undertakenregularly, however, camera dome cleaning should be undertaken on a more frequent basis.

CONSIDERATION

Storage Capacity

System Validation

System Registration

System Maintenance



Policy documents for the implementation and use of the CCTVsystem should be developed and retained by the organisation.Policy documents should:• Outline the objectives of the CCTV system;• Identify (through diagrams) camera locations;• Provide statements of camera views (what areas the cameras

can view); and • Duty statements for each camera within the system.

Policies should also indicate who may access data and establishprotocols for sharing data within and outside the organisation. A minimum of one person on each shift should have access tostored data.

System Standard Operating Procedures should be developed.These should include documents such as: • staff manuals; • Incident logs; • evidence logs; and• data back-up procedures.

CCTV owner should also undertake an annual audit andevaluation of the system’s use and outcomes.

All staff interacting with system, its location or requests for datashould be provided with an appropriate degree of training in itsoperation. Training/Staff Knowledge should include: • The use of the system including: data review, search and export;• Policy/Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs). (SOPs should be

stored with system);• Use of incident logs/chain of evidence logs (these should be

maintained and kept with system);• Contents and location of staff manual (including all policies,

forms and SOPs). These should be established and kept with system.

Managers should be aware of relevant Australian Standards andshould seek to implement these.

For more information see the WA Closed Circuit Television(CCTV) Guidelines.

UPS (uninterruptible power supply) should be considered insofaras its use is aligned with system objectives.

CONSIDERATION

Policies/ Staff Training / Knowledge

Additional Considerations

CCTV TECHNICAL ADVICE | TECHNICAL ADVICE – SEMI-PUBLIC SPACES: INSTITUTIONS16

6.2 Semi-Public Spaces:Institutions

Individuals often encounterwhat can be described as ‘semi-public space’. This is usuallydefined as a private spaceaccessible to the general public,e.g. a shop, licensed premisesor hospital. It is space to which

the public does not have freeand full access, but containsservices or spaces that requiregranting the public a degree of‘conditional’ access.

For the purposes of this advice,“institutions” include hospitals,schools and other semi-publicindoor locations.

CONSIDERATION

Cameras


A range of camera types may be utilised for this application.These include:• Monochrome (black & white)• Colour • Day/Night (combines colour and monochrome)Monochrome cameras generally offer higher resolution and arerelatively inexpensive, but are mostly used only in extremely lowlighting conditions. Colour cameras generally offer a betteroverall representation of the scene (subject to adequate lighting)as well as higher identification capabilities. Day/night camerascombine the advantages of monochrome and colour cameras.They are much more sensitive to low light environments and arealso able to be used with infra red lighting.







TECHNICAL ADVICE – SEMI-PUBLIC SPACES: INSTITUTIONS | CCTV TECHNICAL ADVICE 17


External – Balanced white lighting with levels sufficient to allow foridentification of individuals. Lighting levels should be at a minimumof 40-60 Lux. Lighting should be as even as possible. Lights shouldcreate intersecting cones of illumination and be placed to preventshadows and dark spots.


Internal – cameras should be directed away from lighting sources toavoid glare. Lighting should be as even as possible. At a minimum,internal lighting should avoid sharp bright spots or dark areas.

In low lighting levels consider the installation of day/night cameras.

For further information refer to Australian Standard S1.3.43AS4806.2:2006 (CCTV) and AS4485.2:1997 (Security for HealthCare Facilities).


White light is best to achieve good colour rendition.Florescent lights or metal halide lighting is preferable. Avoid colourlighting such as low pressure sodium (yellow) lighting in cameraareas (particularly entry and exits).



Down lights may be preferable, however care should be taken toavoid dark spots and unconnected pools of light.

Walls with white/light colour paint may improve scene contrast byallowing better scene illumination in lower levels of lighting. Lowsheen paint may reduce acute light reflection from surfaces.

In areas of widely varying lighting levels such as entry doorsconsideration should be given to the installation of day/night widedynamic cameras.

CONSIDERATION


Colour Rendition

Scene Contrast



IR (infra red) flood lights may be considered for illuminating darkareas. However, IR reflects differently off a range of materials andhas a tendency to ‘wash-out’ faces. This has implications foridentification of individuals and therefore the use of IR flood lightsare not recommended for use with cameras which have beeninstalled for the purpose of obtaining identifying information unlessa scene test has been carried out to verify results.

The CCTV system should be developed based on the findings of arisk assessment. Each FOV should therefore reflect the purpose andobjectives of the entire system. In addition, the purpose andobjectives of each camera/location within system should bespecified and documented within a duty statement. Eachcamera/location should have its own documented duty statement.The system (including camera placement and FOV) should bedesigned and used to compliment other security operations.


Insofar as the FOV meets the documented objectives of the entireCCTV system, FOVs to be considered may include:• At entrances to buildings; • Location access points; • Entrances to offices; • Points of sale/cash handling locations; and• High value stock/medications/assets;

Wider views should be used to detect activities in areas such asthose that are unable to be viewed by staff or are not regularlysurveilled by security staff.

AS4485.2:1997 states that CCTV should be placed at designatedentry and exits points, pharmacy and nuclear waste storage areas(biohazard waste).


Any internal cameras should be positioned at a height of 1800mm-2400mm. External cameras may need to be positioned higher,however placement height should not impede the camera’s abilityto capture identifying information.

FOV should be tested in the desired resolution by playing backstored images from the recording device to ensure that the level of detail that is captured is not adversely affected by a FOV setting.i.e. one that may prevent the capture of the required level of detail through covering too wide an area, for example.

CONSIDERATION

Scene Contrast (continued)

Field of View (FOV)



FOV should not include areas where private activities (as definedwithin the Surveillance Devices Act 1998 WA – See WA ClosedCircuit Television (CCTV) Guidelines for further information) may beobserved. E.g. neighbouring properties, changing rooms, toilets, etc.System owners should consider masking areas of FOV that are notowned or managed by the system owner or where private activitiesmay take place. **Masking involves the use of software within thecamera or recording device to obscure areas within the camera’sFOV as defined by the user, so that these areas are not viewed orrecorded by the system.**

Vandal proof dome cameras are most appropriate to enhancecamera resistance to tampering or vandalism. External cameraplacements should also consider the impact of weather conditionswhen determining camera choice.

Image resolution requirements should be based on the findings of arisk assessment and the system’s stated objectives.

These systems should record at a minimum of 4CIF (704 x 576 TVlines) and at 6 frames per second.

It is recommended that signage is displayed at location entrancesand exits. Signage should also be placed within premises whereCCTV is operating.

Consideration should be given to formally advising employees thatCCTV is used throughout the facility or that they are subject toCCTV monitoring (within the bounds of appropriate privacylegislation). This may also be achieved through employmentdocumentation such as conditions of employment.

See Australian Standard S9 AS4806.2:2006 for signage standards.


Files should be able to be exported from the recording device in thefollowing standards:• Mpeg4• Jpeg• MJpeg• H.264 (and superseding standards) Data should be able to be played on Windows Media format or incommon AVI format.


CONSIDERATION

Field of View (continued)

Image Resolution

Signage


File Export



Systems which utilise a premises’ computer network placedemands on the capacity and bandwidth of the network. Whenconsidering a network based CCTV system, be aware of thefollowing issues:• Number of cameras: The more cameras a system has, the

larger bandwidth requirements.• Resolution: The higher the resolution required by the system,

the greater the amount of bandwidth required.• Storage capabilities: The higher the bandwidth required by the

system, the greater the system storage requirements.• Frames per second (fps): The higher the number of frames per

second captured by the camera/system, the greater theamount of bandwidth required.


Proprietary equipment may have an impact on future expansionor replacement of cameras. This may effectively lock a customerinto the long-term use of one manufacturer’stechnology/equipment.

Both the Open Network Video Interface Forum (ONVIF) andPhysical Security Interoperability Alliance (PSIS) specificationsdefine a common protocol for the exchange of informationbetween network video devices including automatic devicediscovery, video streaming and intelligence metadata. The ONVIFand PSIA specification allows for interoperability betweennetwork video products regardless of manufacturer. CCTVequipment sourced from manufacturers who are members of theONVIF group or PSIA may provide greater flexibility for futuresystem expansion and component replacement.


Where practical, displays should be placed at buildingentrances/access points to alert visitors/users to the presence ofCCTV surveillance.

For live monitoring, displays should be placed in a secured office.Multiple displays (a number of individual television screens) arepreferred to split displays (multiple images on a screen) for thisapplication.

CONSIDERATION


Open ApplicationProgramming Interface (API)systems versus proprietysystems

Displays





To be effective VA and VMD must trigger a response andtherefore should be tempered into location, alarms. The systemowners should ensure that there is a capacity to provide a timelyresponse to any alarms.


When implementing VA or VMD consideration should be given tothe impact that the environment (e.g. trees, wind, insects) mayhave on the system.

Preferred video coding/decoding systems include:

• Mpeg4; • MJpeg, • H.264 (or current industry standard).

Image resolution should be specified as to the quality of theresolution required for the relevant CIF rating. This is required dueto the way modern CODECs insert information between the “I”Frame.

As such each CIF rating further is defined in GOOD / BETTER /BEST at each level.


Data should be recorded onto Digital Video Recording (DVR)equipment or otherwise retained digitally.



CONSIDERATION

Video analytics (VA) and Video motion detection (VMD)


Image Retention

Compression




At a minimum, storage capacity should be adequate to ensurethat data is retained:

Operational/General recording: A resolution of 4CIF at aminimum of 6 frames per second for a minimum period of 31 days.


H264 64 GB Standard to 274 GB Best Quality 4 CIFMpeg 4 80.46 GB Quiet Scene to 957 GB Busy scene

Duress/Alarm activation: A resolution of 4CIF at 25 frames persecond for a minimum period of 31 days.


H264 188.44 GB Standard to 823 GB Best Quality 4 CIF Mpeg 4 268.2 GB Quiet Scene to 1.61 TB Busy scene


When exported, image data should also include:

• Time/date stamp; • Camera location; • Camera identifier,• Watermarking or method of verifying the original image for

authenticity ensuring tamper prevention.

System should be registered on the WA Police’s Blue Iris CCTVregister. https://blueiris.wa.gov.au.


Maintenance of system components should be undertakenregularly, however, camera dome cleaning should be undertakenon a more frequent basis.

CONSIDERATION

Storage Capacity

System Validation

System Registration

System Maintenance



Policy documents for the implementation and use of the CCTVsystem should be developed and retained by the organisation.Policy documents should:

• Outline the objectives of the CCTV system;• Identify (through diagrams) camera locations;• Provide statements of camera views (what areas the cameras


Policies should also indicate who may access data and establishprotocols for sharing data within and outside the organisation. A minimum of one person on each shift should have access to stored data.

System Standard Operating Procedures should be developed. These should include documents such as:

• staff manuals; • Incident logs; • evidence logs; and• data back-up procedures.

CCTV owner should also undertake an annual audit and evaluation of the system’s use and outcomes.

All staff interacting with system, its location or requests for datashould be provided with an appropriate degree of training in itsoperation. Training/Staff Knowledge should include:

• The use of the system including: data review, search and export.• Policy/Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs). (SOPs should be

stored with system).• Use of incident logs/chain of evidence logs (these should be

maintained and kept with system).• Contents and location of staff manual (including all policies, forms

and SOPs). These should be established and kept with system.


For more information see the WA Closed Circuit Television (CCTV)Guidelines.

UPS (uninterruptible power supply) should be considered insofar as its use is aligned with system objectives.

CONSIDERATION

Policies/ Staff Training /Knowledge


CCTV TECHNICAL ADVICE | TECHNICAL ADVICE – SEMI-PUBLIC SPACES: RETAIL OR PHARMACY24

6.3 Semi-Public Spaces: Retail or Pharmacy

Although retail space is privateproperty, it is space which isopened to the public for thespecific purpose of trade. Aswith most semi-public space,members of the public havelimited access to this space,

with access strictly defined bylegislation and premises’owners.

The technical advice containedwithin S6.3 is based on theimplementation of CCTV withinsemi-public spaces such as retailoutlets and pharmacies.

CONSIDERATION

Cameras








TECHNICAL ADVICE – SEMI-PUBLIC SPACES: RETAIL OR PHARMACY | CCTV TECHNICAL ADVICE 25


External – Balanced white lighting with levels sufficient to allowfor identification of individuals. Lighting levels should be at aminimum of 160 Lux. Lights should create intersecting cones ofillumination and be placed to prevent shadows and dark spots.Lighting should be as even as possible.Lights should be located behind the camera to avoid backlightingof the target and should not be placed within the field of view toavoid glare.

Internal – cameras should be directed away from lighting sourcesto avoid glare. Lighting should be as even as possible. At aminimum, internal lighting should avoid sharp bright spots ordark areas.

Refer to Australian Standard S1.3.43 AS4806.2:2006.


White light is best to achieve good colour rendition.Florescent lights or metal halide lighting is preferable. Avoidcolour lighting such as low pressure sodium (yellow) lighting incamera areas (particularly entry and exits).

Where possible consider the use of energy efficient lighting,however, this should not be to the detriment of system operation.





IR (infra red) flood lights may be considered for illuminating darkareas. However, IR reflects differently off a range of materials andhas a tendency to ‘wash-out’ faces. This has implications foridentification of individuals and therefore the use of IR flood lightsare not recommended for use with cameras which have beeninstalled for the purpose of obtaining identifying informationunless a scene test has been carried out to verify results.

CONSIDERATION


Colour Rendition

Scene Contrast



The CCTV system should be developed based on the findings of a risk assessment. Each FOV should therefore reflect the purposeand objectives of the entire system. In addition, the purpose andobjectives of each camera/location within system should bespecified and documented within a duty statement. Eachcamera/location should have its own documented duty statement.The system (including camera placement and FOV) should bedesigned and used to compliment other security operations.


Insofar as the FOV meet the objectives of the system, FOV to beconsidered may include:

• Entrances to building; • Cash register or point of sale; • High value stock; • Vulnerable stock; • Locations where cash is counted; and• Car parks.

Wider views should be used to detect activities in areas such ascorners or those unable to be viewed by staff.

FOV should avoid ‘tops of heads’ shots, distances or angles ofview which make detection or identification problematic (refer toS3.7 AS4806-2:2006 for relevant object/screen size ratio).

FOV should be tested in the desired resolution by playing backstored images from the recording device to ensure that the levelof detail that is captured is not adversely affected by a FOVsetting. i.e. one that may prevent the capture of the required levelof detail through covering too wide an area, for example.

FOV should not include areas where private activities (as definedwithin the Surveillance Devices Act 1998 WA – See WA ClosedCircuit Television (CCTV) Guidelines for further information) maybe observed. E.g. neighbouring properties, changing rooms, toilets, etc.

System owners should consider masking areas of FOV that are notowned or managed by the system owner or where privateactivities may take place. **Masking involves the use of softwarewithin the camera or recording device to obscure areas within thecamera’s FOV as defined by the user, so that these areas are notviewed or recorded by the system.**

Vandal proof dome cameras are most appropriate to enhancecamera resistance to tampering or vandalism. External cameraplacements should also consider the impact of weather conditionswhen determining camera choice.

CONSIDERATION

Field of View (FOV)


CONSIDERATION

Image Resolution

Placement

Signage


File Export


Image resolution requirements should be based on the findings of a risk assessment and the system’s stated objectives.

Systems should record at a minimum of 4CIF (704 x 576 TV lines) and at a minimum of 10 frames per second during operational hours and aminimum of 6 frames per second during non-operational hours.

Systems may utilise a live view resolution of 2 CIF (704 x 240).

Cameras located within retail premises may be mounted to the building’sceiling, walls or on other fixed elements of the building’s structure.

Internal cameras should be placed at a height of 1800mm-2400mm.External cameras may need to positioned higher, however, placementheight should not impede ability to capture identifying information.

Vandal proof dome cameras are most appropriate to enhance cameraresistance to tampering or vandalism.

It is recommended that signage is displayed at location entrances andexits. Signage should also be placed within premises where CCTV isoperating.

It is recommended that a monitor be placed at entrances to showidentification images to patrons as they enter.

Consideration should be given to formally advising employees that CCTV is used throughout the facility or that they are subject to CCTVmonitoring (within the bounds of appropriate privacy legislation). Thismay also be achieved through employment documentation such asconditions of employment.

See Australian Standard S9 AS4806.2:2006.


Files should be able to be exported from the recording device in thefollowing standards:

• Mpeg4• Jpeg• MJpeg• H.264 (and superseding standards)


See WA Police suggested standard for minimum file export requirementswithin the WA Closed Circuit Television (CCTV) Guidelines document.



Systems which utilise a premises’ computer network placedemands on the capacity and bandwidth of the network. Whenconsidering a network based CCTV system, be aware of thefollowing issues:

• Number of cameras: The more cameras a system has, thelarger bandwidth requirements.

• Resolution: The higher the resolution required by the system,the greater the amount of bandwidth required.

• Storage capabilities: The higher the bandwidth required by thesystem, the greater the system storage requirements.

• Frames per second (fps): The higher the number of frames persecond captured by the camera/system, the greater theamount of bandwidth required.



Both the Open Network Video Interface Forum (ONVIF) andPhysical Security Interoperability Alliance (PSIS) specificationsdefine a common protocol for the exchange of informationbetween network video devices including automatic devicediscovery, video streaming and intelligence metadata. The ONVIFand PSIA specification allows for interoperability between networkvideo products regardless of manufacturer. CCTV equipmentsourced from manufacturers who are members of the ONVIFgroup or PSIA may provide greater flexibility for future systemexpansion and component replacement.



For live monitoring, displays should be placed at the point of salearea or within secured offices.


CONSIDERATION


Open ApplicationProgramming Interface (API) systems versuspropriety systems

Displays




VA or VMD may be considered for use during non-business hours.




Preferred video coding/decoding systems include: • Mpeg4; • MJpeg, • H.264 (or current industry standard).







CONSIDERATION

Video analytics (VA) andVideo motion detection (VMD)


Compression

Image Retention





Operational/General recording: A resolution of 4CIF at aminimum of 10 frames per second for a minimum period of 31 days.


H264 105.5 Standard to 460GB Best Quality 4 CIF Mpeg 4 153 GB Quiet scene to1.15 TB Busy scene

Non operational (out of hours) recording: A resolution of4CIF at a minimum of 6 frames per second for a minimum periodof 31 days.


H264 64 GB Standard to 274 GB Best Quality 4 CIF Mpeg 4 80.46 GB Quiet scene to 957 GB Busy scene



H264 188.44 GB Standard to 823 GB Best Quality 4 Mpeg 4 268.2 GB Quiet Scene to 1.61 TB Busy scene



• Time/date stamp; • Camera location; • Camera identifier • Watermarking or method of verifying the origonal image for




CONSIDERATION

Storage Capacity

System Validation

System Registration

System Maintenance







System Standard Operating Procedures should be developed.These should include documents such as:




• The use of the system including: data review, search andexport.• Policy/Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs). (SOPs should be


maintained and kept with system).• Contents and location of staff manual (including all policies,

forms and SOPs). These should be established and kept withsystem.


For more information see the WA Closed Circuit Television(CCTV) Guidelines.

CONSIDERATION

Policies/ Staff Training /Knowledge

CCTV TECHNICAL ADVICE | TECHNICAL ADVICE – SEMI-PUBLIC SPACES: LICENSED PREMISES32


A range of camera types may be utilised for this application. These include:

• Monochrome (black & white)• Colour • Day/Night (combines colour and monochrome)

Monochrome cameras generally offer higher resolution and arerelatively inexpensive, but are mostly used only in extremely lowlighting conditions. Colour cameras generally offer a better overallrepresentation of the scene (subject to adequate lighting) as well ashigher identification capabilities. Day/night cameras combine theadvantages of monochrome and colour cameras. They are muchmore sensitive to low light environments and are also able to beused with infra red lighting.


the horizontal and vertical planes and may zoom in and out onan object.

• Fixed (the camera is pointed at a fixed spot and does not allowfor control of movement).

• IP (internet protocol cameras – cameras which interface directlywith a computer network).

Cameras may also contribute to the quality of images through thetype, size and sensitivity of the image sensor contained within thecamera as well as the compression algorithm applied within thecamera.


CONSIDERATION

Cameras

6.4 Semi-Public Space:Licensed Premises

The use of CCTV to improvesecurity at licensed premises isof significant public interest dueto the well established relationshipbetween the consumption ofalcohol and crime or otheralcohol-related harm.

The security of licensedpremises in Western Australia is

regulated via licensingconditions imposed on licensedpremises under the LiquorControl Act 1988. Under theAct, certain types of licenseapplications and existinglicenses may be required tohave certain security measuresin place. The Western AustralianDepartment of Racing, Gamingand Liquor have developedpolicy guidelines on security at

licensed premises and minimumstandards for CCTV SecuritySystems (available atwww.drgl.wa.gov.au).

Again, it must be stressed thatdue to the application specificnature of CCTV, the followingprovides only general advice tothe technical considerationsrelevant to the use of CCTVwithin licensed premises.

TECHNICAL ADVICE – SEMI-PUBLIC SPACES: LICENSED PREMISES | CCTV TECHNICAL ADVICE 33


External – Balanced white lighting with levels sufficient to allow foridentification of individuals. Lighting levels should be at a minimum of160 Lux. Lights should create intersecting cones of illumination and beplaced to prevent shadows and dark spots. Lighting should be as evenas possible.

Lights should be located behind the camera to avoid backlighting of the target and should not be placed within the field of view to avoid glare.

Internal – cameras should be directed away from lighting sources toavoid glare. Lighting should be as even as possible. At a minimum,internal lighting should avoid sharp bright spots or dark areas.

Fluctuating lighting such as strobe lighting or dance floor lighting may impede camera operation.

In low lighting levels consider the installation of day/night or widedynamic cameras.


Colour rendition depends on the type and level of light within thescene.

White light is best to achieve good colour rendition.Florescent lights or metal halide lighting is preferable.

Avoid colour lighting in camera areas (particularly entry and exits).Where possible consider the use of energy efficient lighting, however,this should not be to the detriment of system operation.

Consideration should be made as to the effect of reflective surfaces(light reflecting off mirrors/walls/counter tops etc). Down lights may bepreferable, however care should be taken to avoid dark spots andunconnected pools of light.


Walls with white/light colour paint may improve scene contrast by allowing better scene illumination in lower levels of lighting. Low sheen paint may reduce harsh light reflection from surfaces.

IR (infra red) flood lights may be considered for illuminating internal(dark) areas. However, IR reflects differently off a range of materials and has a tendency to ‘wash-out’ faces and therefore have implicationsfor identification of individuals and therefore is not recommendedunless a scene test has been carried out to verify results.

CONSIDERATION


Colour Rendition

Scene Contrast



The CCTV system should be developed based on the findings of arisk assessment. Each FOV should therefore reflect the purpose andobjectives of the entire system. In addition, the purpose andobjectives of each camera/location within system should bespecified and documented within a duty statement. Eachcamera/location should have its own documented duty statement.The system (including camera placement and FOV) should bedesigned and used to compliment other security operations. Thesystems should be designed and used to compliment internalsecurity patrols.



• Premises entrances and exits; • Point of sales areas;• Coat rooms; • Entrance to dance floor; and• Bar areas.

Wider views should be used to detect activities in areas such ascorners and seating areas or those areas unable to be viewed bystaff or security staff.


The choice of camera type (monochrome, colour, day/night, fixed orPTZ) must be reflected in the objectives of the system and thepurpose for which each camera is installed. Vandal and weatherproof dome cameras are most appropriate to ensure camerasecurity, however system owners may wish to consider other formsof vandalism/theft prevention.

FOV should be tested in the desired resolution by playing backstored images from the recording device to ensure that the level ofdetail that is captured is not adversely affected by a FOV setting.i.e. one that may prevent the capture of the required level of detailthrough covering too wide an area, for example.

FOV should not include areas where private activities (as definedwithin the Surveillance Devices Act 1998 WA – See WA ClosedCircuit Television (CCTV) Guidelines for further information) may beobserved. E.g. changing rooms, toilets, etc.

CONSIDERATION

Field of View (FOV)



Image resolution requirements should be based on the findings of arisk assessment and the system’s stated objectives.

Systems should record at a minimum of 4CIF (704 x 576 TV lines)and at 25 frames per second during operational hours and 6-10frames per second during non-operational hours.

Systems can utilise a live view resolution of 2 CIF (704 x 240).

Cameras in licensed premises may be mounted to the building’sceiling, walls or on other fixed elements of the building’s structure.

Internal cameras should be placed at a height of 1800mm-2400mm. External cameras may need to positioned higher,however, placement height should not impede ability to captureidentifying information.

Vandal proof dome cameras are most appropriate to enhancecamera resistance to tampering or vandalism.

The attached risk matrix provides further camera placementrecommendations based on the likely risk of an incident occurring(See Risk Matrix for further camera placement advice).

It is recommended that signage is displayed at location entrancesand exits. Signage should also be placed within premises whereCCTV is operating.

It is recommended that a monitor be placed at entrances to showidentification images to patrons as they enter.

Consideration should be given to formally advising employees thatCCTV is used throughout the facility or that they are subject toCCTV monitoring (within the bounds of appropriate privacylegislation). This may also be achieved through employmentdocumentation such as conditions of employment.



CONSIDERATION

Image Resolution

Placement

Signage





• Mpeg4;• Jpeg;• MJpeg;• H.264 (and superseding standards).

Data should be able to be played on Windows Media format or in common AVI format.


Systems which utilise a premises’ computer network placedemands on the capacity and bandwidth of the network. Whenconsidering a network based CCTV system, be aware of thefollowing issues:




• Frames per second (fps): The higher the number of frames persecond captured by the camera/system, the greater theamount of bandwidth required.


Proprietary equipment may have an impact on future expansion orreplacement of cameras. This may effectively lock a customer intothe long-term use of one manufacturer’s technology/equipment.



CONSIDERATION

File Export


Open Application Programming Interface (API)systems versus proprietysystems




For live monitoring, displays should be placed within securedoffices.

Multiple displays (a number of individual television screen) arepreferred to split displays (multiple images on a screen) for thisapplication.


VA or VMD may be considered for use during non-business hours.








CONSIDERATION

Displays

Video analytics (VA) andVideo motion detection (VMD)




Data should be kept for a minimum of 14 days as per Departmentof Racing Gaming and Liquor policy.

Data should be recorded on DVR equipment, computer networkor otherwise retained digitally.





Operational/General recording: A resolution of 4CIF at 25frames per second for a minimum period of 14 days.


H264 94 GB Standard to 412 GB Best Quality 4 CIF Mpeg 4 134 GB Quiet Scene to 800 GB Busy scene

Non operational (out of hours) recording: A resolution of 4CIFat a minimum of 6 frames per second for a minimum period of 14 days.


H264 30 GB Standard to 137 GB Best Quality 4 CIF Mpeg 4 40 GB Quiet scene to 453 GB Busy scene



H264 94 GB Standard to 412 GB Best Quality 4 CIF Mpeg 4 134 GB Quiet Scene to 800 GB Busy scene

Data back-ups should be made and retained as per Department ofRacing Gaming and Liquor policy.

CONSIDERATION

Image Retention

Compression

Storage Capacity




• Time/date stamp; • Camera location; • Camera identifier; and• Watermarking or method of verifying the origonal image for








System Standard Operating Procedures should be developed.These should include documents such as:






maintained and kept with system).

CONSIDERATION

System Validation

System Registration

System Maintenance

Policies/Staff Training /Knowledge



• Contents and location of staff manual (including all policies,forms and SOPs). These should be established and kept withsystem.



CONSIDERATION

Policies/Staff Training /Knowledge (continued)

Security Events

High likelihood of capturingsecurity events

Low likelihood of capturingsecurity events

Camera Placement Locations

Street frontage at main entranceEntrances and exits Car parkEntry cashierBar areaEntrance to dance floor

Office AreasCash register Staff only areas (e.g. lockers)Cash counting areas Seating areas Dance floor Toilets

TECHNICAL ADVICE – PRIVATE SPACES: COMMERCIAL OR INDUSTRIAL PREMISES | CCTV TECHNICAL ADVICE 41

6.5 Private Spaces:Commercial or IndustrialPremises

Private premises are, for themost part, only accessible toselected members of the publicby invitation or for narrowlydefined set of purposes such asbusiness or private activities.

Commercial or industrialpremises are generally onlyaccessible to employees orthose individuals invited to thelocation. State legislationregulates the behaviour ofindividuals at commercial andindustrial premises to ensure thesafety of employees and visitorsto these sites.

Although workplace safety maybe the primary concern at thesepremises, they may also betargeted for a range of crimesranging from graffiti to terrorism.Therefore, CCTV may be anappropriate tool to assist withnot only operational orworkplace safety surveillance,but also security surveillance;although the former requires adifferent set of objectives andsuggested standards than setout within this document.

CONSIDERATION

Cameras









CCTV TECHNICAL ADVICE | TECHNICAL ADVICE – PRIVATE SPACES: COMMERCIAL OR INDUSTRIAL PREMISES42


External – Balanced white lighting with levels sufficient to allowfor identification of individuals. Lighting levels should be at aminimum of 40-60 Lux. Lighting should be as even as possible.Lights should create intersecting cones of illumination and beplaced to prevent shadows and dark spots.


In low lighting levels consider the installation of day/night or widedynamic cameras.









IR (infra red) flood lights may be considered for illuminating darkareas. However, IR reflects differently off a range of materials andhas a tendency to ‘wash-out’ faces. This has implications foridentification of individuals and therefore the use of IR floodlights are not recommended for use with cameras which havebeen installed for the purpose of obtaining identifying informationunless a scene test has been carried out to verify results.

CONSIDERATION


Colour Rendition

Scene Contrast



The CCTV system should be developed based on the findings of a risk assessment. Each FOV should therefore reflect the purposeand objectives of the entire system. In addition, the purpose andobjectives of each camera/location within system should bespecified and documented within a duty statement. Eachcamera/location should have its own documented duty statement.The system (including camera placement and FOV) should bedesigned and used to compliment other security operations.

Premises should, as best as possible, have clearly signalled andcontrolled entrance and exit zones to allow for quality images ofpeople and vehicles entering and exiting premises to be obtained.


• All site entrances (access control/gatehouses);• Any points of perceived perimeter vulnerability; • Building/office access points;• Sensitive/vulnerable infrastructure; and• High value stock/medications/assets.

Wider views should be used to detect activities in areas such asthose that are unable to be viewed by staff or are not regularlysurveilled by security staff.

FOV should avoid ‘tops of heads’ shots, distances or angles ofview which make detection or identification problematic (refer toS3.7 AS4806.2:2006 for relevant object/screen size ratio).

Consideration should be given to the use of pre-determinedcamera duty cycles (FOV pathways or locations pre-programmedinto camera operation).

The choice of camera type (monochrome, colour, day/night, fixedor PTZ) must be reflected in the objectives of the system and thepurpose for which each camera is installed. Vandal and weatherproof dome cameras are most appropriate to ensure camerasecurity, however, system owners may wish to consider otherforms of vandalism/theft prevention.

Any internal cameras should be positioned at a height of1800mm-2400mm. External cameras may need to be positionedhigher, however placement height should not impede thecamera’s ability to capture identifying information.

CONSIDERATION

Field of View (FOV)



FOV should be tested in the desired resolution by playing backstored images from the recording device to ensure that the level ofdetail that is captured is not adversely affected by a FOV setting.i.e. one that may prevent the capture of the required level ofdetail through covering too wide an area, for example. FOVshould not include areas where private activities (as defined withinthe Surveillance Devices Act 1998 WA – See WA Closed CircuitTelevision (CCTV) Guidelines for further information) may beobserved. E.g. neighbouring properties, changing rooms, toilets, etc.

System owners should consider masking areas of FOV that are notowned or managed by the system owner or where privateactivities may take place. **Masking involves the use of softwarewithin the camera or recording device to obscure areas within thecamera’s FOV as defined by the user, so that these areas are notviewed or recorded by the system.**

Note that CCTV used for operational surveillance/occupationalhealth and safety purposes will require different objectives andminimum requirements to those stated within this document.

Image resolution requirements should be based on the findings ofa risk assessment and the system’s stated objectives.

These systems should record at a resolution of 4CIF (704 x 576 TV lines) and at a minimum of 6 frames per second.

It is recommended that signage is displayed at location entrancesand exits. Signage should also be placed within premises whereCCTV is operating (i.e. inside enclosed car parks, elevators, stairwells).

Consideration should be given to formally advising employees that CCTV is used throughout the facility or that they are subjectto CCTV monitoring (within the bounds of appropriate privacylegislation).

This may also be achieved through employment documentationsuch as conditions of employment.

See Australian Standard S9 AS4806.2:2006 for signage standards.


CONSIDERATION

Field of View (FOV) (continued)

Image Resolution

Signage





• Mpeg4;• Jpeg;• MJpeg;• H.264 (and superseding standards)



Systems which utilise a premises’ computer network placedemands on the capacity and bandwidth of the network. When considering a network based CCTV system, be aware of thefollowing issues:




• Frames per second (fps): The higher the number of frames persecond captured by the camera/system, the greater the amountof bandwidth required.


Proprietary equipment may have an impact on future expansion orreplacement of cameras. This may effectively lock a customer intothe long-term use of one manufacturer’s technology/equipment.



CONSIDERATION

File Export


Open ApplicationProgramming Interface (API)systems versus proprietysystems




For live monitoring, displays should be placed in a secured office.Multiple displays (television screens) are preferred to split displays(multiple images on a screen).

The use of video motion detection (VMD) or video analytics (VA) ismost often application specific and should be based on the findingsof a risk assessment and the system’s stated objectives.


To be effective VA and VMD must trigger a response and thereforeshould be tempered into location, alarms. The system ownersshould ensure that there is a capacity to provide a timely responseto any alarms.

VA or VMD alarms should not however be connected to premises“Alarm Dialler” for the purposes of generation of an external alarmto a Central Monitoring Station (CMS) unless the CMS has theability to remotely interrogate the video system for the purpose ofvideo verification.




Image resolution should be specified as to the quality of the resolutionrequired for the relevant CIF rating. This is required due to the waymodern CODECs insert information between the “I” Frame.As such each CIF rating further is defined in GOOD / BETTER / BESTat each level.

Data from all cameras should be kept for a minimum of 31 days assuggested in Australian Standard S8.3 AS4806.1:2006.


Stored images should be protected through archiving & the utilisationof fault tolerant RAID configurations to protect against drive failure.

CONSIDERATION

Displays



Image Retention



Image compression should be kept as low as possible giving dueconsideration to the objectives of the individual camera in questionand the system as a whole.


At a minimum, storage capacity should be adequate to ensure thatdata is retained:

Operational/General recording: A resolution of 4CIF at a minimumof 6 frames per second for a minimum period of 31 days.











Maintenance of system components should be undertakenregularly, however, camera dome cleaning should be undertaken on a more frequent basis.

CONSIDERATION

Compression

Storage Capacity

System Validation

System Registration

System Maintenance







System Standard Operating Procedures should be developed. These should include documents such as:






maintained and kept with system).• Contents and location of staff manual (including all policies,

forms and SOPs). These should be established and kept withsystem.



UPS (uninterruptible power supply) should be considered insofar as its use is aligned with system objectives.

CONSIDERATION

Policies/Staff Training / Knowledge


TECHNICAL ADVICE – PRIVATE SPACES: PRIVATE RESIDENTIAL | CCTV TECHNICAL ADVICE 49

6.6 Private Spaces: PrivateResidential

Many individuals and familiesare now choosing to installCCTV as part of their homesecurity systems. The largerange of relatively inexpensivedo-it-yourself CCTV installationkits has made the use of CCTVa much more attractive andpopular option for modernhome security.

The installation and use ofCCTV should, however, bebased on the outcomes of awell considered risk assessmentand home owners shouldbecome familiar with anylegislation regulating the use ofdevices such as CCTV.

Should owners of privateresidences wish to install CCTV,the following technical advicemay assist them to select asystem that may provide anappropriate level of quality fortheir needs.

CONSIDERATION

Cameras



Cameras also have basic functionality types including:• PTZ – Pan, tilt, zoom (where the camera may controlled alongthe horizontal and vertical planes and may zoom in and out onan object.• Fixed (the camera is pointed at a fixed spot and does notallow for control of movement).• IP (internet protocol cameras – cameras which interfacedirectly with a computer network). The use of power overinternet (POI) cameras may be an option for increasing theenergy efficiency of a system.



CCTV TECHNICAL ADVICE | TECHNICAL ADVICE – PRIVATE SPACES: PRIVATE RESIDENTIAL50


External – Balanced white lighting with levels sufficient to allowfor the identification of individuals. Minimum lighting level of 160Lux. Lights should allow create intersecting cones of illuminationand be placed to prevent shadows and dark spots.


Internal – cameras should be directed away from lighting sourcesto avoid glare. Lighting should be as even as possible. At aminimum, internal lighting should avoid sharp bright spots ordark areas.In low lighting levels consider the installation ofday/night cameras.


Colour rendition depends on the type and level of light within the scene.



Consideration should be given to the effect of reflective surfaces(lights/sun reflecting off mirrors/windows/walls/hallways or otherreflective surfaces) on image capture.




The CCTV system should be developed based on the findings of a risk assessment. Each FOV should therefore reflect the purposeand objectives of the entire system. In addition, the purpose andobjectives of each camera/location within system should bespecified and documented within a duty statement. Eachcamera/location should have its own documented duty statement.

CONSIDERATION


Colour Rendition

Scene Contrast

Field of View (FOV)



Insofar as the FOV meets the documented objectives of the entire CCTVsystem, FOVs to be considered may include:

• Entrances to building/property;• Driveways/vehicle storage areas; and• Yard areas.

Wider views should be used to detect activities in areas such asyards/side access routes or those areas unable to be easily viewed fromwithin the premises.


Consideration should be given to the use of pre-determined camera dutycycles (FOV pathways or locations pre-programmed into camera operation).

The choice of camera type (monochrome, colour, day/night, fixed orPTZ) must be reflected in the objectives of the system and the purposefor which each camera is installed. Vandal and weather proof domecameras are most appropriate to ensure camera security, however systemowners may wish to consider other forms of vandalism/theft prevention.

Any internal cameras should be positioned 1800mm-2400mm aboveground. External cameras may need to be positioned higher however,placement height should not impede the camera’s ability to captureidentifying information.

FOV should be tested in the desired resolution by playing back storedimages from the recording device to ensure that the level of detail thatis captured is not adversely affected by a FOV setting. i.e. one that mayprevent the capture of the required level of detail through covering toowide an area, for example.

FOV should not include areas where private activities (as defined withinthe Surveillance Devices Act 1998 WA – See WA Closed CircuitTelevision (CCTV) Guidelines for further information) may be observed.E.g. neighbouring properties including windows, yards and pool areas,toilets, etc.

System owners should consider masking areas of FOV that are not ownedor managed by the system owner, where private activities may take place.**Masking involves the use of software within the camera or recordingdevice to obscure areas within the camera’s FOV as defined by the user,so that these areas are not viewed or recorded by the system.**

Vandal proof dome cameras are most appropriate to ensure camerasecurity.

CONSIDERATION

Field of View (FOV) (continued)



Image resolution requirements should be based on the findings of a risk assessment and the system’s stated objectives.

Systems should record at a minimum of 4CIF (704 x 576 TV lines)and at 6 frames per second.

It is recommended that signage is displayed at the location’sfrontage. Visitors should be informed that CCTV is in operationwithin the location.



Files should be able to be exported from the recording device in the following standards:

• Mpeg4;• Jpeg;• MJpeg;• H.264 (and superseding standards)



Systems which utilise a premises’ computer network place demandson the capacity and bandwidth of the network. When consideringa network based CCTV system, be aware of the following issues:

• Number of cameras: The more cameras a system has, the larger bandwidth requirements.

• Resolution: The higher the resolution required by the system, the greater the amount of bandwidth required.


• Frames per second (fps): The higher the number of frames persecond captured by the camera/system, the greater the amountof bandwidth required.

• Linking additional devices (network videorecorders/alarms/sensors/telemetry) to the network increases the bandwidth requirements.

CONSIDERATION

Image Resolution

Signage

Data Transmission andProtocol

File Export

Cabling Infrastructure and Bandwidth Limitations




Both the Open Network Video Interface Forum (ONVIF) andPhysical Security Interoperability Alliance (PSIS) specificationsdefine a common protocol for the exchange of informationbetween network video devices including automatic devicediscovery, video streaming and intelligence metadata. The ONVIFand PSIA specification allows for interoperability betweennetwork video products regardless of manufacturer. CCTVequipment sourced from manufacturers who are members of theONVIF group or PSIA may provide greater flexibility for futuresystem expansion and component replacement.



The use of video motion detection (VMD) or video analytics (VA)is most often application specific and should be based on thefindings of a risk assessment and the system’s stated objectives.

VA or VMD should be considered during hours/occasions whereoccupants are absent or not able to provide natural surveillanceover property (e.g. sleeping hours).


VA or VMD alarms should not however be connected topremises “Alarm Dialler” for the purposes of generation of anexternal alarm to a Central Monitoring Station (CMS) unless theCMS has the ability to remotely interrogate the video system forthe purpose of video verification.

When implementing VA or VMD consideration should be givento the impact that the environment (trees, wind, insects) mayhave on the system.

CONSIDERATION

Open ApplicationProgramming Interface (API)systems versus proprietysystems.

Displays






Image resolution should be specified as to the quality of the resolutionrequired for the relevant CIF rating. This is required due to theway modern CODECs insert information between the “I” Frame.As such each CIF rating further is defined in GOOD / BETTER /BEST at each level.


Data should be recorded on DVR equipment, Storage AreaNetwork (SAN)/network storage or otherwise retained digitally.

Stored images should be protected through archiving and theutilisation of fault tolerant RAID configurations to protect againstdrive failure.




Operational/General recording: A resolution of 4CIF at a minimumof 6 frames per second for a minimum period of 31 days.






CONSIDERATION


Image Retention

Compression

Storage Capacity






The system should be registered on the WA Police’s Blue IrisCCTV register. https://blueiris.wa.gov.au.


The owner should ensure that they:

• Are familiar with system components;• Are able to view and export data when necessary;• Are aware of legal issues surrounding location and FOV of

cameras; and• Maintain documented camera view/location maps and duty

statements.

CONSIDERATION

System Validation

System Registration

System Maintenance

Training

CCTV TECHNICAL ADVICE | FURTHER INFORMATION56

Further information

Enquiries regarding this document or requests for further information should be directed to:

The Office of Crime PreventionWestern Australia PoliceLevel 5, 197 St George’s TerracePerth WA 6000

Ph: (08) 9222 9733E: [email protected]

WebLinks

https://blueiris.wa.gov.auwww.crimeprevention.wa.gov.auwww.drgl.wa.gov.auwww.onvif.orgwww.psialliance.org

Legislation

Surveillance Devices Act 1998 (WA)

Liquor Control Act 1988 (WA)

Australian Standards

AS4806.1-2006: Closed circuit television (CCTV) Part 1: Management and OperationAS4806.2-2006: Closed circuit television (CCTV) Part 2: Application guidelines

Acknowledgements

The Office of Crime Prevention wishes to thank and acknowledge the contribution of thefollowing individuals or organisations in the development of this document: WA Police, WesternAustralia CCTV Working Group members, Western Australia CCTV Working Group TechnicalAdvice Sub-committee members, Australian Security Industry Association, Security Agents Instituteof Western Australia, Department of Education, Public Transport Authority, Main Roads WA.

Western Australian PoliceOffice of Crime Prevention

Level 5, 197 St Georges TerracePERTH, WESTERN AUSTRALIA 6000

Telephone: 08 9222 9733Facsimile: 08 9222 8705

Email: [email protected]: www.crimeprevention.wa.gov.au

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WESTERN AUSTRALIA Closed Circuit Television (CCTV ......developed for security purposes rather than occupational health and safety or alternative workplace purposes. As such, it is