Wells Gray-Clearwater volcanic field

7/31/2019 Wells Gray-Clearwater volcanic field

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Wells Gray-Clearwater volcanic field

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Wells Gray-Clearwater volcanic field

Aview from Green Mountain with Pyramid Mountainin the distance

Elevation 2,100 m (6,890 ft)

Location

Location British Columbia, Canada

Range Quesnel Highland/ShuswapHighland/Cariboo Mountains

Coordinates 52.33N 120.57W

Geology

Type Monogenetic volcanic field

Age of rock Pliocene-to-Holocene

Last eruption 1550?[1]

Climbing

Easiest route Drive

Clearwater Lake, a lava dammed lake in

the Wells Gray-Clearwater volcanic f ield

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

TheWells Gray-Clearwater volcanic field, also called the Clearwater Cone

Group,[2] is a potentially active[3]monogenetic volcanic field in east-central British

Columbia, Canada, located approximately 130 km (81 mi) north ofKamloops. It issituated in the Cariboo Mountains of the Columbia Mountains and on the Quesnel

and Shuswap Highlands. As a monogenetic volcanic field, it is a place with

numerous small basalticvolcanoes and extensive lava flows.[4][5]

Most of the Wells Gray-Clearwater volcanic field is encompassed within a large

wilderness park called Wells Gray Provincial Park.[4] This 5,250 km2 (2,030 sq mi)

park was established in 1939 to protect Helmcken Falls and the unique features of

the Clearwater Riverdrainage basin, including this volcanic field.[4] Five roads enter

the park and provide views of some of the field's volcanic features. [4]Short hikes lead

to several other volcanic features, but some areas are accessible only by aircraft.[6]

Contents [hide]

1 Geology

1.1 Pleistocene epoch1.2 Holocene epoch

1.3 Origins

1.4 Lava composition

1.5 Current activity

2 Volcanic hazards

2.1 Lava eruptions

2.2 Explosive eruptions

3 Monitoring

4 Notable vents

5 See also

6 Notes

7 References

Geology

Pleistocene epoch

Based on radiocarbon and potassium-argon dating, volcanic activity in the Wells Gray-

Clearwater volcanic field began in the early Pleistoceneepoch, creating valley-filling and

plateau-capping lava flows that have a total volume of approximately 25 km3 (6 cu mi).[6] The

emplacement of these lava flows spanned at least three periods of glaciation, evidence for

which is preserved in the form oftuyas, ice-ponded valley deposits, and subglacial mounds.[6]

The few tuyas in the region, such as Gage Hill, Hyalo Ridge, McLeod Hill and Mosquito

Mound, were formed when magma intruded into and melted a vertical pipe in the overlying

glacial ice. The partially molten mass cooled as a large block, with gravity flattening its upper

surface. The glacial erosion of the tuyas suggests they erupted during the early Pleistocene

epoch.[6]

At least one explosive subaqueous volcano formed during the Pleistocene epoch.[4] This

subaqueous volcano, known as White Horse Bluff, is thought to have formed in three

phases.[4] Its first phase of activity was involved with water, possibly dammed by glacial ice which filled the Clearwater Rivervalley.[4] The

volcano heated glacial water then flooded down the volcano's vent, creating violent steam explosions and broken lava fragments. [4] Once

the steam explosions had subsided, the broken lava fragments settled back into the glacial water, creating the unvolcano-like form of

White Horse Bluff which is mostly made of fragmental volcanic glass called hyaloclastite.[4] The volcano ceased erupting soon after

breeching the surface of the glacial water.[4]

Other volcanic events elsewhere interacted with groundwaterand magma creating numerous pit craters.[6] Many of these pit craters have

been filled with water creating several crater lakes.[7] In some places glacial till and fluval sands and gravels are maintained under the

several lava flows that form the volcanic field.[6]Paleosols are found, but are rare.[6] Glaciation has left a thick blanket of till over nearly all

of the volcanic deposits and therefore outcrop is largely limited to cliffforming exposures in several valleys. [6]

Holocene epoch

At the end of the last ice age approximately 10,000 years ago, massive floods from the

melting glacial ice carved deep canyons into the underlying plateau-capping lava flows. [4] Most

of these canyons contain rivers such as the Murtle and Clearwater, and waterfalls such as

Canim Falls, Moul Falls, Spahats Falls and the 141 m (463 ft) high Helmcken Falls.[4] The

faces of the basaltic lava flows and waterfalls remain vertical due to the nature of the basaltic

lava flows.[4] Basaltic lava shrinks as it cools and forms vertical columns of rock called

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CanimFalls and lava flows

Map of the Wells Gray-Clearwater volcanic f ield

Helmcken Falls and the deposits of

volcanic rock

columnar basalt.[4] More recently, the southern end of the volcanic field has experienced

continuous volcanic activity since the end of the last ice age. This volcanic activity occurred in

three areas; Spanish Creek, Ray Lake and Kostal Lake which were followed by lava fountain

eruptions creating cinder cones and lava flows.[6]

Volcanism in the Spanish Creek and Ray Lake areas were synglacial but continued after the

glacial ice had melted away.[6] Two cinder cones, known as Flourmill Cone and Pointed Stick

Cone, were created in the Spanish Creek area.[6] Lava flows from the two cinder cones lie on glaciated bedrock without an intervening

paleosol, indicating an early Holocene age.[1]

Eruptions near Ray Lake built a cinder cone known as Dragon Cone and concluded with an approximately 16 km (9.9 mi) long a lava

flow that has been radiocarbon dated at about 7,600 years old.[1] This lava flow, known as "Dragon's Tongue", is at least 15 m (49 ft) thick

at the proximal end, but thins to 3 m (9.8 ft) at the distal end, damming the southern end of Clearwater Lake.[4] Tree molds are

maintained within the lava flow at the lower end.[6]

The latest volcanic eruption created a small tree-covered basaltic cinder cone at the east end of Kostal Lake called Kostal Cone perhaps

as recently as 400 years ago, making it one of the youngest volcanoes in Canada based on tree-growth data. [6]

Origins

The Wells Gray-Clearwater volcanic field began forming approximately

3,500,000 years ago and has grown steadily since then.[8] The tectonic

causes of the volcanism that have produced the Wells Gray-Clearwater

volcanic field are not yet clear and are therefore a matter of ongoing

research. It is approximately 250 km (160 mi) inland from the north-

south trending Garibaldi Volcanic Belt and is along-strike from the

Nootka Fault on the British Columbia Coast, which has been

subducting under the North American Plate at the Cascadia subductionzone.[9] The Wells Gray volcanics are mostly alkaliolivinebasalt, with

some lava flows comprising mantlexenoliths.[8] Basalts of the Wells

Gray-Clearwater volcanic field have been considered to be the

easternmost expression of theAnahim Volcanic Belt.[8] However, its

relationship is unknown because the age-location trend does not reach

into the Wells Gray-Clearwater area, and the Wells Gray-Clearwater

volcanic field is not along trend with the Anahim Volcanic Belt.[8] The

Wells Gray volcanics were thought to have formed by crustal thinning

and the existence of crustal penetrating structures.[8]

More recent studies by volcanologists associated with the Geological

Survey of Canada have indicated that the subducted extension of the

Nookta Fault may be the primary cause of the alkalic structure of the

Wells Gray-Clearwater volcanic field.[8]

The volcanism might have beenmostly generated by asthenospheric upwelling possibly by

displacement along the transform fault.[8] If the transform fault had a

section of vertical tearing to contain potentially different dip angles between the Explorerand Juan de Fuca Plates, the subducted plate

asthenosphere may possibly flow upward into the mantle wedge.[8] Similarly, if the displacement had a section of extension, a horizontal

slab window-like gap would have developed, again allowing a pathway for upwelling magma. [8] In either case, the unsettled asthenosphere

might have experienced low degrees of decompressional melting and interacted with North American lithosphere to yield within plate

compositions.[8]

Lava composition

The composition of some lava flows in the Wells Gray-Clearwater volcanic field is unusual

because they include small, angular to rounded fragments of rock called nodules and crystals

that come from the mantle.[4] These green nodules are known as peridotites because they are

mostly made of a magnesiumironsilicate mineral called olivine.[4] These lava flows also

comprise large crystals of olivine, plagioclase, and pyroxene that crystallized deep within the

Earth's crust and mantle.[4] The lavas and nodules they contain are similar to those erupted at

Volcano Mountain in the Yukon.[4] The nodules help volcanologists and other geoscientists to

verify what the mantle beneath the volcanic field is like.[4]

Holocene lava flows are more alkalic than the Pleistocene lava flows and comprise several

xenoliths ofchromium-spinellherzolite, spinel clinopyroxenite, and rare ferroanwebsterite and

spinel wehrlite.[6] Xenoliths do not exist in the older lava flows.[6] However, chemical evidence

indicates that every lava flow was produced in a similar way by low degrees of piecemeal

melting.[6] The melts originally came from the upper mantle which, over time, was

progressively depleted by every following melting event.[6]

Current activity

The Wells Gray-Clearwater volcanic field is one of the 10 volcanic areas in Canada associated

with recent seismic activity; the others are Castle Rock,[10]Mount Edziza,[10]MountCayley,[10]Hoodoo Mountain,[10]The Volcano,[10]Crow Lagoon,[10]Mount Meager,[10]Mount

Garibaldi[10] and Nazko Cone.[11] Seismic data suggests that these volcanoes still contain

living magma plumbing systems, indicating possible future eruptive activity.[12] Although the

available data does not allow a clear conclusion, these observations are further indications that some of Canada's volcanoes are

potentially active, and that their associated hazards may be significant. [3] Beneath areas of monogenetic cinder cone activity, such as the

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Spahats Falls and deposits of volcanic

rock

Columnar basalt of the Dragon's Tongue

lava flow

Clearwater Valley

Wells Gray-Clearwater volcanic field, the seismicity appears to be more dispersed. [3] In a few cases earthquakes are clustered in time

and space, suggestive of volcanic earthquake swarms.[3]

Volcanic hazards

Lava eruptions

Because the Wells Gray-Clearwater volcanic field is in a remote location, danger from lava

eruptions would be low to moderate. Magma with low levels ofsilica (as in basalt) commonly

extend tens of kilometers from the volcano's vent.[13] The leading edges of basalt flows can

travel as fast as 10 kilometres per hour (6.2 mph) on steep slopes but they typically advance

less than 1 kilometre per hour (0.62 mph) on gentle slopes. [13] But when basalt lava flows areconfined within a channel orlava tube on a steep slope, the main body of the flow can reach

velocities more than 30 kilometres per hour (19 mph).[13] Based on past volcanic activity, the

Wells Gray-Clearwater volcanic field has a long history of producing quiet lava fountaining-style

eruptions.[4] Such eruptions consist of ejection ofincandescentcinder, lapilli and lava bombs

to altitudes of tens to hundreds of metres. They are small to medium in volume, with sporadic

violence. Since the region is mostly forested and lava flows are likely to travel long distances,

it is possible lava eruptions could start large forest fires and some river valleys might be

dammed.[4]

Explosive eruptions

More violent eruptions are possible only in unique circumstances, such as an eruption into a

lake.[4] Any future eruption is most likely to affect only a limited area downslope from the

volcano. Poisonous substances, such as volcanic gas, includes a variety of substances.

These include gases trapped in cavities (vesicles) involcanic rocks, dissolved or dissoclated gases in magma and lava, or gases

emanating directly from lava or indirectly through ground water heated by volcanic action. The volcanic gases that pose the greatest

potential hazard to people, animals, agriculture, and property are sulfur dioxide, carbon dioxide and hydrogen fluoride.[14] Locally, sulfur

dioxide gas can lead to acid rain and air pollution downwind from the volcano.[14]

Monitoring

Currently the Wells Gray-Clearwater volcanic field is not monitored closely enough by the Geological Survey of Canada to ascertain how

active the volcanic field's magma system is.[15] The existing network ofseismographs has been established to monitor tectonic

earthquakes and is too far away to provide a good indication of what is happening beneath the volcanic field. [15] It may sense an increase

in activity if the volcanic field becomes very restless, but this may only provide a warning for a large eruption. [15] It might detect activity

only after the volcanic field has started erupting.[15]

A possible way to detect an eruption is studying the volcanic field's geological history since

every volcano has its own pattern of behaviour, in terms of its eruption style, magnitude andfrequency, so that its future eruption is expected to be similar to its previous eruptions. [15] But

this would likely be abandoned in part because of the volcanic field's remoteness.[15]

While there is a likelihood of Canada being critically affected by local or close by volcanic

eruptions argues that some kind of improvement program is required. [3] Benefit-cost thoughts

are critical to dealing with natural hazards.[3] However, a benefit-cost examination needs

correct data about the hazard types, magnitudes and occurrences. These do not exist for

volcanoes in British Columbia or elsewhere in Canada in the detail required.[3]

Other volcanic techniques, such as hazard mapping, displays a volcano's eruptive history in

detail and speculates an understanding of the hazardous activity that could possibly be

expected in the future.[3] At present no hazard maps have been created for the Wells Gray-

Clearwater volcanic field because the level of knowledge is insufficient due to its

remoteness.[3] A large volcanic hazard program has never existed within the Geological Survey

of Canada.[3]

The majority of information has been collected in a lengthy, separate way fromthe support of several employees, such as volcanologists and other geologic scientists.

Current knowledge is best established at Mount Meagerand is likely to rise considerably with

a temporary mapping and monitoring project.[3] Knowledge at the Wells Gray-Clearwater

volcanic field and other volcanic areas in British Columbia is not as established, but certain

contributions are being done at least Mount Cayley.[3] An intensive program classifiying infrastructural exposure near all young Canadian

volcanoes and quick hazard assessments at each individual volcanic edifice associated with recent seismic activity would be in advance

and would produce a quick and productive determination of priority areas for further efforts. [3]

The existing network of seismographs to monitor tectonic earthquakes has existed since

1975, although it remained small in population until 1985. [3] Apart from a few short-term

seismic monitoring experiments by the Geological Survey of Canada, no volcano monitoring

has been accomplished at the Wells Gray-Clearwater volcanic field or at other volcanoes in

Canada at a level approaching that in other established countries with historically active

volcanoes.

[3]

Active or restless volcanoes are usually monitored using at least threeseismographs all within approximately 15 kilometres (9.3 mi), and frequently within 5

kilometres (3.1 mi), for better sensitivity of detection and reduced location errors, particularly

for earthquake depth.[3] Such monitoring detects the risk of an eruption, offering a forecasting

capability which is important to mitigating volcanic risk.[3] Currently the Wells Gray-Clearwater

volcanic field does not have a seismograph closer than 59 kilometres (37 mi). [3] With

increasing distance and declining numbers of seismographs used to indicate seismic activity,

http://www.web2pdfconvert.com/?ref=PDFhttp://www.web2pdfconvert.com/?ref=PDFhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Clearwater_Valley.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Clearwater_Valley.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Cayleyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Meagerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientisthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcanologisthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wells_Grey_columnar_basalt.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wells_Grey_columnar_basalt.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seismometerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geological_Survey_of_Canadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wells_Gray-Clearwater_volcanic_field&action=edit&section=10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid_rainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_fluoridehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_dioxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfur_dioxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrothermal_circulationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lavahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magmahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcanic_rockhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vesicular_texturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcanic_gashttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wells_Gray-Clearwater_volcanic_field&action=edit&section=9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wild_firehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcanic_bombhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lapillihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incandescenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lava_fountainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lava_tubehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basalthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wells_Gray-Clearwater_volcanic_field&action=edit&section=8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spahats_Fallshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Spahats_Falls.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Spahats_Falls.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wells_Gray-Clearwater_volcanic_field&action=edit&section=7


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Volcanism of Canada portal

Mountains portal

the prediction capability is reduced because earthquake location accuracy and depth decreases, and the network becomes not as

accurate.[3] However, at least one possible volcanic earthquake swarm has been noticed east of the Wells Gray-Clearwater volcanic

field.[3] The inaccurate earthquake locations in the Wells Gray-Clearwater volcanic field are a few kilometers, and in more isolated

northern regions they are up to 10 kilometres (6.2 mi). [3] The location magnitude level in the Wells Gray-Clearwater volcanic field is about

magnitude 1 to 1.5, and elsewhere it is magnitude 1.5 to 2.[3] At carefully monitored volcanoes both the located and noticed events are

recorded and surveyed immediately to improve the understanding of a future eruption.[3] Undetected events are not recorded or surveyed

in British Columbia immediately, nor in an easy-to-access process.[3]

In countries like Canada it is possible that small precursor earthquake swarms might go undetected, particularly if no events were

observed; more significant events in larger swarms would be detected but only a minor subdivision of the swarm events would be complex

to clarify them with confidence as volcanic in nature, or even associate them with an individual volcanic edifice. [3]

Notable vents

NameHeight

Coordinates Type Age of last eruptionmetres feet

Quesnel Lake[4] 1,292 4,239[2] 52.65N 120.98W[16]

Cinder cone[16] Pleistocene[16]

Kostal Cone[4] 1,440 4,720[2] 52.17N 119.94W[17]

Cinder cone[17] Holocene[17]

Pillow Creek[4] 1,829 6,001[2] 52.02N 119.84W[18]

Subglacial volcano[18] Pleistocene[18]

Gage Hill[4] 1,090 3,580[2] 52.05N 120.01W[19]

Tuya[19] Pleistocene[19]

Dragon Cone[4] 1,850 6,070[2] 52.25N 120.02W[20]


Flourmill Cone[4] 1,495 4,905[2] 52.05N 120.32W[21]


Pointed Stick Cone[4] 1,820 5,970[2] 52.24N 120.08W[22] Cinder cone[22] Holocene[22]

Spanish Lake Centre[4] 1,770 5,810[2] 52.07N 120.31W[23]


Spanish Bonk[4] 1,770 5,810[2] 52.13N 120.37W[24]

Volcanic neck[24] Pleistocene[24]

Ray Mountain[4] 2,050 6,730[2] 52.24N 120.11W[25]

Subglacial mound[25] Pleistocene[25]

Spanish Mump[4] 1,800 5,900[2] 52.16N 120.33W[26]

Subglacial mound[26] Pleistocene[26]

Jack's Jump[4] 1,895 6,217[2] 52.12N 120.05W[27]


Hyalo Ridge[4] 2,012 6,601[2] 52.11N 120.36W[28]


McLeod Hill[4] 1,250 4,100[2] 52.02N 120.01W[29]


Mosquito Mound[4] 1,065 3,494[2] 52.02N 120.18W[30]


Buck Hill[4] 1,585 5,200[2] 51.08N 119.98W[31] Cinder cone[31] Pleistocene[31]

Ida Ridge[4] 1,981 6,499[2] 51.08N 119.94W[32]

Cinder cone[32] Pleistocene[32]

Fiftytwo Ridge[4] 2,015 6,611[2] 51.93N 119.89W[33]


Flatiron[4] 730 2,400[2] 51.88N 120.05W[34]

Volcanic outcrop[34] Pleistocene[34]

White Horse Bluff[4] 775 2,543[2] 51.09N 120.11W[35]

Subaqueous volcano[35] Pleistocene[35]

Pyramid Mountain[4] 1,095 3,593[2] 51.99N 120.01W[36]


See also

Volcanism of Canada

Volcanism of Western Canada

Chilcotin Group

Anahim Volcanic Belt

Garibaldi Volcanic Belt

Northern Cordilleran Volcanic Province

List of volcanoes in Canada

Geology of the Pacific Northwest

Maar

Notes

1. ^ abc"Wells Gray-Clearwater" . Global Volcanism Program, Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved 2008-08-14.

2. ^ abcdefghijklmnopqrstuv"Wells Gray-Clearwater - Synonyms and Subfeatures" . Global Volcanism Program, Smithsonian

Institution. Retrieved 2008-08-14.

3. ^ abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyEtkin, David; Haque, C.E. and Brooks, Gregory R. (2003-04-30).An Assessment of Natural

Hazards and Disasters in Canada . Springer. ISBN978-1-4020-1179-5.4. ^ abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzaaabacadaeafagahaiajakalamanaoapaqar"Wells Gray - Clearwater volcano field" .

Catalogue of Canadian volcanoes. Geological Survey of Canada. 2008-02-13. Retrieved 2008-08-14.

5. "Volcanic Fields and Lava Fields, Monogenetic Volcanic Fields - Mafic Volcanoes" . USGS. Retrieved 2008-08-14.

6. ^ abcdefghijklmnopqWood, Charles A.; Kienle, Jrgen (2001). Volcanoes of North America: United States and Canada. Cambridge,

England:Cambridge University Press. ISBN978-0-521-43811-7. OCLC27910629 .

7. "BCGNIS Query Results" . Government of British Columbia. Retrieved 2008-08-16.[dead link]

http://www.web2pdfconvert.com/?ref=PDFhttp://www.web2pdfconvert.com/?ref=PDFhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rothttp://ilmbwww.gov.bc.ca/bcgn-bin/bcg10?name=37835http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/27910629http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_Computer_Library_Centerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-43811-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University_Presshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridgehttp://vulcan.wr.usgs.gov/Glossary/VolcanicFields/description_volcanic_fields.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geological_Survey_of_Canadahttp://gsc.nrcan.gc.ca/volcanoes/cat/belt_wells_e.phphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-1179-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://books.google.com/books?id=kaJz_SNNuKMC&pg=PA569&lpg=PA569&dq=wells+%22gray+clearwater%22+volcanic+field+earthquakes&source=web&ots=3-cpYxu0uM&sig=OsW3GQ5BQLaHN3HZRdzQfObnx6Ahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smithsonian_Institutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Volcanism_Programhttp://www.volcano.si.edu/world/volcano.cfm?vnum=1200-15-&volpage=synsubhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smithsonian_Institutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Volcanism_Programhttp://www.volcano.si.edu/world/volcano.cfm?vnum=1200-15-http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wells_Gray-Clearwater_volcanic_field&action=edit&section=13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geology_of_the_Pacific_Northwesthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Canadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Cordilleran_Volcanic_Provincehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garibaldi_Volcanic_Belthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anahim_Volcanic_Belthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilcotin_Grouphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcanism_of_Western_Canadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcanism_of_Canadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Mountainshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Peak_of_the_Matterhorn,_seen_from_Zermatt,_Switzerland.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Volcanism_of_Canadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Volcanism_of_Canada_flag.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wells_Gray-Clearwater_volcanic_field&action=edit&section=12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleistocenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subglacial_volcanohttp://toolserver.org/~geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Wells_Gray-Clearwater_volcanic_field&params=51.99_N_120.01_W_type:mountain&title=Pyramid+Mountainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyramid_Mountain_(volcano)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleistocenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subaqueous_volcanohttp://toolserver.org/~geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Wells_Gray-Clearwater_volcanic_field&params=51.09_N_120.11_W_type:mountain&title=White+Horse+Bluffhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Horse_Bluffhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleistocenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outcrophttp://toolserver.org/~geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Wells_Gray-Clearwater_volcanic_field&params=51.88_N_120.05_W_type:mountain&title=Flatironhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flatiron_(volcano)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleistocenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subglacial_volcanohttp://toolserver.org/~geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Wells_Gray-Clearwater_volcanic_field&params=51.93_N_119.89_W_type:mountain&title=Fiftytwo+Ridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiftytwo_Ridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleistocenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinder_conehttp://toolserver.org/~geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Wells_Gray-Clearwater_volcanic_field&params=51.08_N_119.94_W_type:mountain&title=Ida+Ridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ida_Ridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleistocenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinder_conehttp://toolserver.org/~geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Wells_Gray-Clearwater_volcanic_field&params=51.08_N_119.98_W_type:mountain&title=Buck+Hillhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buck_Hill_(British_Columbia)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleistocenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuyahttp://toolserver.org/~geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Wells_Gray-Clearwater_volcanic_field&params=52.02_N_120.18_W_type:mountain&title=Mosquito+Moundhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosquito_Moundhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleistocenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuyahttp://toolserver.org/~geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Wells_Gray-Clearwater_volcanic_field&params=52.02_N_120.01_W_type:mountain&title=McLeod+Hillhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McLeod_Hillhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleistocenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuyahttp://toolserver.org/~geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Wells_Gray-Clearwater_volcanic_field&params=52.11_N_120.36_W_type:mountain&title=Hyalo+Ridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyalo_Ridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleistocenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subglacial_volcanohttp://toolserver.org/~geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Wells_Gray-Clearwater_volcanic_field&params=52.12_N_120.05_W_type:mountain&title=Jack%27s+Jumphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack%27s_Jumphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleistocenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subglacial_moundhttp://toolserver.org/~geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Wells_Gray-Clearwater_volcanic_field&params=52.16_N_120.33_W_type:mountain&title=Spanish+Mumphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Mumphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleistocenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subglacial_moundhttp://toolserver.org/~geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Wells_Gray-Clearwater_volcanic_field&params=52.24_N_120.11_W_type:mountain&title=Ray+Mountainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_Mountainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleistocenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcanic_plughttp://toolserver.org/~geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Wells_Gray-Clearwater_volcanic_field&params=52.13_N_120.37_W_type:mountain&title=Spanish+Bonkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Bonkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holocenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinder_conehttp://toolserver.org/~geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Wells_Gray-Clearwater_volcanic_field&params=52.07_N_120.31_W_type:mountain&title=Spanish+Lake+Centrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Lake_Centrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holocenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinder_conehttp://toolserver.org/~geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Wells_Gray-Clearwater_volcanic_field&params=52.24_N_120.08_W_type:mountain&title=Pointed+Stick+Conehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pointed_Stick_Conehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holocenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinder_conehttp://toolserver.org/~geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Wells_Gray-Clearwater_volcanic_field&params=52.05_N_120.32_W_type:mountain&title=Flourmill+Conehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flourmill_Conehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holocenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinder_conehttp://toolserver.org/~geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Wells_Gray-Clearwater_volcanic_field&params=52.25_N_120.02_W_type:mountain&title=Dragon+Conehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragon_Conehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleistocenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuyahttp://toolserver.org/~geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Wells_Gray-Clearwater_volcanic_field&params=52.05_N_120.01_W_type:mountain&title=Gage+Hillhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gage_Hillhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleistocenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subglacial_volcanohttp://toolserver.org/~geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Wells_Gray-Clearwater_volcanic_field&params=52.02_N_119.84_W_type:mountain&title=Pillow+Creekhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pillow_Creekhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holocenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinder_conehttp://toolserver.org/~geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Wells_Gray-Clearwater_volcanic_field&params=52.17_N_119.94_W_type:mountain&title=Kostal+Conehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kostal_Conehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleistocenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinder_conehttp://toolserver.org/~geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Wells_Gray-Clearwater_volcanic_field&params=52.65_N_120.98_W_type:mountain&title=Quesnel+Lakehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quesnel_Lakehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wells_Gray-Clearwater_volcanic_field&action=edit&section=11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthquake_swarm


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[edit]

8. ^ abcdefghij"Cenozoic to Recent plate configurations in the Pacific Basin: Ridge subduction and slab window magmatism in western

North America" . Geological Society of America. Retrieved 2008-08-14.

9. "The 1918 and 1957 Vancouver Island earthquakes" . Seismological Society of America. Retrieved 2008-08-15.

10. ^ abcdefgh Hickson, C.J.; Ulmi, M. (2006-01-03). "Volcanoes of Canada" (PDF). Natural Resources Canada. Retrieved 2007-01-10.

11. "Chronology of Events in 2007 at Nazko Cone" . Natural Resources Canada. Retrieved 2008-04-27.

12. "Volcanoes of Canada: Volcanology in the Geological Survey of Canada" . Geological Survey of Canada. Retrieved 2008-05-09.

13. ^ abcUSGS. "Lava Flows and Their Effects" . Retrieved 2007-07-29.

14. ^ ab USGS. "Volcanic Gases and Their Effects" . Retrieved 2007-07-16.

15. ^ abcdef"Volcanoes of Canada: Monitoring volcanoes" . Natural Resources Canada. Retrieved 2008-05-19.

16. ^ abc"Quesnel Lake" . Catalogue of Canadian volcanoes. Geological Survey of Canada. 2005-08-19. Retrieved 2008-08-15.

17. ^ abc"Kostal Cone" . Catalogue of Canadian volcanoes. Geological Survey of Canada. 2005-08-19. Retrieved 2008-08-15.

18. ^ abc"Pillow Creek" . Catalogue of Canadian volcanoes. Geological Survey of Canada. 2005-08-19. Retrieved 2008-08-15.

19. ^ abc"Gage Hill" . Catalogue of Canadian volcanoes. Geological Survey of Canada. 2005-08-19. Retrieved 2008-08-15.

20. ^ abc"Dragon Cone" . Catalogue of Canadian volcanoes. Geological Survey of Canada. 2005-08-19. Retrieved 2008-08-15.

21. ^ abc"Flourmill Cone" . Catalogue of Canadian volcanoes. Geological Survey of Canada. 2005-08-19. Retrieved 2008-08-15.

22. ^ abc"Pointed Stick Cone" . Catalogue of Canadian volcanoes. Geological Survey of Canada. 2005-08-19. Retrieved 2008-08-15.

23. ^ abc"Spanish Lake Centre" . Catalogue of Canadian volcanoes. Geological Survey of Canada. 2005-08-19. Retrieved 2008-08-15.

24. ^ abc"Spanish Bonk" . Catalogue of Canadian volcanoes. Geological Survey of Canada. 2005-08-19. Retrieved 2008-08-15.

25. ^ abc"Ray Mountain" . Catalogue of Canadian volcanoes. Geological Survey of Canada. 2005-08-19. Retrieved 2008-08-15.

26. ^ abc"Spanish Mump" . Catalogue of Canadian volcanoes. Geological Survey of Canada. 2005-08-19. Retrieved 2008-08-15.

27. ^ abc"Jack's Jump" . Catalogue of Canadian volcanoes. Geological Survey of Canada. 2005-08-19. Retrieved 2008-08-15.

28. ^ abc"Hyalo Ridge" . Catalogue of Canadian volcanoes. Geological Survey of Canada. 2005-08-19. Retrieved 2008-08-15.

29. ^ abc"McLeod Hill" . Catalogue of Canadian volcanoes. Geological Survey of Canada. 2005-08-19. Retrieved 2008-08-15.

30. ^ abc"Mosquito Mound" . Catalogue of Canadian volcanoes. Geological Survey of Canada. 2005-08-19. Retrieved 2008-08-15.

31. ^a

b

c

"Buck Hill Cone" . Catalogue of Canadian volcanoes. Geological Survey of Canada. 2005-08-19. Retrieved 2008-08-15.32. ^ abc"Ida Ridge" . Catalogue of Canadian volcanoes. Geological Survey of Canada. 2005-08-19. Retrieved 2008-08-15.

33. ^ abc"Fiftytwo Ridge" . Catalogue of Canadian volcanoes. Geological Survey of Canada. 2005-08-19. Retrieved 2008-08-15.

34. ^ abc"Flatiron" . Catalogue of Canadian volcanoes. Geological Survey of Canada. 2005-08-19. Retrieved 2008-08-15.

35. ^ abc"White Horse Bluff" . Catalogue of Canadian volcanoes. Geological Survey of Canada. 2005-08-19. Retrieved 2008-08-15.

36. ^ abc"Pyramid Mountain" . Catalogue of Canadian volcanoes. Geological Survey of Canada. 2005-08-19. Retrieved 2008-08-15.

References

Goward, Trevor; Hickson, Cathie (1995). Nature Wells Gray: Volcanoes, Waterfalls, Wildlife, Trails & More. Lone Pine Publishing.

ISBN1-55105-065-X.

Mathews, Bill; Monger, Jim (2005). Roadside Geology of Southern British Columbia. Mountain Press Publishing Company. ISBN0-

87842-503-9.

Neave, Roland (2004). Exploring Wells Gray Park, 5th edition. Wells Gray Tours. ISBN0-9681932-1-8.

Categories: Volcanoes of British Columbia Volcanic fields of Alaska and Canada Pliocene volcanoes Pleistocene volcanoes

Holocene volcanoes Wells Gray-Clearwater Columbia Mountains Monogenetic volcanic fields

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Wells Gray-Clearwater volcanic field