Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
Welcome to Forensic Welcome to Forensic ScienceScience
Mrs. CannonMrs. Cannon
Room 306Room [email protected]
Warm-Up QuestionWarm-Up Question
What is forensic science?
What is forensic science?What is forensic science?
The term The term forensicsforensics is derived from is derived from the Latinthe Latin forensis forensis meaning forum.meaning forum.
Forensic scienceForensic science is application of is application of science to matters of criminal and science to matters of criminal and civil laws that are enforced by police civil laws that are enforced by police agencies in the criminal justice agencies in the criminal justice system.system.
Criminalistics Criminalistics is the examination of is the examination of physical evidence. Can be used physical evidence. Can be used interchangeably with forensics.interchangeably with forensics.
““In school, every period ends with a bell. In school, every period ends with a bell. Every sentence ends with a period. Every Every sentence ends with a period. Every crime ends with a sentence.”crime ends with a sentence.”
——Stephen Wright, comedianStephen Wright, comedian
Criminalistics vs CriminologyCriminalistics vs Criminology
CriminalisticsCriminalistics the scientific the scientific
examination of examination of physical evidence for physical evidence for legal purposes.legal purposes.
CriminologyCriminology includes the includes the
psychological angle, psychological angle, studying the crime studying the crime scene for motive, scene for motive, traits, and behavior traits, and behavior that will help to that will help to interpret the evidenceinterpret the evidence
Crime LabCrime LabBASIC SERVICESBASIC SERVICES
Evidence Evidence Collection UnitCollection Unit
Photography UnitPhotography Unit Evidence StorageEvidence Storage
Crime Lab—Optional ServicesCrime Lab—Optional ServicesADDITIONAL SERVICESADDITIONAL SERVICES Physical Science UnitPhysical Science Unit
Trace EvidenceTrace Evidence Firearms IdentificationFirearms Identification Document ExaminationDocument Examination Fingerprint ExaminationFingerprint Examination Toxicology UnitToxicology Unit
Biology UnitBiology Unit AutopsyAutopsy DNA AnalysisDNA Analysis SerologySerology
Polygraph UnitPolygraph Unit Voiceprint Analysis UnitVoiceprint Analysis Unit
Other Forensic Science ServicesOther Forensic Science Services
Forensic PathologyForensic Pathology Forensic AnthropologyForensic Anthropology Forensic EntomologyForensic Entomology Forensic PsychiatryForensic Psychiatry Forensic OdontologyForensic Odontology Forensic EngineeringForensic Engineering Cybertechnology Cybertechnology
Major Crime LaboratoriesMajor Crime Laboratories FBIFBI DEADEA ATFATF U.S. Postal ServiceU.S. Postal Service U.S. Fish and Wildlife ServiceU.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
Crime Lab HistoryCrime Lab History First police crime lab in the world was established in First police crime lab in the world was established in
France in 1910 by Edmond LocardFrance in 1910 by Edmond Locard First police crime lab in the U.S. opened in 1923 in Los First police crime lab in the U.S. opened in 1923 in Los
AngelesAngeles
The Scientific Crime Detection Lab was founded in The Scientific Crime Detection Lab was founded in Evanston, Illinois in 1929Evanston, Illinois in 1929
The first FBI crime lab opened in 1932The first FBI crime lab opened in 1932
BIG IDEA!BIG IDEA!
The development of modern forensic The development of modern forensic science parallels general science parallels general advancements in science, advancements in science, particularly physical and biological particularly physical and biological sciences.sciences.
What milestones in science do you What milestones in science do you think pushed forensics forward?think pushed forensics forward?
Major Developments Major Developments in Forensic Science Historyin Forensic Science History
700s AD—Chinese used fingerprints to establish identity of documents and 700s AD—Chinese used fingerprints to establish identity of documents and clay sculpturesclay sculptures
~1000—Roman courts determined that bloody palm prints were used to ~1000—Roman courts determined that bloody palm prints were used to frame a man in his brother’s murderframe a man in his brother’s murder
1149—King Richard of England introduced the idea of the coroner to 1149—King Richard of England introduced the idea of the coroner to investigate questionable deathinvestigate questionable death
1200s—A murder in China is solved when flies were attracted to invisible 1200s—A murder in China is solved when flies were attracted to invisible blood residue on a sword of a man in the communityblood residue on a sword of a man in the community
1598—Fidelus was first to practice forensic medicine in Italy1598—Fidelus was first to practice forensic medicine in Italy 1670—Anton Van Leeuwenhoek constructed the first high-powered 1670—Anton Van Leeuwenhoek constructed the first high-powered
microscopemicroscope 1776—Paul Revere identified the body of General Joseph Warren based on 1776—Paul Revere identified the body of General Joseph Warren based on
the false teeth he had made for himthe false teeth he had made for him 1784—John Toms convicted of murder on basis of torn edge of wad of 1784—John Toms convicted of murder on basis of torn edge of wad of
paper in pistol matching a piece of paper in his pocketpaper in pistol matching a piece of paper in his pocket
Major Developments in Forensic Major Developments in Forensic Science HistoryScience History
1859—Gustav Kirchhoff and Robert Bunsen developed the science of 1859—Gustav Kirchhoff and Robert Bunsen developed the science of spectroscopy.spectroscopy.
1864—Crime scene photography developed1864—Crime scene photography developed 1879—Alphonse Bertillon developed a system to identify people using 1879—Alphonse Bertillon developed a system to identify people using
particular body measurementsparticular body measurements 1896—Edward Henry developed first classification system for fingerprint 1896—Edward Henry developed first classification system for fingerprint
identificationidentification 1900—Karl Landsteiner identified human blood groups1900—Karl Landsteiner identified human blood groups 1904—Edmond Locard formulated his famous principle, “Every contact 1904—Edmond Locard formulated his famous principle, “Every contact
leaves a trace.”leaves a trace.” 1922—Francis Aston developed the mass spectrometer.1922—Francis Aston developed the mass spectrometer. 1959—James Watson and Francis Crick discover the DNA double helix1959—James Watson and Francis Crick discover the DNA double helix 1977—AFIS developed by FBI, fully automated in 19961977—AFIS developed by FBI, fully automated in 1996 1984—Jeffreys developed and used first DNA tests to be applied to a 1984—Jeffreys developed and used first DNA tests to be applied to a
criminal casecriminal case
People of Historical SignificancePeople of Historical Significance
Edmond Locard Edmond Locard (1877-1966)(1877-1966)
French professorFrench professor Considered the father of criminalisticsConsidered the father of criminalistics Built the world’s first forensic Built the world’s first forensic
laboratory in France in 1910laboratory in France in 1910
BIG IDEA!BIG IDEA!
The basis for modern forensic science is theThe basis for modern forensic science is the
Locard Exchange PrincipleLocard Exchange Principle
Whenever two objects come into contact Whenever two objects come into contact with each other, traces of each are with each other, traces of each are exchangedexchanged..
Every contact you make with another person, place or Every contact you make with another person, place or object results in an exchange of physical materials. object results in an exchange of physical materials.
Locard Principle in ActionLocard Principle in Action
You have 2 children and a cat. You run out to You have 2 children and a cat. You run out to take care of some errands that include stopping take care of some errands that include stopping at a furniture store, the laundry, and the house at a furniture store, the laundry, and the house of a friend who has one child and a dog. From of a friend who has one child and a dog. From a forensic standpoint, this sequence of events a forensic standpoint, this sequence of events can provide a gold mine of information.can provide a gold mine of information.
What “traces” of you are left behind at each What “traces” of you are left behind at each stop?stop?
What evidence of each stop do you take with What evidence of each stop do you take with you?you?
Crime Scene TeamCrime Scene Team A group of professional investigators, each trained in a variety of special A group of professional investigators, each trained in a variety of special
disciplines.disciplines. Team MembersTeam Members
First Police Officer on the sceneFirst Police Officer on the scene Medics (if necessary)Medics (if necessary) Investigator(s)Investigator(s) Medical Examiner or Representative (if necessary)Medical Examiner or Representative (if necessary) Photographer and/or Field Evidence TechnicianPhotographer and/or Field Evidence Technician Lab ExpertsLab Experts
pathologistpathologist serologistserologistDNA expertDNA expert toxicologisttoxicologistforensic odontologistforensic odontologist forensic anthropologistforensic anthropologistforensic psychologistforensic psychologist forensic entomologistforensic entomologistfirearm examinerfirearm examiner bomb and arson expertbomb and arson expertdocument and handwriting expertsdocument and handwriting experts fingerprint expertfingerprint expert
Scientific MethodScientific Method(as it pertains to criminalistics)(as it pertains to criminalistics)
1.1. Observe a problem or questioned evidence Observe a problem or questioned evidence and collect objective data.and collect objective data.
2.2. Consider a hypothesis or possible solution.Consider a hypothesis or possible solution.3.3. Examine, test, and then analyze the evidence.Examine, test, and then analyze the evidence.4.4. Determine the significance of the evidence.Determine the significance of the evidence.5.5. Formulate a theory based on evaluation of the Formulate a theory based on evaluation of the
significance of the evidencesignificance of the evidence
Complex Reasoning SkillsComplex Reasoning Skills
Necessary to Work Through and Solve Crimes:Necessary to Work Through and Solve Crimes: Deductive and Inductive ReasoningDeductive and Inductive Reasoning ClassifyingClassifying Comparing and ContrastingComparing and Contrasting Problem SolvingProblem Solving Analyzing PerspectivesAnalyzing Perspectives Constructing SupportConstructing Support Error AnalysisError Analysis
Laws that Pertain to the Laws that Pertain to the U.S. Criminal Justice SystemU.S. Criminal Justice System
The U.S. ConstitutionThe U.S. Constitution Statutory LawStatutory Law Common Law or Case LawCommon Law or Case Law Civil LawCivil Law Criminal LawCriminal Law Equity LawEquity Law Administrative LawAdministrative Law
The Bill of RightsThe Bill of RightsGives individuals the right:Gives individuals the right:
To be presumed innocent until proven To be presumed innocent until proven guiltyguilty
Not to be searched unreasonablyNot to be searched unreasonably Not to be arrested without probable Not to be arrested without probable
causecause Against unreasonable seizure of Against unreasonable seizure of
personal propertypersonal property Against self-incriminationAgainst self-incrimination To fair questioning by policeTo fair questioning by police To protection from physical harm To protection from physical harm
throughout the justice processthroughout the justice process To an attorneyTo an attorney To trial by juryTo trial by jury To know any charges against oneselfTo know any charges against oneself
To cross-examine prosecution To cross-examine prosecution witnesseswitnesses
To speak and present witnessesTo speak and present witnesses Not to be tried again for the same Not to be tried again for the same
crimecrime Against cruel and unusual punishmentAgainst cruel and unusual punishment To due processTo due process To a speedy trialTo a speedy trial Against excessive bailAgainst excessive bail Against excessive finesAgainst excessive fines To be treated the same as others, To be treated the same as others,
regardless of race, gender, religious regardless of race, gender, religious preference, country of origin, and other preference, country of origin, and other personal attributespersonal attributes
Miranda v ArizonaMiranda v Arizona
In 1963, Ernesto Miranda, a 23 year old mentally In 1963, Ernesto Miranda, a 23 year old mentally disturbed man, was accused of kidnapping and raping disturbed man, was accused of kidnapping and raping an 18-year-old woman in Phoenix, Arizona. He was an 18-year-old woman in Phoenix, Arizona. He was brought in for questioning, and confessed to the crime. brought in for questioning, and confessed to the crime. He was not told that he did not have to speak or that he He was not told that he did not have to speak or that he could have a lawyer present. At trial, Miranda's lawyer could have a lawyer present. At trial, Miranda's lawyer tried to get the confession thrown out, but the motion tried to get the confession thrown out, but the motion was denied. The case went to the Supreme Court in was denied. The case went to the Supreme Court in 1966. The Court ruled that the statements made to the 1966. The Court ruled that the statements made to the police could not be used as evidence, since Mr. Miranda police could not be used as evidence, since Mr. Miranda had not been advised of his rights.had not been advised of his rights.
Miranda RightsMiranda RightsThe following is a minimal Miranda The following is a minimal Miranda
warning:warning:
You have the right to remain silent. Anything you say You have the right to remain silent. Anything you say can and will be used against you in a court of law. You can and will be used against you in a court of law. You have the right to speak to an attorney, and to have an have the right to speak to an attorney, and to have an attorney present during any questioning. If you cannot attorney present during any questioning. If you cannot afford a lawyer, one will be provided for you at the afford a lawyer, one will be provided for you at the government’s expense.government’s expense.
Types of CrimesTypes of Crimes
InfractionInfraction MisdemeanorMisdemeanor FelonyFelony
Evidence Evidence
Anything that tends to prove or Anything that tends to prove or disprove something.disprove something.
Admissibility of EvidenceAdmissibility of Evidence
Must be relevantMust be relevant
Relevance is made up of 2 Relevance is made up of 2 componentscomponents
MaterialityMateriality- must have - must have something to do with something to do with the case being triedthe case being tried
Ex. Previous activity Ex. Previous activity unrelated to present unrelated to present casecase
ProbativenessProbativeness- must prove - must prove or disprove something or disprove something
Must be competentMust be competent
Non-PrejudicialNon-PrejudicialEx. Can’t be inflammatory, Ex. Can’t be inflammatory,
prior criminal activityprior criminal activity Constitutional constraintsConstitutional constraints
Ex. Unreasonable search Ex. Unreasonable search and seizureand seizure
Statutory constraintsStatutory constraintsEx. Incriminating Ex. Incriminating
testimonial evidencetestimonial evidence HearsayHearsay
Ex. Statement made Ex. Statement made outside of court not outside of court not under oath asserting the under oath asserting the truth of the statementtruth of the statement
Federal Rules of EvidenceFederal Rules of Evidence
Govern what evidence is admissible in Govern what evidence is admissible in courtcourt
Two legal decisions had the biggest Two legal decisions had the biggest impact on the field of forensic science.impact on the field of forensic science.
Frye v. United States 1923Frye v. United States 1923
Daubert v. Merrill Dow 1993Daubert v. Merrill Dow 1993
Admissibility of EvidenceAdmissibility of Evidence1923 Frye v. United States1923 Frye v. United States Scientific evidence is allowed Scientific evidence is allowed
into the courtroom if it is into the courtroom if it is generally acceptedgenerally accepted by the by the relevant scientific community. relevant scientific community.
The Frye standard does not The Frye standard does not offer any guidance on reliability. offer any guidance on reliability.
The evidence is presented in The evidence is presented in the trial and the the trial and the jury decidesjury decides if it if it can be used.can be used.
Known as general acceptance Known as general acceptance standard.standard.
1993 Daubert v. Dow1993 Daubert v. DowAdmissibility is determined by:Admissibility is determined by: Whether the theory or technique Whether the theory or technique
can be testedcan be tested Whether the science has been Whether the science has been
offered for peer reviewoffered for peer review Whether the rate of error is Whether the rate of error is
acceptableacceptable Whether the method at issue Whether the method at issue
enjoys widespread acceptance.enjoys widespread acceptance. Whether the opinion is relevant Whether the opinion is relevant
to the issueto the issueThe The judge decidesjudge decides if the evidence if the evidence
can be entered into the trial.can be entered into the trial.
Facets of GuiltFacets of Guilt
Try to prove:Try to prove:
MeansMeans—person had the ability to do the crime—person had the ability to do the crime MotiveMotive—person had a reason to do the crime—person had a reason to do the crime (not (not
necessary to prove in a court of law)necessary to prove in a court of law)
OpportunityOpportunity—person can be placed at the crime—person can be placed at the crime
““If the Law has made you a witness, remain a If the Law has made you a witness, remain a man (woman) of science.man (woman) of science.
You have no victim to avenge, no guilty or You have no victim to avenge, no guilty or innocent person to ruin or save.innocent person to ruin or save.
You must bear testimony within the limits of You must bear testimony within the limits of science.”science.”
——P.C.H. BrouardelP.C.H. Brouardel
