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Ecosystem services, and resilience to climate and environmental change
Marc Metzger @MJ_Metzger
The challenge: a rapidly changing world
Anthropocene,
since 1784 (Crutzen)
Great acceleration,
from 1950 (Steffen)
Ecosystem Services a popular concept
Strategic Goal D: Enhance the benefits to all from biodiversity and ecosystem services
EBS Target 2: “by 2020, ecosystems and their services [will be] maintained and enhanced”
Ecosystem Services concept
Strengths • Systemic
• Policy momentum
• Growing number of exemplars
Opportunities • New partnerships
• Collaborative dialogue and action
• Embedding conservation in environmental sustainability
Resilience: the capacity to recover
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2015.07.006
Resilient ecosystems to maintain ecosystem services
CBD Ecosystem Approach Principle 5
Conservation of ecosystem structure and functioning, in order to maintain ecosystem services, should be a priority target of the ecosystem approach.
Biodiversity conservation and the maintenance of human wellbeing depend on the functioning and resilience of natural ecosystems.
https://www.cbd.int/doc/publications/ea-text-en.pdf
Enhancing Ecosystem Services Resilience
https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-environ-051211-123836
1. Maintain diversity and redundancy 2. Manage slow variables and feedbacks 3. Manage connectivity 4. Enhance learning and experimentation 5. Foster understanding of social-
ecological systems as complex adaptive systems
6. Broaden participation 7. Promote polycentric governance
systems
Image: https://www.geography.org.uk/Managing-Flood-Risk--Wallasea-Island-Case-Study
Anja Liski
Citizen participation in climate change adaptation
in the Inner Forth
Talking Forth
Firth of Forth
Kennet Pans
Inch of Ferryton & Park Farm
Black Devon Wetlands
Rhind
Cambus
Haugh of Blackgrange
Bandeath
Dunmore to South Alloa
Airth to Dunmore
Skinflats
Bothkennar Pools
Kinneil Lagoon Existing salt marsh and mudflat
Areas that could be improved
Core paths
Wetland vs Farmland
Talking Forth workshops
Findings
• Citizens want to be engaged and are articulate about their views
• Citizen were eager to learn and understand the importance of wetland habitat
• There was considerable willingness and support for managed realignment and willingness to contribute financially
150 million ha by 2020 350 million ha by 2030
10-15k ha per year
Different forests provide different benefits
Sing et al., 2018. Forestry 91: 151-164
Different stakeholders want different forests
Workshop &
Interviews
Visions Content
analysis
53
documents
Burton et al. 2018. Landscape Ecology, in press
Land sparing
Land sharing
Conservation Utility
Burton et al. 2018. Landscape Ecology, in press
Green Gold utility – land sparing
Burton et al., Landscape Ecology in press
Wild Woodlands conservation – land sparing
Burton et al., Landscape Ecology in press
Pentland Hills Regional Park Katja Schmidt
Schmidt et al., 2016 MRD 36:465-474
Understanding land management preferences
Lochaber Forest District Louise Sing
Visualising preferences
Visualising preferences
Visualising preferences
C3 n=266 Nature enthusiasts
C2 n=89 Multi-functionalists
C1 n=78 Traditionalists
C4 n=118 Recreation seekers
C5 n=31 Forest enthusiasts
TOw
ind
TOsh
eep
TOin
sp
TOre
crea
tio
n
TOb
ird
s
TOfo
rest
Clustering preferences
n=73
Traditionalists
Clustering preferences
“Forest enthusiasts“ “nature enthusiasts“
„Multi- functionalist“
n=88 n=73
Multi-functionalists Traditionalists
Clustering preferences
“Forest enthusiasts“ “nature enthusiasts“
„Multi- functionalist“
n=88 n=269 n=73
Multi-functionalists Nature enthusiasts Traditionalists
Clustering preferences
“Forest enthusiasts“ „Multi- functionalist“
n=88 n=269 n=82 n=73
Multi-functionalists Nature enthusiasts Recreation seekers Traditionalists
Clustering preferences
“Forest enthusiasts“ “nature enthusiasts“
„Multi- functionalist“
n=88 n=269 n=82 n=51 n=73
Multi-functionalists Nature enthusiasts Recreation seekers Woodland enthusiasts Traditionalists
Clustering preferences
SNH funded follow-up to work with Consultative Forum and land owners to support next 10 year management plan
Final thoughts
We need resilient ecosystems to maintain ecosystem services and deliver multiple benefits. Therefore we must strive to:
1. Maintain diversity and redundancy
2. Manage slow variables and feedbacks
3. Manage connectivity
4. Enhance learning and experimentation
5. Foster understanding of social-ecological
6. Broaden participation
7. Promote polycentric governance systems
[email protected] ; @mj_metzger
