Welcome to

History 06

History of the Americas II

Prof. Valadez

1

Age of Caudillos Latin America 1820s-1850s

• Caudillos= Dictators

• Politically: left or right

• Creoles, mestizos

• “Personalism”

• Hacienda patrons

• Replaced the viceroy

2

Argentina 1829-1852

• In 1816 Independence

• 1820s struggle

– Unitarios vs Federales

• Juan Manuel de Rosas, gaucho

– Landowner, conservative

– Fought for the federalists

• Economy: Cattle hide & tallow – Salted jerked beef

ARGENTINA • Buenos Aires dominates the country

• By 1830s

– Conservative government under Juan Manuel de Rosas

• Rosas's federalism favored the gauchos

• Campaigns against the Mapuches, natives of Patagonia

• Ousted by a coalition of his enemies in 1852.

Brazil

• Grito de Ipiranga 1822

• Pedro I Emperor 1822-1831

– Dissolves assembly

– Rewrites constitution 1824

– War with Argentina over Uruguay

in 1826, end Uruguay is free

Pedro II 1830s

Slavery agreement with U.K. 1826

Fazendeiro class

Uruguay

• Argentina-Brazil conflict, gain independence 1828

• Jose Gervasio Artigas

• Economy: cattle

• 1839-1852 civil war

– Blancos, Manuel Oribe

– Colorados, Fructuoso Rivera

Paraguay

• Dr. Jose Gaspar Rodriguez de Francia , dictator 1814-1840

– Nationalist

– Isolated the nation

– Eliminated old creole/spanish elite & confiscated Church wealth

• Redistribute land to small farmers

– Policy of intermarriage among the mestizos & Guarani

• Carlos Antonio Lopez

– Nationalist

– Opens trade with the world

Chile

1820s political chaos

1830s political stability lead to economic prosperity (copper), unlike neighbors

Diego Portales, landowner

1836-1839 War against the confederation Peru/Bolivia

9

• Union failed

• Mining industry stagnated

• High military budget

• 80% spoke Quechua

• General Andres Santa Cruz 1829

• Peru-Bolivia Confederation

– Chile & Argentine against union

– Battle of Yungay, Chile wins

Bolivia Peru

• 1823-1850

– 6 constitutions

– 30 presidents

• General Agustin Gamarra of Peru

• Economy: Guano: bird dung for fertilizer

10

• Gran Columbia 1821-1830

• Quito, conservative v.s. Guayaquil, liberals

• Juan Jose Flores

– Supports the Church & elite

– Crushes Vicente Rocafuerte Rebellion 1833,

frees him

– Rocafuerte president 1835

• Liberal constitution

• Anticlerical

• Juan Jose Flores 1839-1845 in power

– Abolish constitution

– 1847-1861, 11 changes in govt.

Ecuador Columbia

• 1830s break up, no resistance

• Francisco de Paula Santander, liberal, 1832-1837

• Fighting between conservative & liberals

11

Venezuela

Jose Antonio Paez

Economy: coffee

price falls in 1840s

1848 Liberal Party overthrow Paez

1840-1860s civil war

12

Central America

1821 union with Mexico

United Provinces of CA 1823-1837

Conservatives vs liberals

Church-state relations

Franciso Morazan, Honduran liberal

land reform

Church property

13

Political Fragmentation

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