Wenbo Zhang

2011/04/23 Liping Liu*, Wenbo

Zhang, Francis Murry

and David Little

Contents

Introduction

Methods

Results

Conclusion

Acknowledgements

SEAT: Sustainability of international seafood trade between Asia and EU

Four species groups: penaeid shrimp, macrobrachium prawns, tilapias and pangasius catfish.

(i) The status and trends of farmed tilapia value

chain in China;

(ii) Analysis secondary and primary stakeholders

along the value chain;

(iii) To understand sustainability constraints from

the perspective of stakeholder groups along the

value chain.

Research questions

Secondary data collection

System boundary setting

Key informant interview

Focus group meeting

Secondary

data

Primary

data

Multistage (stratified-purposive-random)sampling

National

level

Local

level Snowball sampling

Fieldwork :October 2009 - July 2010.

55 key informant interviews, 6 focus groups

for shrimp value chain

Stakeholder analysis

Key constrains matrix

Development trends

Secondary

data Primary

data

Descriptive analysis

Quantitative analysis

Data maps

Primary stakeholders

Secondary stakeholders

Scoring

Ranking

- China is the largest producer of tilapia in

the world.

- China also is the largest exporter of tilapia

in the world.

- Tilapia is one of most important exporting

fisheries commodities in China

Result – National Status - Overall

Main species (breed)

GIFT strain Nile tilapia（Oreochromis niloticus）

and New GIFT, GIFU

The hybrid F1 of blue tilapia♂×nile tilapia♀

(Oreochromis aureus ♂ × Oreochromis niloticus

♀ ）

(Source: FAO 2010)

Result – National Status

Annual production of tilapia in China in 1980 to 2008

0

200000

400000

600000

800000

1000000

1200000

19

81

19

82

19

83

19

84

19

85

19

86

19

87

19

88

19

89

19

90

19

91

19

92

19

93

19

94

19

95

19

96

19

97

19

98

19

99

20

00

20

01

20

02

20

03

20

04

20

05

20

06

20

07

20

08

Tilapia

World Tilapia Production and Value in 2000 to 2007 (sources: FAO - Fisheries and Aquaculture Information and Statistics Service).

33.99% 33.94% 36.16% 37.70% 37.98% 37.70% 37.68% 39.18%

16.88% 15.38% 15.22% 12.50% 12.12% 12.45% 13.91% 13.80%6.33% 5.88% 6.73% 6.32% 6.50% 7.60% 9.15% 10.06%11.58% 13.14% 5.18% 6.59% 5.15% 6.45% 6.28% 6.77%

4.40% 3.93% 4.08% 3.80% 4.11% 3.71% 3.17% 2.54%

13.77% 13.98% 15.32% 15.79% 15.46% 13.73% 12.99% 11.30%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

else

Uganda

Costa Rica

Taiwan Province of China

Colombia

Thailand

Brazil

Indonesia

Philippines

Egypt

China

46.09% 44.68% 43.33% 44.14% 43.55% 42.63% 43.21% 45.25%

13.23% 11.70% 11.89% 12.65% 11.19% 10.96% 11.67% 10.61%

7.16% 8.06% 7.78% 7.85% 7.85% 9.57% 9.87% 9.91%

7.78% 8.19% 8.68% 8.24% 8.20% 8.23% 9.10% 9.63%

6.94% 6.48% 5.95% 6.24% 9.02% 10.30% 9.26% 7.59%4.14% 6.35% 6.03% 5.41% 5.02% 4.21% 3.27% 3.04%

0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%100%

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

else

Colombia

Honduras

Malaysia

Taiwan Province of China

Brazil

Thailand

Philippines

Indonesia

Egypt

China

Production

Value

(sources: FAO - Fisheries and Aquaculture Information and Statistics Service)

0.00% 0.00%

35.69%

52.26%60.39% 60.40%

70.26%77.81%

92.22% 93.59%

50.15%

35.22%28.28% 23.80%

15.88%12.44%

0.00% 0.00%4.94% 4.69% 5.64%

7.64% 8.03% 4.67%3.34% 3.22% 4.02% 2.68% 2.92% 4.32% 3.55% 2.96%3.33% 2.77% 5.05% 4.92% 2.15% 3.41% 2.13% 1.12%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

Else

United States of America

Honduras

Thailand

Taiwan Province of China

China

0.00% 0.00%

35.39%51.16%

62.51% 62.59% 70.29% 76.33%81.43% 85.40%

42.90%30.35%

21.41% 16.68%12.37%

10.24%13.96% 9.75%

11.94% 7.90% 8.21% 11.28% 9.06% 7.58%0.00% 0.00% 4.00% 4.21% 4.97% 6.33% 6.12% 2.99%4.61% 4.84% 5.76% 6.37% 2.89% 3.13% 2.17% 1.35%

0%10%20%

30%40%50%60%70%

80%90%

100%

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

Else

Ecuador

Thailand

Honduras

Taiwan Province of China

China

Proportion of World Tilapias Export Quantity&Value

Production

Value

0

200000

400000

600000

800000

1000000

1200000

2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

tilapia production

tilapia export

tilapia for export(wholefish equivalent)

tilapia for domesticmarket

Source: FAO 2009

Result – National Status

Tilapia Export in China in 2002-2008

(Nei – not elsewhere included )

Proportion(%)

Shrimp, 17.90%

Mollusk, 14.60%

Tilapia, 10.90%

Eel, 9.10%

Red swampcrawfish, 2.30%

yellow-fintuna, 2.10%

Channelcatfish, 1.10%

Else, 58%

Shrimp

Mollusk

Tilapia

Eel

Red swamp crawfish

yellow-fin tuna

Channel catfish

Else

Main Export Production of Fisheries in China in 2008

(sources: Agriculture Ministry of China).

large yellow croaker, 2.10%

Source: FAO 2009, China customs 2010

Result – National Status

Tilapia Export in China in 2002-2009

(Nei – not elsewhere included )

0

50,000

100,000

150,000

200,000

250,000

300,000

2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 1-6/2009 1-6/2010

Exp

ort

Vo

lum

e (

To

nn

es)

Tilapia fillets, frozen Tilapias prepared or preserved, not minced Tilapias, whole frozen

2005 2006 Growth rate%

USA 53982 79675 47.60%

Mexico 8046 23345 190.14%

Indonesia 949 4759 401.48%

Israel 781 3158 304.35%

Canada 707 1732 144.98%

Else 3535 9331 163.96%

Total Weight(Ton) 68000 122000 79.41%

Total Value(USD) 19100000

0 32300000

0 69.1%

Main 5 Export Countries of Frozen Tilapia Fillet

in China in 2005 and 2006 (sources: China Aquatic Products

processing And Marketing Association)

2005 2006 Growth rate%

USA 26870.86 24976.26 -7.05%

Mexico 8296.58 9548.26 15.09%

Indonesia 573.94 932.81 62.53%

Israel 436.02 770.67 76.75%

Canada 396.43 702.52 77.21%

Else 2226.17 4969.48 123.23%

Total Weight(Ton) 38800 41900 7.99%

Total Value(USD) 3930000

0 44000000 11.2%

Main 5 Export Countries of Frozen Whole Tilapias

in China in 2005 and 2006

(sources: China Aquatic Products

processing And Marketing Association)

Unit:Ton

Data Map tilapia Production and

Export in China in 2008

(sources: Agriculture Ministry of China, China custom).

Unit:Ton

Production

Export

Result - Regional Status

Zhuhai

Shanwei

Zhanjiang

Maoming

Chaozhou

Shaoguan

HeyunMeizhou

Shenzhen

ZhaoqingGuangzhou

Qingyuan

Yunfu

Yangjiang

Jiangmen

Huizhou

JieyangShantou

0

0-10000

10000-20000

20000-50000

100000+

Fuoshan

Zhongshan

Dongwan

Data Map of tilapia production and

Export in Guangdong in 2008

(sources: Guangdong Province Sea and Fishing Office2010, China custom2010)

(metric ton)

Result - Regional Status

production

Export

(metric ton)

Feed / Chemical companies

Broodstock producers and or providers / importers

Hatcheries and nurseries

Producers

Processors

Exporters

Local traders

Local market

Domestic customers

Result – Stakeholders (In-country)

Primary stakeholders

Facility provider Service and

Infrastructure provider Affected or affected by Support provider Inspector

Aerator factory Machine maintenance Tourist industry Bank CIQ, DOF

Aquaculture facility Well construction Catering trade Insurance

Company Customs

CO factory Building constructer Fish farm neighbours Local/Central government

Container factory cold storage People using water from farm

to irrigation University/Institutes

Bait-casting machine Feed/Chemical Shops Fish thieves Local village committee

Gauze mask factory Feed/Drug tech sever man Industrial pollution Generator factories Porter (bearer) team Watchdog Glove factory Harvesting team Foreign customers Ice factory Local market Domestic customers Building material Material Importer/Dealer Fuel Middle man Machine factory Pond digger/builder Net factory Sediment removal team

Packaging factory Servicer of fish disease

diagnosis Piper factory Transportation Plastic Film company Water test/ improve Pump factory Power station Test Instruments

Company Road construction

White coat factory Water supply Weather Station

Secondary stakeholders

Result – Primary Stakeholders

Seed Production

More than 150 tilapia hatcheries

Guangdong (>100), Hainan (~40) and Guangxi (~10)

In 2009, China produced 30.7 billion Tilapia

fingerlings

0.00%10.00%20.00%30.00%40.00%50.00%60.00%70.00%

Gu

an

gd

on

g

Gu

an

gx

i

Hain

an

Fu

jia

n

Zh

ejia

ng

Yu

nn

an

Hu

be

i

An

hu

i

Lia

on

ing

He

be

i

South East Middle eastWest Middle North east

Tilapia Seed production in 2009 in China

Tilapia

Result – Primary Stakeholders

The main culture system of Tilapia Intensive Semi-intensive Integrated Target

market Export Export/Domest

ic Domestic

Water

sources Freshwater

ponds/tanks/

reservoirs

Freshwater

reservoirs Freshwater

ponds/tanks

Distribu

tion Hainan, Guangdong Guangdong Guangdong

Charact

eristics Only use

commercial pellet

feed, do NOT use

any manure as

fertilizer, high

density, high cost

and high yield.

Relay culture

system.

Use feed,

some use

manure, low

density, low

cost, low yield

and low profit.

Some use

relay culture

system.

Fish/pig (or

fish/duck). Using

pig/duck manure

as fertilizer, also

use feed, high

density, and high

yield. Relay culture system.

Tilapia in earth pond

Tilapia in reservoir

Integrated Tilapia Farming

Result – Key sustainability constraints

***: Very important, **: Important, *: Not important, blank: Not mentioned

Category

Problems list Tilapi

a

farmers

Tilapi

a

hatcheries

Feed

company

Proc

essor

plants

Feed/

drug

dealers

Gove

rnme

nt

officers

Total stars

Technical

Diseases ** * ** ** * 8 Poor or inconsistent quality of Seed, Feed, Drugs *** *** 6 Management skills ** *** 5 Seed supply *** 3

Social High standard, unreasonable laws of export market * * *** * *** 9 Government policy and regulation * ** * * 5 Ineffectiveness of producers organization * *** * *** 8 No direction and hope for continued low margin or lost money

** * 3

Illegal feed additive *** *** 6 Drugs residue * ** * 4

Economic

Weak market access capability, lack distribution channel (domestic, export)

*** *** *** *** 12

Low price, Low margin, price fluctuation *** ** *** ** 10 Cost increased (feed, feed raw material, rent, power) *** *** * 7 Competition ** ** *** *** 10 No advantage of intensive culture for export *** ** 5 Buyer’s market ** * ** 5 Capital insufficient ** * 3

Environmental

Water (quality, availability) *** * * 5

Weather condition ** * * ** 6 Total stars 36 2 9 28 25 20 120

China is the leading producer and the leading exporter of tilapia.

The producing and exporting area of tilapia mainly in South East China, along the coastline, the most important district is Maoming in Guangdong province.

The tilapia production and export will continue growth.

The main sustainability constraints identified by local stakeholders includes

Weak market access capability, lack distribution channel (domestic, export)

Low price, Low margin, price fluctuation

Competition

Sustaining Ethical Aquaculture Trade (SEAT:

2009-2013), supported by the EU Commission,

Grant No. 222889

The University of Stirling

The Shanghai Ocean University.

Field data collector, Zhongfeng Zhang, Yan Li

and Guangxue Zhao.

The comments from Patrik Henriksson were

much appreciated.

Sustaining Ethical Aquaculture Trade

http://seatglobal.eu/

Thanks for your listening~

Have a nice day