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Symposium on Public
Transportation in Indian Cities with Special focus on
Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) System
New Delhi
20-21 Jan 2010
Lessons learnt from Latin America.
Jorge Minteguiaga
Content of this presentation
•Diagnosis of PT in the region
•BRT in Latin America
•Transantiago: a study case
•Lessons learnt
Public Transport in Latin America:
120 million trips/day
Facts & Figures
•Free market
•Low regulation and supervision of authorities
•Highly competitive between “peers” and modes
•Over-supply of Fleets
•Congestion & Pollution increases
•Modal split of PT decreases
•Not an Integrated Public Transport Network
Diagnosis of PT in Latin America
Diagnosis of PT in Latin America
Traditional Operation Improved OperationPrivate agents (Affiliating Associations) with State authorization to operate.
Private agents (Transport Operator Companies), operating under contracts.
Operators compete at the streets (for passengers) even between "peers"
Companies compete bidding for a concession of routes.
Alternative Model: Conversion of traditional operators w/o bidding.
Atomized activity (1,5 buses per Owner): Real Operational Costs are unknown
Transparent & manageable Costs
Low supervision Strong supervision (creation of new government agencies)
Diagnosis of PT in Latin America
Traditional Operation Improved Operation
Low Cost – Wide Coverage Services Less coverage, same Fares
“Door to Door” Offer for most users Trunk & Feeder Networks
Over-supply FleetsOffer adapted to DemandLarge amount of buses at peak &
valley
Congestion & pollution increase Reduction of pollution & congestion
Long routes, long travel time, low operating speed
Shorter routes & travel time, better operating speed
Diagnosis of PT in Latin America
Traditional Operation Improved Operation
Driver's salary strongly depends on amount of tickets sold (“penny war” or “guerra del centavo")
Fixed salary + productivity bonus
Speeding & accidents Safety increaseLow level of maintenance (buses & infrastructure) Strong investment at infrastructure
Old Fleet Fleet renewalNo Public Transport SYSTEM, no Network
Integration of different modes, Network building
•Increase participation of PT
•Dis-incentivate use of private car
•Reduce congestion & pollution
•Optimize use of energy and urban space
•Diminish travel time
•Increase safety
Goals
BRTs have proved to be a catalyst and trigger for modernization and development of Public
Transport industry in Latin American cities.
BRT in Latin America
C u r i t ib a 1 9 7 4C u r i t ib a 1 9 7 4
G o ia n ia 1 9 7 6G o ia n ia 1 9 7 6
P o r t o A le g r e P o r t o A le g r e 1 9 7 71 9 7 7
S a n P a b lo 1 9 7 9S a n P a b lo 1 9 7 9
B e lo H o r iz o n te B e lo H o r iz o n te 1 9 8 11 9 8 1
R e c i f e 1 9 8 2R e c i f e 1 9 8 2
C a m p in a s 1 9 8 5C a m p in a s 1 9 8 5
Q u it o 1 9 9 5Q u it o 1 9 9 5
G u a y a q u i l 2 0 0 6G u a y a q u i l 2 0 0 6
B o g o tá 2 0 0 0B o g o tá 2 0 0 0
B a r r a n q u i l la B a r r a n q u i l la 2 0 1 02 0 1 0
C a l i 2 0 0 9C a l i 2 0 0 9
M e d e l l í n 2 0 1 0M e d e l l í n 2 0 1 0 B u c a r a m a n g a B u c a r a m a n g a 2 0 1 02 0 1 0
C a r t a g e n a 2 0 1 0C a r t a g e n a 2 0 1 0
P e r e i r a 2 0 0 6P e r e i r a 2 0 0 6
L im a 2 0 1 0L im a 2 0 1 0
S a n t ia g o 2 0 0 7S a n t ia g o 2 0 0 7
G u a t e m a la 2 0 1 0G u a t e m a la 2 0 1 0
M é x ic o D F 2 0 0 5M é x ic o D F 2 0 0 5
L e ó n 2 0 0 3L e ó n 2 0 0 3 M o n t e r r e yM o n t e r r e y
G u a d a la ja r aG u a d a la ja r a
P u e b laP u e b la
T o r r e ó nT o r r e ó n
Q u e r é t a r oQ u e r é t a r o
M é x ic o D FM é x ic o D F
L e ó n (P h a s e 3 )L e ó n (P h a s e 3 )
T i ju a n aT i ju a n a
B u e n o s A ir e s B u e n o s A ir e s 2 0 1 02 0 1 0
BRT-LA
Blue: in operation
Red: on implementation
Green: projected
Metrobús – México
TransMilenio - Bogotá
Metrovía - Guayaquil
Quito (Trole, Ecovía, North)
Transantiago
Interligado – Sao PauloMegabús - Pereira
RIT - Curitiba
Non
Inte
grat
edIn
tegr
ated
One Corridor Trunk & Feeder Whole Redesign
Different Projects- Different Scopes
Operating BRT
City Country Population (Millions)
Start of Operation
Nº of Corridors
Corridor Length (Km)
Curitiba Brasil 3,1 1974 6 65
Goiania Brasil 1,9 1976 2 35
Porto Alegre * Brasil 4 1977 8 27
Sao Paulo * Brasil 20 1979 8 142Belo Horizonte * Brasil 5,4 1981 1 6
Recife * Brasil 3,7 1982 3 16
Campinas * Brasil 2,6 1985 1 5
Quito Ecuador 1,6 1995 3 33
Bogotá Colombia 8,1 2000 5 53
León México 1,4 2003 3 26
México DF México 22,3 2005 1 20
Pereira Colombia 0,7 2006 2 16
Guayaquil Ecuador 2,2 2006 3 45
* Refers to segregated bus systems that doesn’t include all characteristis of BRT.
BRT on implementation
City Country Population (Millions)
Start of Operation
(estimated)
Nº of Corridors
Corridor Length (Km)
Medellín Colombia 3,4 2010 1 13
Lima Perú 8,3 2010 2 32
Cali Colombia 2,6 2009 5 49
Cartagena Colombia 1,1 2010 1 12
Barranquilla Colombia 1,9 2010 1 13
Bucaramanga Colombia 1 2010 1 8
Guatemala Guatemala 2 2010 1 11
Existing Systems
Trunk &
Feeder
Passing or over-taking lanes
in stations
2 + 2 lanes in
corridors
Express Services
Articulated buses
High-floor buses
Left Entrance
Prepaid fare
Curitiba yes no no no (1) yes (2) yes no yes
Goiania yes no no no yes (3) yes (3) yes (3) yes (3)
Sao Paulo partial partial no yes yes (4) no yes no
Quito Trole yes no no no yes yes no yes
Quito Ecovía yes no no no yes yes yes yes
Quito Central-Norte yes yes no yes yes yes no yes
Bogotá yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes
León yes no no no yes yes yes yes
México DF yes no no no yes yes yes yes
Pereira yes yes no yes yes yes yes yes
Guayaquil yes no yes (5) yes yes yes yes yes
Santiago yes (6) no yes no yes (7) no no no
Main characteristics of implemented BRT
Projected Systems
Trunk & Feeder
Passing lane in stations
2 + 2 lanes in corridors
Express Services
Articulated buses
High-floor buses
Left Entrance
Prepaid fare
Medellín yes no no no no yes yes yes
Lima yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes
Cali yes yes no yes yes yes yes yes
Cartagena yes (6) yes no ? yes (7) yes yes yes
Barranquilla yes yes no yes yes (7) yes yes yes
Bucaramanga yes (6) yes no ? yes (7) yes yes yes
Main characteristics of BRT
Notes
(1) Curitiba operates with express systems in mixed traffic but separate from bus corridors streets
(2) Bi-articulated buses
(3) Only on Corridor of Anhangueira
(4) Bi-articulated, simple-articulated and standard buses
(5) 2+2 lanes in 7 km of segregated corridor. Remaining 38 km. are 1+1
(6) Some buses of trunk-lines take passengers in mixed traffic streets
(7) Planned for standard and articulated buses operating in the corridor
Curitiba, Brazil
Curitiba, Brazil
Curitiba, Brazil
Transmilenio, Bogotá, Colombia
Transmilenio, Bogotá, Colombia
Transmilenio, Bogotá, Colombia
Megabús, Pereira, Colombia
Megabús, Pereira, Colombia
MetroVía, Guayaquil, Ecuador
MetroVía, Guayaquil, Ecuador
Macrobús, Guadalajara, México
Transantiago, Santiago, Chile
Transantiago, Santiago, Chile
In order to revert the trends on PT, the government has developed an urban transport policy, based on three basic pillars:
• Priority for Public Transport
• Rational use of the car
• Development of non-motorized transport
Transantiago, Santiago, Chile
Transantiago, Santiago, Chile
Transantiago is a State policy that will modernize the capital’s public transport through an integrated, efficient, secure and modern system, which is environmentally, economically and socially sustainable.
Trunk & Feeder
Fundamental Attribute : Physical, operational and fare integration and complementarity of public transport services
Subway
Transantiago, Santiago, Chile
Transantiago, Santiago, Chile
Infrastructure
Financial Admin
User Information
New TP Operators
•New TP Operators
•Financial Administrator
•No need for funding, financially auto-sustainable system
•Same fare (US$ 0,70) than before TS
Transantiago, Santiago, Chile
Infrastructure:
•Dedicated Lanes
•Bus Stops
•Intermodal Stations
•New Buses
•Optimized Fleet
Transantiago, Santiago, Chile
Technologies:•Communications •On Board Equipment•Depot Equipment•Contactless Card issuing & re-charge network•Clearing•PAX Info
Transantiago, Santiago, Chile
On board equipment
•Fleet Monitoring and Management (GPS)
•Electronic Ticketing (Contactless Only)
•PAX counting
•Cameras & Video recording
•Panic Button
•Bus-Base Commms
•Passenger Information Panels
Sounds good?Everybody agree?
Transantiago, Santiago, Chile
The Big Bang Effect:February 10, 2007
Transantiago start-up
•New payment method (contactless card only)
•New Routes
•New Stops
•More transfers
Transantiago, Santiago, Chile
• Bus Fleet reduction from 8.000 units to 4.500
but the REAL amount of operating fleet was 2.900
• GPS Fleet Management System is not working
• Operators have a “Minimum Garanteed Revenue”
• So, Buses are kept in Depots, and some operators saves fuel, salaries…
What happened? DAY 1
• No coordination between trunk & feeders
• Timetable is uncertain
• Lack of information about new routes
• Waiting and travel time increases
•Passengers prefer subway instead of buses
What happened? DAY 1
PAX increase from1,2 milliones/day to2,3 million/day
6,4 Pax/m2
Metro Stations had to be closed
What happened?
No dedicated corridors for buses
(300 km projected,only 90 km implementedby september 2009)
What happened?
Alternative means of transport
“Taxis-colectivos” (like “taxi-bus”, cars operating like buses-predefined routes )
Alternative means of transport
Illegal or “pirate”Mini-vans
Alternative means of transport
“Illegal, but NECESSARY”
•High Fare Evasion (up to 50%), “Service is too bad, so I don’t pay”.
•System costs › System Revenues
•Transantiago’s Deficit 2007-2009:
US$ 1.489.000.000
(average US$ 1,38 Million a day)
What happened?
Open-heart Surgery
• Radio-based comms to manage fleet of buses
• New HW & SW (oct 2009, operational by 2011)
• Bus fleet increased to 6.500 (old buses were rented and put into operation)
• Re-design of routes (again!)
• Paid zones
• Government Subsidy: US$ 3,6 Billion up to 2014
What should be done?
What should be done?
Paid Zones
Paid Zones
•Increase of boarding speed
•Diminish fare evasion
Chile’s Loss of Reputation
Chile’s Loss of Reputation
Chile’s Loss of Reputation
United Nations Global Report on Human Settlements-October 2009
Transantiago: a bad example of World Class
“Transantiago System provides an example of failed implementation of a BRT scheme, as a consecuence of a lack of an integrated plan of transport, a poor liaison with urban planning and the failure to understand the complex ways in which people uses space and transport in the city”
United Nations Global Report on Human Settlements-October 2009
Chile’s Loss of Reputation
Political Crisis
“Transantiago makes Bachelet to nominatethird cabinet in one year”
BRTs have proved to be a catalyst and trigger for modernization and
development of Public Transport in Latin American cities.
Lessons Learnt
It is not a discussion about taxis, trains, buses, corridors, stations, technologies or
integration,
It is not a “war” between PT authorities, technicians and operators,
Lessons Learnt
IT IS ABOUT PEOPLE AND MOBILITY,
Shift the focus to PEOPLE NEEDS, Keep PEOPLE in MIND
Lessons Learnt
TP Proyects need and “adequate environment”
•Budget & Funding
•Reasonable Development and Implementation period(often different from “authority’s anxiety”)
•Infrastructure.
•Legal & Institucional framework.
•Include to all the stakeholders(inhabitants, authorities, operators,etc)
Lessons Learnt
TP Proyects need and “adequate environment”
•Urban Planning, Land Use & Urban Sprawl Policies•Infrastructure for private car?•Adequate communication & education•Balance and bonding between:
Customers’ Mobility Needs, Political WILL &
Technical Knowledge
Lessons Learnt
The “Social and Cultural Factor”
Project impact on people is not 100% predictable.
People behaviour changes from country to country, from one city to another and also among different
socioeconomic sectors.
To “Import” or “Copy & Paste” a successful model is not a guarantee for success.
Lessons Learnt
There is no Universal “recipe” or “prescription”
Think Global,
Act Local !!
Lessons Learnt
The paradigm is changing, the users became CLIENTS
It isn’t about providing services to a “simple” or “captive” user; it is about satisfying the MOBILITY NEEDS of a CLIENT who has the capacity of choosing: they choose comfort, better prices, better quality of service, etc.
What can we do to win a client's preference, to keep his loyalty to our service and to retain him?
Lessons Learnt
"Big-Bang”
or “Step by Step Implementation”?
Change is usually “caothic”, even more in sensible sectors as PT.
Step by Step implementation lets you to react faster and solve problems,
but you must carry out ALL THE STEPS
Lessons Learnt
Sources:
•“Visión Latinoamericana del Transporte Masivo”, by Claudio Varano, former Vice-President of UITP-DAL. CLATPU XIV, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, November 2007.
•“Reporte Curitiba: Contacto con un proceso de urbanismo y transporte”, by Dr. César Lama, Profesor Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería, Lima, Perú, Febrero 2008
•“Sistemas de Buses en América Latina y Asia: Estudios de Caso de Problemas y Áreas de Mejoramiento; Síntesis de Lecciones Aprendidas”, by Dario Hidalgo, New Projects Director, EMBARQ, the WRI Center for Sustainable Transport, & Pierre Graftieaux, Senior Specialist in Transport, World Bank. CLATPU XIV, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, November 2007.
•“Latin American experience with Bus Rapid Transit”, by Gerhard Menckhoff, Urban Transport Consultant, World Bank. Annual Meeting, Institute of Transportation Engineers, Melbourne, August 10, 2005.
•Newspapers: La Tercera, Santiago, Chile, www.latercera.cl El Mercurio , Santiago, Chile, www.emol.cl
•Transantiago’s website:www.transantiago.cl