Welcome to Mars01

Thesis Goals This thesis will strive to answer three parallel questions.  Social and Design Challenge:How can a small group of people create a viable community in isolation? How can the habitable spaces be made sustainable and pleasant for humans living in extreme conditions? Engineering and Scientific Challenge:What are the engineering and structural imperatives, constraints, and opportunities in constructing habitable environments on Mars? Architecture and Engineering SynergyThe two themes will be bound by the question of to what extent can architectural considerations have an impact on a construction with tight engineering constraints?

First Permanent Settlement on Mars02

Mars

Radius = 3397km

Day = 24h 40min

Year = 687 days

= 667 sols

Earth

Radius = 6378 km

Day = 24h

Year = 365.25 days

23.5o 25.2o

Mars – size and orbit03

50o

C

0oC

-50oC

-100oC

15oC mean

-30oC mean

50oC max

30oC max

Temperature

MarsEarth

Gravity

1G 0.38G

Mars – gravity and temperature04

Solar wind

Cosmic rays

Solar flares

Radiation sources

Atmospheric Pressure

Mt. Everest = 320 mb

Potosi, Bolivia = 620 mb

Sea level = 1013 mb

Elevation

8854 m

4000 m

0 m

24000 m

-6000 m

-11000 m

Hellas Planitia = 10 mb

Olympus Mons = 1 mb

Mariana Trench

Mars – elevation, atmospheric pressure and radiation05

Establish a permanent base on Mars from which high-value scientific and engineering research can be performed

1. search for past and present life on Mars

2. basic science research to gain new knowledge about the solar system’s origin and history

3. applied science research on how to use Mars resources to augment life-sustaining systems

Settlement mission06

NASA’s ‘Mars Reference Mission’- first three missions land at the same site and accumulate infrastructure for an outpost with 12 crew members. - Habitat is 4 vertical cylinders, 2 stories, 7.5 meters in diameter. - Power by two 160 kW nuclear power plants and photovoltaic arrays. - Greenhouses, a life support and in-situ recourse utilization machinery. - Three pressurized rovers with attachments to aid in construction.

Construction of the permanent habitat begins with the arrival of the fourth crew.

Setting07

Private Suites

12 single x 25m 2 6 double x 40m 2 Air, Water, Chemical P lants = 150m 2

Garage = 60m 2

Shop = 40m 2

EVA room = 30m 2

Maintenance

Laboratories = 150m 2

Conference room = 20m 2 Medical = 40m 2

Command room = 20m 2

WorkSocial

kit chen = 20m 2

dinning/ meet ing = 40m 2 common bath = 20m 2

Exercise/ meditat ion = 20m 2

Entertainment / mult imedia = 40m 2

total population = 24 (12 on Mars and 12 more arriving every 2.7 years) 12 single + 6 couples 6 builders + 6 ‘alchemists’/engineers + 4 farmers + 7 scientists + 1 commander/administratortotal habitable area = 1000 m2 + 2400 m2 greenhouses

Builders – work on expanding the habitat. Mainly on EVA + some studio planning workEngineers – Establish and maintain life support. Repair the exterior chemical plant. Or bring farmers modules in garage for work. Develop new resources in vicinity of base. Farmers – Work mainly in plant preparation area. Occasionally go inside plant rated greenhouses.

Share research space with the scientists.Scientists – Rotate on roving trips. Analyze samples in open lab space. Synthesize results in more private area or at private quarters.Commander – Leads and coordinates work at base. Commutates with ground control.Cooking and Cleaning – shared equally by all or rotated.

First phase of development – 24 inhabitants08

Arriving1st Landing - 124 builders2 engineers4 farmers2 scientists

2nd Landing -122 builders4 engineers

6 basic science

3rd Landing – 12

4 engineers4 farmers4 basic science

Total

4 builders2 engineers4 farmers2 scientists12 total

6 builders6 engineers4 farmers7 basic science1 commander24 total

6 builders10 engineers8 farmers11 basic science1 commander36 total

Completed base

1 commander4 communications

- command and communications room5 doctors/psychologists

- labs40 basic science

- 2 three-person expeditions at all times- 34 work in labs at base

10 builders- work outside and small indoor planning

room24 farmers

- greenhouses and supporting areas12 engineers

- fix machinery everywhere, monitor systems from central location

96 total

settlement growth09

Mesas in Candor Chasma

Site10

scaled Earth city texture

-Venice, Italy

-US capitol, Washington DC

-North End, Boston MA

-Suburb, Champaign IL

-1 tick = 100m

Site11

masonry- manufacture bricks using regolith reinforced with fibers from used parachutes- using leaning arches and self supporting domes, one can construct a wide range of spaces using no scaffolding.

inflatables with rigid support- low mass - advantage in weight to volume ratio compared to rigid shell structures. - relatively small deployment operations - can be tested on Earth

- Need for Local Construction- Continuing to rely on habitats brought from Earth is an unsustainable strategy unless truly revolutionary advances in transportation technology are made. - Maximize use of Martian materials and simple, well understood, and tested building techniques.

Construction Methods12

pressurized inflatables vs. weight of regolith cover

Rigid floor structure from which a bladder is inflated.Bladder provides all the resistance to internal pressure.

- allow view- compartmentalized space-maximize the bladder as a pressure membrane- brick vaults:

- hold weight of radiation protection - remain rigid in case of pressure loss- some thermal insulation- noise insulation- protects bladder during inflation

Masonry is lined with non-structural linerand covered with regolith which balances

the internal pressure.

-allows larger open spaces - no view

-1.5 g/cm3 regolith density and 60kPa internal pressure – 10 m of regolith are

required. -assuming igneous rocks – 6 m of cover.

-Make sure that load lines for both load pressurized and unpressurized load

case fit inside the masonry.

Use inflatables for spaces that require access to the exterior – airlocks, greenhouse support, and private quarters.

Use regolith covers vaults for larger spaces with no view – public areas, kitchen/dinning, labs, and baths.

supporting the internal pressure13

leaning arches – no scaffolding

14 Vaults

techniques from Ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia – no scaffolding

15 Domes

Adopted for gravity environment from technology demonstrated by the Transhab proposal for ISS – rigid internal structure from which the bladder inflates

16 Inflatables

- airlocks, inflatables, greenhouses

17 Imported elements

Organization Diagrams – Linear City – Keeps the settlers alive18

Linear CityDerived from historical precedents by Arturo Soria and Le Corbusier.Efficiency in transportation, infrastructure, safety, and ease of expansion.

Separately pressurized segments with inflatables or regolith supported masonry

Keeps the settlers alive.

Organization Diagrams

Utilities

Air, water and power distribution in sub floor panels

19

Entrance

20 Organization Diagrams

21

Formal meeting space

Organization Diagrams

22

Work spaces

Organization Diagrams

23

Private quarters

Organization Diagrams

24

Social spaces

Organization Diagrams

25

Spaces arranged along the infrastructure organized through the relationship between the humans and the vegetation.

Organization Diagrams

Diagrams – Vegetation – Makes the settlement a city

vegetation as symbolA special place immediately between the main entrance and the formal meeting space.

Plant five special trees on arrival – one for each continent.

Symbolize hope in the future of the settlement.

The trees will grow as the settlement expands.

When people arrive from Earth the first thing they’ll see as they enter is the grove of trees.

big, long lasting trees

26

Diagrams – plant spaces

vegetation as life supportPlant-rated greenhouses optimize atmosphere, light, structure and safety for specially designed plants.

The farmers plant seedlings and harvest the crops from inside a pressurized area with the aid of robots.

fast growing, engineered plants

27

plant as mediation of view Views of Mars are mediated by vegetation.

Look at RED through GREEN

Every private suite has a small garden area in front of its window.

Terminate connector segments with small gardens and a window to Mars.

small potted plants

Diagrams – plant spaces28

vegetation as green beltWhere work areas need to provide a connection, use a row of vegetation to separate the circulation from the work spaces.

dense plantings of bamboo

Diagrams – plant spaces29

vegetation as mediator of social life – version 1The common

The trees are at the center of the social space. The various social spaces are arranged around the periphery. Every space looks at the others through the vegetation. The trees provide much needed change in the underground space.

The trees need the same protection as the humans. Both share the safest space under the hill.

Use the bamboo for building material. Fruit trees for food.

bamboo and other useful trees

Diagrams – plant spaces30

vegetation as mediator of social life – version 2Clearing in the woods

A Chinese garden

Social space is surrounded and protected by trees.

The edges of the space are hidden thus the limited size of the space is obscured.

bamboo and other useful trees

Diagrams – plant spaces31

vegetation as mediator of social life – version 3Pocket gardens providing focused diagonal views between social spaces.

bamboo and other useful trees

Diagrams – plant spaces32

hybrid – green belt & pocket gardens

bamboo and other useful trees

Diagrams – plant spaces33

Inflatable sits on a masonry foundation, inside a masonry dome.

The bladder and frame resist the interior air pressure.

The masonry:- holds one meter of regolith for radiation protection.- maintains overall stability if pressure is lost to one unit.- protects bladder from meteorites- protects bladder from abrasion by dust storms.

Inflatables34

Inflatables35

Frames at ends support windows and doors.

Belts and transverse cables force the bladder into a roughly prismatic form.

Beams resist gravity live loads

Inflatables36

Air ducts and power lines run in the floors and sit above the transverse cables.

Tray in front the windows can allow each resident to grow some personal plants.

Inflatables37

Floor panels span between the beam and cantilever out to the bladder.

Originally they could be made of imparted material, but eventually out of locally grown bamboo.

Vertical partitions can also made in modules that can attach the to superstructure.

Inflatables38

Inflated bladders.

Inflatables39

The unit inside the masonry vault.

Inflatables40

The frame spans between two masonry foundations, allowing the pressure on the bottom to be resisted by a bladder as well.

Inflatables41

Ducts connect to the main utility lines between the floors.

Inflatables42

Double units for a couple can be made by connecting quarters of the module vertically or horizontally.

Social Diagrams43

Spaces for an INDIVIDUAL

Social Diagrams44

Spaces for TWO PEOPLE

Social Diagrams45

Spaces for

INFORMAL SUBGROUPS

Social Diagrams46

Spaces for

FORMAL SUBGROUPS

Social Diagrams47

Spaces for the

WHOLE COMMUNITY

Social Diagrams48

Gradient of social spaces

first phase – 24 residents49

Original baseAirlocks and life-support GreenhousesPrivate quartersPublic spacesWork spaces

full base with 96 residents - expansion in linear bands50

Original baseAirlocks and life-support Greenhouses Private quartersPublic spacesWork spaces

full base with 96 residents - expansion in linear bands51

Original baseAirlocks and life-support GreenhousesPrivate quartersPublic spacesWork spaces

Construction estimates for first phase52

Excavation:

-Total excavation 11500 m3

-30o slope-30 meters deep-45 meters long

Drilling and blasting – 4 man-weeksSetting up slusher – 4 man-weeksSlusher excavation – 10 man-weeksBackhoe excavation – 2 man-weeksTotal Excavation = 20 man-weeks

Masonry Construction:

-8 vaults 3.25m radius x 10 m long-6 vaults 2m radius x 8 m long-3 vaults 1.5m radius x 13 m long-3 vaults 1.25m radius x 8 m long-28 small domes 2m radius-1 large dome 5m radius

On Earth each of the small domes and vaults can be built in 2 days. Assume on Mars it takes 3 times as long. Including arches and walls each unit takes 2 weeks or 4 man-weeks.

The large vaults are twice as big, so they’ll take 8 man-weeks each.

The large dome will require special construction so assume 50 man-weeks.

Total masonry work = 298 man-weeks

Brick manufacturing:

-2200 m3

- Use material from excavation of hill- Use waste heat from the nuclear reactors to operate kiln.-2 kilns, 1.5 m3 capacity each.- Firing time 8 hours – 2 batches/day- 6 m3 of brick/day- 370 days to make the brick

- Automated pressing and firing - Only human intervention is for maintenance of equipmentTotal brick manufacturing = 20 man-weeks

Construction estimates for first phase53

Construction time:

1. Fragmentation – 4 man-weeks2. Excavation – 16 man-weeks3. Transport - 20 man-weeks4. Processing – 20 man-weeks5. Placement (masonry) - 298 man-weeks6. Placement (cover) - 20 man-weeks

Total 378 man-weeks

Total available for construction (2.7 years, 4 builders) = 560 man-weeks

182 man-weeks – for safety and helping the engineers with installation of inflatables, airlocks, doors, windows, skylights

Construction equipment54

Slusher

0.5 m3 bucket – 500kg 11500/0.5 = 23000 cyclesassume 1 cycle = 2 minutesexcavation phase = 32 days8 days setting up the systemTOTAL EXCAVATION = 40 days

Construction equipment55

Front end loader- excavating, loading, and transporting material- good mobility

1 m3 bucket – 6000kg

cycle time 30 sec - 2 m3 min

Hydraulic excavator (backhoe)- excavation, some fragmentation- high precision, high force- complex hydraulic system

0.4 m3 bucket – 10,000kg

cycle time 15 sec – 1.6 m3 min

Construction equipment56

Trucks- moving material - can be a pulled by a rover

Rover mounted drill- drilling holes for explosives or anchors

- drilling rate 6 m/hour

Construction equipment massSlusher - 2,000kgFront end loader - 6,000kgBack Hoe - 10,000kgTruck – 5,000kgBallistic transporter – 5,000kgDrill - 2,000kgCrane - 5,000kgTOTAL 35,000kg

Mass estimate fro complete base57

HumansConstruction equipment

Greenhouses12 Nuclear Reactors

Life support machineryScience equipment

Initial food cache2 Very long range rovers

4 pressurized rovers125 Inflatable modules

Skylights and mirrorsSubtotal

20% SafetyTOTAL

Per person

9 tons (90kg/person)

35 tons (sea above)

400 tons (from Obayashi Corporation estimate)

128 tons (SP-100 reactor = 10.7 tons)

32 tons (extrapolation from Mars Reference Mission)

30 tons (extrapolation from Mars Reference Mission)

200 tons (20kg/person/day x 12 people x 2.7 years)

50 tons 20 tons625 tons (5 tons per module)

100 tons 1629 tons 306 tons1935 tons

19 tons/person

Obayashi corporation base design for 150 people = 4002 tons, 26tons/person

Welcome to Mars58

Extra Slides00

masonry openings

00

Construction operation units

1. Fragmentation – explosives, drill2. Excavation – slusher, backhoe, front end loader3. Transport - front end loader, truck, ballistic transporter4. Processing – kiln, chemical plants5. Placement – robots, humans, ballistic transporter

Construction estimates for first phase00

bamboo0

- full height in 3 months- maturity in 3 years- lifespan 20 years- leaves always green

- very strong in tension - strong in compression

- poles, beams, flooring, siding, scaffolding, furniture, musical instruments, and other tools

Excavation

- Excavation will be necessary in any case for cover, and extraction of resources.

- Lower precision requirement

- Building the cover provides accuracy and safety

- Can be done in a hill with loose soil

- fragment rock and permafrost using methane explosives

Tunneling

- Relies on strength of rocks above

- Need a hill with solid rock

excavation vs. tunneling58

miniature wheaton portable racks

water purification

external chemical plants

Series of nodes.- each node has complete capability of cycling water, air and nutrients- minimizes distance to nearest unit – smaller pipes- redundancy - if one unit fails demand can be covered by adjacent units

life support36

light transmittance into underground spaces60

Himawari Sunlighting System

-transmits only visible light

-XF-160S – 1.4 m2 area – 600 kg

- assume same area required as area of tree growing space.- need 73 m2 of collection surface

52 units = 31200 kg(current design not optimized for Mars)

– vertical chimney opening with reinforcing that brings the tensile forces down to the dome might also be possible

Greek baths at Piraeus61

light transmittance into underground spaces61

Heliobus Light Pipes System

– Catalan vaults – made famous in the United States by Rafael Guastavino in the late 19th century.

- requires fast setting mortar so might not be available at first

Thin tiles08

Linear City by Arturo Soria and Le Corbusier

bands of development between centralized nodes

1 housing band with small and large buildings2 industrial band 3 transportation band

Linear City 19