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Welcome
Welcome to BIO 203 Anatomy & Physiology I
Mrs. Wendy RappazzoOffice A 214 (across from A&P Lab)
Textbook Features
Learning Outcomes Illustrations and
Photos Pronunciation Guides Checkpoint Questions The A&P Top 100 Tips & Tricks Clinical Notes Chain Link Icons
End-of-Chapter Study and Review Materials
Systems Overview Section
System in Perspective Summaries
Colored Tabs End-of-Book
Reference Sections
Important features of the textbook
Learning Supplements
Supplements The InterActive Physiology® (IP) CD HCC Portal for Text & Supplemental Material
(very helpful) Get Ready for A&P! (available online) Atlas of the Human Body A&P Applications Manual Study Guide (optional)
Faculty website:
Class & Lab Supplies
● 2 – 3” 3 ring binder (recommended 1 binder per unit) with extra paper
● pencils, pens, colored pencils
● index cards
● lab folder with prongs or binder
syllabus
What do I need to bring?
Introduction
Study strategies crucial for success Come to class on time and take careful notes. If you wish,
you may record lecture to assist with note-taking. Do not leave class early. If you must, let me know before class begins, and sit in the back to avoid disrupting class
Read the text and lab material PRIOR to the class it is being discussed in.
Re-write your notes as soon as possible after lecture. Take time to study EVERY day.
You will need to spend at least 2-4 hours on each chapter. Plan to review notes/text for a minimum of one hour each day.
Introduction
Study strategies crucial for success Develop the skill of memorization, and practice it regularly.
Visualize word associations.
Ask questions if you do not understand a concept or assignment. However, make sure your questions are relevant to the topic. Do not monopolize class time with questions. If you are having difficulty with the material please see me during my office hours. If you have trouble keeping up with notes- tape lecture.
Introduction
Study strategies crucial for success Learn what your learning style is and use techniques specific
to your learning style. Complete and submit all laboratory assignments on time. Use the “Interactive Physiology” CD-Rom that is packaged
with your text and the additional links and practice quizzes from my website.
Mastering A and P website & links from my webpage for additional animations/tutoring/practice.
Attend group tutoring, if you cannot attend, use the walk-in services or arrange for a private tutor. Form study groups with others in your lab group/class.
Introduction
Study strategies crucial for success Do not leave lab early. You should use any extra time at the
end of lab to study models, slides and ADAM photos.
Turn off all pagers, cell phones, etc. during lecture. You may have them set to “vibrate” during laboratory. Failure to comply will result in your removal from the classroom.
Please do not have discussions during lecture time. You may ask me questions on material but do not have side conversations. This creates problems in the lecture room. It is very distracting to everyone.
Introduction
Study strategies crucial for successTalk to me – I want to you to succeed in this class.
I cannot help if you do not see me, ask me questions, and let me know how I can help. I even have candy in my office!
Chemistry & Cell Review
Concepts from BIO 099
BIO 099 Chemistry Review
Chemistry Review
Elements of the Human Body
Elements of the Human Body
Elements of the Human Body
Elements of the Human Body
Chemistry Review
Inorganic Organic
Water CHO
Electrolytes Lipids
Acids/Bases Proteins
Nucleic Acids
pH and Homeostasis
pH The concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) in a solution
pH Scale: 0 - 14 A balance of H+ and OH—
Pure water = 7.0
< 7 = acidic
> 7 = alkaline
pH of human blood Ranges from 7.35 to 7.45
pH and Homeostasis
pH Scale
Has an inverse relationship with H+
concentration
More H+ ions mean lower pH, less H+ ions mean
higher pH
pH and Homeostasis
FIGURE 2–9 pH and Hydrogen Ion Concentration.
Carbohydrates
Important Concepts:We only burn glucose for fuel –
Glycogen is stored in the liver and skeletal musclesGlycogenesis: making glycogen from glucoseGlycogenolysis: breaking glycogen down into glucoseGluconeogenesis: making glucose from amino acids &
glycerol
Lipids
Important Concepts:
Fatty acids can be saturated or unsaturatedUnsaturated can be omega-3 or omega-6 fatty acids – important health implications
Fatty acids & Glycerol are the preferred fuel source for many tissues.
Proteins
Proteins are the most abundant and
important organic molecules
Contain basic elements : C,H,O and N
Basic building blocks 20 amino acids: essential vs. nonessential
Proteins
Support Structural proteins
Movement Contractile proteins
Transport Transport (carrier)
proteins
Buffering Regulation of pH
Metabolic regulation Enzymes
Coordination and control Hormones
Defense Antibodies
Seven major protein functions
Proteins
Enzymes are catalysts Proteins that are not changed or used up in the reaction
– specific — will only work on limited types of substrates
– limited — by their saturation
– regulated — by other cellular chemicals
FIGURE 2–21 A Simplified View of Enzyme Structure and Function.
Nucleic Acids
Nucleic acids are large organic molecules, found in the nucleus, which store and process information at the molecular levelDeoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)
Codes for every protein
Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) Important for protein synthesis
Nucleic Acids
DNA is double stranded, twisting helix.
RNA is single stranded
Complementary base pairs
DNA: A:T, C:G RNA: Uracil (U) replaces
thymine (T) A:U, C:G
ATP Nucleotides can be used to
store energy Adenosine diphosphate (ADP)
-Two phosphate groups; di- = 2
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) -Three phosphate groups; tri- = 3
ADP + P ↔ATP + E
ATPase : The enzyme that catalyzes phosphorylation (the addition of a high-energy phosphate group to a molecule)
Chemicals Form Cells
A Review of Cells
Cell surrounded by a watery medium
known as the extracellular fluid
(interstitial fluid)
Plasma membrane separates cytoplasm
from the ECF
Cytoplasm - Cytosol = liquid
-contains organelles
BioFlix Tour of Animal Cell
Organelles and the Cytoplasm
Cytosol (fluid) Dissolved materials:
– nutrients, ions, proteins, and waste products
High potassium/low sodium High protein High carbohydrate/low amino acid and fat
Organelles Structures with specific functions
Organelles Review
Organelles Review
Mitochondria
Aerobic metabolism (cellular respiration)
Mitochondria use O2 to break down food and produce ATP
G + O2 + ADP CO2 + H2O + ATP
Glycolysis:
glucose to pyruvic acidnet gain 2 ATP when anaerobic= lactic acid
Transition Reaction: pyruvic acid to acetyl Co-A
Mitochondria
Aerobic metabolism (cellular respiration)
Mitochondria use O2 to break down food and produce ATP
G + O2 + ADP CO2 + H2O + ATP
Tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA or Krebs cycle):
– Acetyl CoA to CO2 (in matrix) & reduced
coenzymes
Electron transport chain– inner mitochondrial membrane
H+ ions used to make ATP
The Nucleus
DNA Instructions for every protein in
the body
Gene DNA instructions for one protein
Genetic code The chemical language of DNA
instructions:– sequence of bases (A, T, C, G)
Triplet code:– 3 bases = 1 amino acid
Cell Differentiation
All cells carry complete DNA instructions for all body functions
Cells specialize or differentiate To form tissues (liver cells, fat cells, and neurons)
By turning off all genes not needed by that cell
All body cells, except sex cells, contain the same 46 chromosomes
Differentiation depends on which genes are active and which are inactive
Protein Synthesis
The Role of Gene Activation in Protein
Synthesis
The nucleus contains chromosomes
Chromosomes contain DNA
DNA stores genetic instructions for proteins
Proteins determine cell structure and function
Protein Synthesis
Transcription
Copies instructions from DNA to mRNA (in nucleus)
Translation
Ribosome reads code from mRNA (in cytoplasm)
Assembles amino acids into polypeptide chain
Processing
By RER and Golgi apparatus produce protein
Functions of the Plasma Membrane
Physical Barrier
Regulates exchange Ions and nutrients enter
Wastes eliminated and cellular products released
Monitors the environment Extracellular fluid
composition
Chemical signals
Structural support Anchors cells and tissues
Membrane Transport
The plasma (cell) membrane is a barrier, but
Nutrients must get in
Products and wastes must get out
Permeability determines what moves in and out of a
cell, and a membrane that
Lets nothing in or out is impermeable
Lets anything pass is freely permeable
Restricts movement is selectively permeable
Membrane Transport
Plasma membrane is selectively permeable Allows some materials to move freely Restricts other materials
Selective permeability restricts materials based on Size Electrical charge Molecular shape Lipid solubility
Membrane permeability
Diffusion
Diffusion is a Function of the Concentration
Gradient & Kinetic Energy Solutes move down a concentration gradient until?
Factors Affecting Diffusion Distance the particle has to move
Molecule size
Temperature
Gradient size
Electrical forces
Tonicity
A cell in a hypotonic solution:
Gains water Ruptures (hemolysis of red
blood cells)
A cell in a hypertonic solution:
Loses water Shrinks (crenation of red
blood cells)
FiltrationMovement of molecules due to a pressure
gradient (net filtration pressure)
Osmotic Pressure: pressure which holds water (absorption): in blood mainly due to plasma proteins
Hydrostatic Pressure: pressure which pushes molecules out of blood (filtration)
Tonicity
A cell in a hypotonic solution:
Gains water Ruptures (hemolysis of red
blood cells)
A cell in a hypertonic solution:
Loses water Shrinks (crenation of red
blood cells)
Carriers and Vesicles
Carrier-Mediated Transport
Facilitated diffusion Specificity Saturation limits Regulation
Carriers and Vesicles
Carrier-Mediated Transport
Cotransport
Two substances move in the same direction at the
same time
Countertransport
One substance moves in while another moves out
Carriers and Vesicles
Carrier-Mediated Transport
Active transport Active transport proteins:
– move substrates against concentration gradient
– require energy, such as ATP
– ion pumps move ions (Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+)
– exchange pump countertransports two ions at the same
time
Carriers and Vesicles
Active transportSodium-potassium exchange pump
sodium ions (Na+) out, potassium ions (K+) in
-1 ATP moves 3 Na+ and 2 K+
Carriers and Vesicles
Active transport-
Secondary active transport
– Na+ concentration gradient drives
glucose transport
– ATP energy pumps Na+ back out
Carriers and Vesicles
Vesicular Transport (or bulk transport)
Materials move into or out of cell in vesicles
Endocytosis (endo- = inside) is active transport using ATP:
– receptor mediated
– pinocytosis
– phagocytosis
Exocytosis (exo- = outside)
– Granules or droplets are released from the cell
Carriers and Vesicles
Endocytosis
Receptor-mediated endocytosis:
Receptors (glycoproteins) bind target molecules (ligands)
Coated vesicle (endosome) carries ligands and receptors
into the cell
Carriers and Vesicles
Endocytosis
Pinocytosis
Endosomes “drink” extracellular fluid
Phagocytosis
Pseudopodia (psuedo- = false, pod- = foot)
Engulf large objects in phagosomes
Carriers and Vesicles
Figure 3–22 Phagocytosis.
Carriers and Vesicles
Exocytosis
Is the reverse of endocytosis
Secretion
Transmembrane Potential
Interior of plasma membrane is slightly negative,
outside is slightly positive
Unequal charge across the plasma membrane is
transmembrane potential or RMP
Resting potential ranges from –10 mV to
–100 mV, depending on cell type
Transmembrane Potential
Determined mainly by the unequal distribution of Na+ & K+
The cell's interior has a greater concent. of K+ and the outside has a greater concent. of Na+
At rest the plasma membrane is relatively impermeable to Na+ and freely permeable to K+
Transmembrane Potential
The cell has 2 types of channels:
1.) Passive (leaky)
2.) Gated
RMP animation (NS I: membrane potential page 12/16)
Transmembrane Potential
More K + diffuses out of the cell than Na + diffuses into the cell
Results in a loss of + charges from the cell = negative RMPCell is polarized.
Transmembrane Potential
If too much K+ left the cell it would become too negative = hyperpolarize.
If Na + was allowed to accumulate inside the cell it would become less negative (more positive) or depolarize.
Entrance of Na + into the cell would change the tonicity of the cell.
Transmembrane Potential
The Na + -K + pump functions to maintain the osmotic balance & membrane voltage
Transmembrane Potential
When stimulus applied:
Gated Na+ channels open = depolarization
Gated K+ channels open so K+ leaves = repolarization
Cell Division
Mitosis and Cancer
Mitosis and Cancer
Mitosis and Cancer
Introduction
Anatomy and physiology affect your life everyday
Anatomy is the oldest medical science 1600 B.C.
Medical Terminology
Medical terminology for the layman: ARTERY -- The study of fine painting BARIUM -- What you do when a patient dies BENIGN -- What you are after you are eight CESAREAN SECTION -- A district in Rome CONGENITAL -- Friendly DILATE -- To live long FESTER -- Quicker G. I. SERIES -- Baseball game between soldiers MINOR OPERATION -- Coal digging MORBID -- A higher offer NITRATE -- Lower than a day rate NODE -- Was aware of OUT PATIENT -- A person who has fainted POST-OPERATIVE -- A letter carrier PROTEIN -- In favor of young people SECRETION -- Hiding anything SEROLOGY -- Study of English Knighthood TUMOR -- An extra pair URINE -- Opposite of you're out VARICOSE VEINS -- Veins very close together
Medical Terminology
Roots: adipos (fat), arthros (joint), chrondros (cartilage)
Prefixes: a- (without), intra- (within), peri- (around)
Suffices: -blast (precursor, immature),
-itis (inflammation), -algia (pain)
i.e.: pathology: prefix = disease
suffix: ology= study of
Pathology – the study of disease
Structure and Function
Anatomy Describes the structures of the body
What they are made of Where they are located Associated structures
Physiology Is the study of
Functions of anatomical structures Individual and cooperative functions
Anatomy and Physiology Integrated
Anatomy Gross anatomy, or macroscopic anatomy,
examines large, visible structures Surface anatomy: exterior features
Regional anatomy: body areas
Systemic anatomy: groups of organs working together.
Anatomy and Physiology Integrated
Anatomy
Microscopic anatomy examines cells and
molecules
Cytology: study of cells and their structures
• cyt- = cell
Histology: study of tissues and their structures
Microbiology: study of microbes
Anatomy and Physiology Integrated
Physiology Cell physiology: processes within and
between cells
Organ physiology: functions of specific
organs
Systemic physiology: functions of an organ
system
Pathological physiology: effects of diseases
Levels of Organization
. The Chemical (or Molecular) Level Atoms are the smallest
chemical units Molecules are a group of
atoms working together
The Cellular Level Cells are a group of
atoms, molecules, and organelles working together
Levels of Organization
The Tissue Level
Tissues are a group of similar cells working together
The Organ Level An organ is a group of
different tissues working together
Levels of Organization
The Organ System Level Organ systems are a
group of organs working together
Humans have 11 organ systems
The Organism Level A human is an organism
Homeostasis
Homeostasis: all body systems working
together to maintain a stable internal
environment
Systems respond to external and internal
changes to function within a normal range.
Disease occurs when body cannot maintain
homeostasis.
Homeostasis
Mechanisms of Regulation
Autoregulation (intrinsic)
Automatic response in a cell, tissue, or organ to some
environmental change
Extrinsic regulation
Responses controlled by nervous and endocrine systems
Homeostatic Regulation
Involves:
1.) receptor: responds to stimulus
2.) control center – processes info
3.) effector – carries out the command
Negative Feedback
The response of the effector negates the stimulusBody is brought back into homeostasis
Normal range is maintained.
Negative Feedback
Homeostasis Animation
Positive Feedback
The response of the
effector increases
change of the
stimulus
Body is moved away
from homeostasis
Normal range is lost
Used to speed up
processes
Positive Feedback
Positive Feedback
Labor & Delivery
Systems Integration
Anatomical Terminology
Superficial Anatomy: at or near the body
surface
Anatomical position: hands at sides,
palms forward
Supine: lying down, face up
Prone: lying down, face down
Anatomical Terminology
Superficial Anatomy Anatomical Landmarks
References to palpable structures
Anatomical Regions Body regions
Abdominopelvic quadrants
Abdominopelvic regions
Anatomical Directions Reference terms based on subject
Anatomical Terminology
Anatomical Terminology
Anatomical Terminology
Anatomical Terminology
Anatomical Terminology
FIGURE 1–7 Abdominopelvic Quadrants.
Anatomical Terminology
FIGURE 1–7 Abdominopelvic Regions.
Anatomical Terminology
FIGURE 1–7 Abdominopelvic Relationships.
Anatomical Terminology
Anatomical Terminology
Anatomical Terminology
Sectional Anatomy Planes and sections
Plane: a three-dimensional axis
Section: a slice parallel to a plane
Used to visualize internal organization and structure
Important in radiological techniques– MRI
– PET
– CT
Anatomical Terminology
Anatomical Terminology
Anatomical Terminology
Body Cavities
Body cavities have two essential functions
Protect organs from accidental shocks
Permit changes in size and shape of internal organs
Two Main Body Cavities: Dorsal & Ventral
Body Cavities
Body Cavities
FIGURE 1–11 The Ventral Body Cavity and Its Subdivisions.
Body Cavities
FIGURE 1–11 The Ventral Body Cavity and Its Subdivisions.
Body Cavities
The Abdominopelvic Cavity
Abdominal cavity — superior portion
Diaphragm to top of pelvic bones
Contains digestive organs
Body Cavities
The Abdominopelvic Cavity
Pelvic cavity — inferior portion
Within pelvic bones
Contains reproductive organs, rectum, and bladder
Body Cavities
The Abdominopelvic Cavity
Peritoneal cavity — chamber within
abdominopelvic cavity
Body Cavities
Body Cavities
Serous membranes
Line body cavities and cover organs
Consist of parietal layer and visceral layer
Parietal layer — lines cavity
Visceral layer — covers organ
Fluid: lubricates, reduces friction
– Named for cavity: pleural fluid
Body Cavities
Serous Membranes of the Heart
Body Cavities
Where would you find the:
Parietal pleura?
Visceral pericardium?
Parietal peritoneum?
Body Cavities
Mesenteries: fatty tissue anchors & supports organs
-greater omentum
Retroperitoneal: posterior to the peritoneal cavity