SouthernOceanDiatomsWithPolarTREC TeacherCaraPekarcik &AntarcticResearchers

Drs.BethanyJenkins,KristenBuck&Dreux Chappell

3 October 2016

WelcometoPolarConnect

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ParticipantIntroductions

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WhatisPolarTREC?Ø Since2004,theArcticResearchConsortiumofthe

UnitedStates(ARCUS),anon-profitorganization,hasbeenadministratingthePolarTRECProgram.

Ø PolarTRECisprofessionaldevelopmentforK-12teachers.Theyarepairedwithresearchersfor2-6weekresearchexperiencesinthepolarregions.

Ø Over150teachersfromaroundtheUnitedStateshavejoinedscientistsintheArcticandAntarcticatolearnaboutscience,thepolarregions,andtosharewhattheyhavelearnedwiththeirstudentsandcommunities.

25YearsofConnectingArcticResearchwww.arcus.org

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ResearchTeam– UniversityofRhodeIsland

ResearchTeam– OldDominionUniversity

ResearchTeam– UniversityofSouthFlorida

Regionforresearchcruise:SouthernOceanand

WesternAntarcticPeninsula

SiteofLongTermEcologicalResearch(LTER)sampling—from1990-present

http://pal.lternet.edu/

SamplingstrategysummarizedinK.J.WatersandR.C.Smith(PalmerLTER:AsamplinggridforthePalmerLTERprogram,AntarcticJournaloftheUnitedStates,27(5),236-239,1992).

RVIBNathanielB.Palmer• Builtin1992• OwnedbyEdisonChouestOffshore

(ECO)• Namedaftermerchantmarineand

shipbuilderNathanielBrownPalmer• Length:94m/308ft• Beam:60feet• Draft:22.5feet• Engines:4Caterpillardiesels@3,300

BHPeach• Accommodates22crewand37

scientists• Ice-classedABS-A2:capableof

breakingice3ft.thickat3knots

PhotobyKatiePena(PolarTREC2008/2009),CourtesyofARCUS

Infocourtesy:USAntarcticProgramathttp://www.usap.gov/vesselScienceAndOperations/contentHandler.cfm?id=1561

• Wetlab

RVIBPalmerunderway

AntarcticFoodWeb

FlowCamimagingofprimaryproducers

PhotoscourtesyDr.Bethany

Jenkins,URI

Photosynthesis– anoverviewReactants

Sunlight+H2O+CO2 +Nutrients“CH2O”+O2

Products

NitratesNO3

PhosphatePO4

IronSilica

Schlitzer, R., eGEOTRACES - Electronic Atlas of GEOTRACES Sections and Animated 3D Scenes, http://www.egeotraces.org, 2015.

ResearchObjective:• Combinestracemetalbiogeochemistry,phytoplanktoncultivationandmolecularbiologytoaddressquestionsregardingtheproductionofiron-bindingcompoundsandtheroleofdiatom-bacteriainteractionsiniron-limitedregions

• IdentifydiatomspeciesandmeasureoceanographiccharacteristicsintheSouthernOcean• Exposingsamplestodifferentrangesinmicronutrients(incubationsampling)tomeasurechangesinligandcharacteristics.

• EvaluatingFelimitationsindiatomsusingphysiologicalandgeneticmarkers• Collectingandevaluatingdiatoms,diatom-associatedbacteriaandfree-livingbacterialcommunities(cellisolationsandcultures,DNAanalysis,geneexpressioncomparison)

HOW?SEAWATERSAMPLING

CTDandNiskin bottlesontracemetalsamplingrosette

ConventionalCTDsamplingrosette

CTDdatawindowonRVIBPalmer

KateLowry,Stanford PhotocourtesyDr.BethanyJenkins,URI

TMNiskinx12

InsideTMCleanVan

50LCarboyx3

Eachincubationbottlefilled1/3fromeachcarboy

Transferredtoincubationvan

Incubationbottlesare‘spiked’withanutrientoranutrientcombination.Bottles

arespikedintriplicate.

IncubationExperiments

SlidecourtesyDr.DreuxChappell,ODU

Bottlesarestoredinthe4C/39Fincubationvanthroughoutthe12-dayincubationperiod.Samplesarecollectedfrombottlesonthefirstdayofsamplingaswellasdays1,3,5,7,9and12.

Samplesarealsostoredinon-deckflow-throughincubatorsthatprovideambientlightandtemperaturetothesamples.

SampleDistribution

Chemical Biological

NutrientsIronSpeciationDissolvedtracemetalsFe(II)

DNARNAChlorophyllFlorescenceInductionRelaxation(FIRe)FlowCytometry (FloCyt)FlowCamMetatranscriptome

TraceMetalSampling•Determinetheconcentrationsandchemicalformsofironandothertraceelements

•Howwaterchemistryinfluencesthebiologycommunitiesandviseversa

•Studyhowchemistryandbiologygovernthecarboncycleofwater.

NutrientSampling•Testingforconcentrationsofnitrate,nitrite,ammonium,silicateandphosphateinseawatersamples•Usesaflowinjectionanalyzer(FIA)•Analysesaredoneonunderwaysamplesandincubationsamples

DNA/RNASampling •Usesperistalsispumpsandafilterrigtocollectsamplesofmicroorganisms•Filtersrangeinsizefrom.2,2.2and3microns•FiltersarestoredandflashfrozenforDNA/RNAanalysisafterthecruise•RNAsamplingtakesplaceinacoldroomcalledBigAntarctica(4C)

FlowCam Sampling • Recordsphotographsofmicroorganismswithinagivenvolumeofliquid

• Utilizesdifferentmagnifications

• Canhelptodeterminethenumberofmicroorganismsinagivensample(compareforgrowth)andthehealthofthemicroorganisms.

ImagescourtesyKrisGomes,URI

CellIsolationandCultures•UsedtogrowrepresentativesfromtheSouthernOceanforadditionalexperiments•Collectrepresentativesfromtheincubationcommunities

It’snotallaboutscience….

Wildlifelist:

-Adelie penguins-Gentoo penguins-Leopardseals-Weddellseals-Crabeater seals

-Antarcticfurseals-Minke whale

-Southernfulmar-Greatershearwater

-Capepetrel-Antarcticpetrel-Snowpetrel

-SouthernGiant-petrel-Antarcticshag

-Wanderingalbatross-Kelpgull

-Southpolarskua-Slender-billedprions

-Antarctickrill

PhotobyZuzannaAbdala,ODU PhotobyZuzannaAbdala,ODU

Post-cruiseactivities• Educationandcommunityoutreach

• Lessonplans• Cellgrowth&cellisolation• Datavisualization• Compositionofphytoplanktoncommunities• DNAbarcoding(microbiologytechniques)• Photosynthesis

• Localpresentations• NQstudentvisitstoURI

• Scientific• Molecularbiologyanalysis• Tracemetalanalysis• Cellisolationandculturing• Dataanalysis• Publications

THANKYOU!

• NationalScienceFoundation• ARCUS/PolarTREC• QuincyPublicSchools/NorthQuincyHighSchool• UniversityofRhodeIsland• OldDominionUniversity

• UniversityofSouthFlorida• USAP,DAMCO,ASC,ECO

Join PolarTREC!www.polartrec.com/about/join

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Thank You!

An archive of the event will be available shortly.http://www.polartrec.com/polar-connect/archive

25 Years of Connecting Arctic Researchwww.arcus.org