Welcome to all the Distinguished Delegates

K.V.Prasad and Safeena S.AICAR-Directorate of Floricultural Research

Pune

Research and Development Effortsin

Research

Habitat studies

Ecosystems

Documentation

Diversity studies

Genetics

Agro-technology

Development

E-Resources

Publications

CITES

RES

Domestications

Research

ICAR

SAU’s

Traditional Universities

ICFR

BSI

TBGRI

TFRI

Development

Botanical gardens

Nurseries

Landscaping

NGO’s

UNESCO Heritage Sites

Valley of Flowers, UKKaas Platue, MHWestern Ghats

The geographical location of our country is at the confluence of three majorglobal biogeographic realms, viz.

• Indomalesian• Eurasian• Afro-tropical

One of the 17 mega diversity countries in the world.

India is rich in all the three levels of biodiversity such as

• Ecosystem or habitat diversity• Genetic diversity• Species diversity.

Major Ecosystems

Forests

Grasslands

Wetlands

Coastal

Marine

Desert

• Geographical area of India represents about 2.4% of world’s total landmass

• Forest cover 21.05% (692,027 km2)• 16 major forest• 221 subtypes

• Wetlands : 4.1million ha

• Mangroves : 6,700 km2

7% of the world’s mangroves

• Unique marine ecosystems : Andaman andNicobar Islands, Lakshadweep Islands, Gulf ofKutch and Gulf of Mannar (Rich in coral reef)

• Desert ecosystem : 2% of Land massRajasthan, Gujarat, Punjab and Haryana

• Cold desert : 1,09,990 km2

Ladakh (J & K), Lahaul-Spiti of HimachalPradesh

• 11.4 % of Global Flora of 4 lakh known species• 47,513 plant species• 28% of plants that occur in India are endemic• Floristic diversity in India is concentrated 4 biodiversity hotspots, out of

the 34 biodiversity hotspots recognised in the world

Eastern Himalayas

Western Ghats (and Sri Lanka)

Northeast India

Andaman Islands (Indo-Burma) and

Nicobar Island (Sunderland)

Varied types of agro climatic, ecologicand edaphic conditions exist in theseregions.

These significant areas in floristicdiversity is reported to exhibitexceptional concentration of endemicplant species.

Biodiversity hotspots

•Mega centres

•Eastern Himalaya

•Western Ghats

•Western Himalaya

Micro centres for endemic Plants include1. Andaman group of Islands2. Nicobar group of Islands3. Agasthyamalai hills4. Anamalai and High ranges (Cardamom hills)5. Palni hills6. Nilgiris – Silent Valley, Wyanad, Kodagu7. Shimoga – Kanara8. Mahabaleshwar – Khandala ranges9. Konkan – Raigad10. Marathwada – Satpura ranges11. Tirupati – Cuddappa – Nallamalai hills12. Vishakapatnam – Ganjam – Jeypore hills13. Southern Deccan (Leeward side)14. Chotanagpur plateau15. Kathiawar Kutch16. Rajasthan – Aravalli hills17. Khasia – Jaintia hills18. Patkoi – Manipur – Lushai hills19. Assam20. Arunachal Pradesh Himalaya21. Sikkim Himalaya22. Garhwal – Kumaon Himalaya23. Lahaul – Himachal Pradesh Himalaya24. Kashmir – Ladak Himalaya25. Nepal

• High level of endemism in Indian flora

• Described phenology of wild and cultivated plants of India

•Roxburgh.W

(1832)

• The Flora of British considered to be the National Flora of India

•Sir J.D. Hooker

(1872-1897)

• Detailed account of flowering plants of Shimla and neighbourhood

•Collet (1902)

• Flora of upper Gangetic plain, and of adjacent Siwalik and sub-Himalayan tracts

•Duthie (1905)

• Compiled Forest Flora of the Chakrata, Dehra Dun and Saharanpur Forest Divisions

Kanjilal and Gupta (1928)

• Tropical ornamental trees of India on basis of natural order, botanical & English names, flowering period, flower colour & gardening notes

Randhawa (1957)

• Described 100 Beautiful Trees of India in a descriptive pictorial handbook

Mc Cann(1959)

• Described 39 beautiful climbers of IndiaPal (1960)

• Reported wild and naturalized flowering plants of Shimla

Lelle and Misra (1961)

• Reported a work covering shrubs useful for gardens in Indian and similar climates including Indian natives

Pal and Krishnamurthi

(1967)

• Extensive survey of Juniperus of Himalayas with morphological and anatomical characters

Jain

(1976)

• Compiled a book on flowering trees and shrubs in India

Cowen (1978)

• Compiled 117 shrubs of India for plains as well as hills

Pratibha

(1989)

• Checklist with IUCN threatened category

• 159 flowering plant taxa belonging to 81 genera and 31

families endemic to the Sahyadri Ranges.

• The genus Ceropegia has the largest number (17) of

endemic species.

• 5 monotypic genera are restricted to the Sahyadri Ranges.

• Most endemic taxa are restricted to small biogeographical

areas

• 34 endemic taxa fall into Critically Endangered

• 18 into IUCN category Endangered

• 20 into IUCN category Vulnerable

(Gaikwad et al., 2014).

• Nearly 5800 species of flowering plants

• 56 genera and 2100 species are endemic.

• Karnataka harbours 3900 species belonging to 1323 genera and 199 families

• Nilgiris harbour 2611 species of flowering plants.

• Some dominant families are Poaceae, Leguminosae, Orchidaceae,

Acanthaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Asteraceae, Lamiaceae and Rubiaceae.

• Western Ghats being much older in age compared to Himalayan mountains

• Flora of Southern Western Ghats shows close affinity with the flora of Sri

Lanka.

• Agasthyamalai hills, Anamalai ranges, Nilgiris and the Palni hills are the hyper

diversity areas in Western Ghats which are also the hotspots pockets.

Raghavendra Rao., 2012

Forest cover of Tamil Nadu is 23,625 km2

• 2948 km2 area under very dense forest

• 10,321 km2 area under moderately dense forest

• 10356 km2 under open forest

• 18.16% of state’s total geographical area (FSI, 2011).

712 taxa of bryophytes occur in Tamil Nadu :

• 211 taxa in 56 genera and 32 families of liverworts,

• 8 taxa in 4 genera and 2 families of hornworts

• 493 taxa in 189 genera and 44 families of mosses

TN has 4 indigenous gymnosperms and 60 introduced species.

Indian conifer, Podocarpus wallichianus and Gnetum ula, a woody climbing gymnosperm

inhabits evergreen tropical rain forests of Eastern and Western Ghats of TN

Cycas circinalis, an Indian endemic cycad species, occurs in fairly dense, seasonally dry,

mixed deciduous forest areas of Western Ghats

(Lakshminarasimhan et al., 2014).

• Pteridophytes (ferns and fern allies) are represented by about 275 species in 44

families, of which 33 are endemic to TN and 80 are recognised as threatened taxa

• Terrestrial species constitute more than 46% (about 90 species)

• Lithophytes constitute 19% (67 species) of the pteridophyte flora of TN

• Besides, there are several semi-aquatic ferns and fern allies

• True aquatic ferns -Azolla pinnata, Ceratopteris thalictroides and Salvinia molesta

• TN harbours about 5640 species and infraspecific taxa of flowering plants

• Angiosperms in TN are represented by 5547 taxa, comprising 5239 species, 72

subspecies, 548 varieties in 1668 genera and 231 families - Narasimhan (2007).

• There are about 5745 angiospermic taxa in TN, which include 2757 herbs, 1365

shrubs, 1115 trees and 508 climbers, and are distributed in 233 families, of which

43 families are unigeneric (Irwin et al., 2014)

• TN possesses 212 strict endemic taxa, of which 122 are herbs, 51 are shrubs, 36

are trees and 3 are climbers

(Manickam, 2007).

• 85% of the endemic taxa are confined to the Western Ghats, 8% from the Eastern Ghats and

6% of the taxa are from coastal regions

• Families, such as Poaceae (30 taxa), Cyperaceae (24 taxa), Apocynaceae and Acanthaceae (13

taxa each) exhibit high level of endemism (Irwin et al., 2013).

• 230 Red Listed species, 1559 medicinal plant species and 260 species of wild relatives of

cultivated plants in TN.

• With 5745 angiosperm taxa, TN ranks first among all states in India, and it also constitutes

nearly 1/3rd of the total flora of India.

• Nilgiris-most species-rich (62%), followed by Coimbatore(53%), Dindigul and Tirunelveli (47%)

Family Taxa

Fabaceae 547

Poaceae 485

Asteraceae 307

Rubiaceae 236

Orchidaceae 218

Genus Taxa

Crotalaria 71

Impatiens 62

Fimbristylis 51

Cyperus 47

Acacia 45

Eucalyptus 44

Euphorbia 44

Strobilanthes 43

A total of 138 tree species belonging to 38 families is endemic to Wayanad

district of Kerala (Volga et al., 2013).

• Goniothalamus cardiopetalus (Dalz.) Hook. f. and Thoms

• Dillenia bracteata Wight

• Magnolia nilagirica (Zenk.)

• Meiogyne pannosa (Dalz.) Sinclair

• Miliusa nilagirica Bedd

• Orophea uniflora Hook. f. and Thoms

• Polyalthia fragrans (Dalz.) Bedd

• Casearia rubescens Dalz,

• Ixora elongata Heyne ex G. Don

• Calophyllum austroindicum Kosterm. ex Stevens

RET listed climbing species of the Southern Western Ghats

(Sarvalingam et al., 2016).

Plant collection and identification of RET listed climbing species of

Southern Western Ghats showed 33 species are RET species

• Ceropegia mannarana Umam

• Gloriosa superba L.

• Celastrus paniculata Willd

• Aganosma cymosa G. Don

• Passiflora leschenaultii DC etc.

Jammu & Kashmir Region and North-West Himalaya

(Sharma., 2008).

Gentiana kurroo (Gentianaceae)

Habenaria intermedia (Orchidaceae)

Meconopsis aculeata(Papaveraceae)

Eremostachys superba (Lamiaceae)

Endangered Rhododendrons of Indian Eastern Himalayas

(Shaily Menon et al., 2012)

• Rhododendron pumilum

• R. maddenii

• R. kendrickii

• R. neriiflorum ssp. Phaedropum

• R. falconeri ssp. Eximium

• R. hookeri

• R. megeratum

• R. tanastylum

• R. keysii etc.

Uttarakhand Himalaya

Manoj Chandran (2008)

Phaius tankervillae (Orchidaceae)

Wallichia densiflora (Arecaceae)

Cyathea spinulosa

(Cyatheaceae)

Trachycarpus takil (Arecaceae)

Benniamin et al., 2008

• Adiantum lomesam Nayar & Geevar

• Cheilanthes duthiei Baker

• Ampelopteris prolifera (Retz.) Copel

• Adiantum edgeworthii Hooker

• Anemia wightiana Gard

• Asplenium anogrammoides Christ

• Anisocampium cumingianum Presl

• Botrychium lanuginosum (L.)

• Asplenium affine Sw

• Cheilanthes dubia Hope

• Cheilanthes rufa D.Do

• C. persica (Bory) Mett. ex Kuhn

• Dryopteris approximata Sledge

• Osmunda japonica Thunb

• Grammitis attenuata Kze

• O. regalis L

• Helminthostachys zeylanica (L.) Hook

• Woodsia andersonii (Beddome) Christ

• Huperzia hamiltonii (Spring)Trev

• Pteris wallichiana Agardh

• Hypodematium crenatum (Forssk.) Kuhn

• Pellea subfurfuracea (Hooker) Ching

• Lycopodium japonicum Thunb

• Loxogramme parallela Copel

• Polystichum subinerme (Kze.) Fras –Jenk

• Dennstaedtia wilfordii (Moore) Christ

• Tectaria periya Nayar & Geevar

• D. scabra Wall

Endangered ferns of India

Epiphytic orchid species from Western Ghats

De and Singh., 2015

Aerides ringens Fischer

Bulbophullum sureum Hook. f.

Dendrobium aqueum Lindl.

Liparis elliptica Weight.

Rhyncostylis retusa Bl.

Vanda testacea Lindl.

Xenikophyton seemeanum Reich

Eria nana A. Rich.

Threatened and endemic orchids of Sikkim

(Lucksom, 2008)

Bulbophyllum trichocephalum var. capitatum S.Z. Lucksom

Calanthe anjanii S.Z.Lucksom

Calanthe keshabii S.Z.Lucksom

Coelogyne pantlingii S.Z. Lucksom

Malaxis saprophyta (K&P) Tang & F.T.Wang

Cymbidium whiteae King & Pantling

Goodyera dongchenii S.Z.Lucksom

Gastrochilus sonamii S.Z.Lucksom

Liparis chungthangensis S.Z.Lucksom

Liparis lydiaii S.Z.Lucksom

Liparis pygmaea King & Pantling

Oberonia kingii S.Z. Lucksom

Project title : “Survey, collection and evaluation of native ornamentals for commercialcultivation”

Objective : To evaluate potential of native ornamentals for domestic & export market.

Technical programme

• Explorative survey and data collection in liaison with ICAR-NBPGR, New Delhi

• Evaluating native ornamentals for commercial potential such as cut flower, cut

green, loose flower, pot plant and other landscape uses

• Maintaining passport data of newly collected species/varieties and obtain the

IC/EC number from ICAR-NBPGR, New Delhi for record.

• Recommendation of a variety for commercial cultivation in respective region

based on extensive evaluation should be submitted to the Director, ICAR-DFR,

Pune every year along with the proposal for testing in the other centers, if any.

• Areas Covered under the project -Western Ghats, Western Himalayas and NEH region.

Year Center Outcome

2015-2016

HCRI, Periyakulam

8 native ornamental species viz., wild jasmine - Jasminum sp.,Holmskioldia sp., Pterospermum sp., Leucas sp.,Aristolochiasp.,Barleria sp., Crossandra sp., and Symphorema sp., were foundin foothills of Western Ghats in an around Theni district of TN

2016-2017

HCRI, Periyakulam

2 native ornamental sps were collected from Usilankaradu area ofPeriyakulam, Tamil Nadu and identified at BSI, Tamil Nadu and ICNo. 598296 was obtained for Chlorophytum tuberosum fromNBPGR

Multiplication and establishment of demonstration plots

Cytological studies were carried out and found that Chlorophytumtuberosum (Roxb.) is a diploid plant species with 2n=14chromosomes with 7 bivalents.Abnormal meiosis with multivalent formation and univalent werealso observed.

2016-17

Solan 24 native ornamentals maintained in native plant block.

6 new ornamentals ie Prunus cerasoides, Pistacia integerrima,Caesalpinia sepiaria, Celosia argentea (pink), Aerva scandens andStrobilanthes glutinosus (white) were added to it.

Year Center Outcome

2017-18

Vellanikkara

Germplasm collection were enriched with 8 species of nativeornamentals viz. Barleria strigosa, Exacum bicolor, Asystassiagangetica, Naregamia alata, Ecbolium viride, Chassalia curviflora,Memecylon edule, and Eranthemum capense.

Extensive field evaluation of Exacum bicolor

Seed treatment was standardized - GA 350μm or KNO3 50mm for24 hrs or NaOCl 4% for 10min suitable for inducing earliness inseed germination.

14 genotypes were collected from various locations in Kerala.

Pollination methods were studied - Plant is entomophilous

There is no self-incompatibility as there was fruit set when plantswere selfed.

Significantly high seed weight per fruit in case of controlledcrossing

No seed set during bagging /open crossing absence of apomixes.

Landscape uses

Of native ornamentals

Climber for arches and pergolas

Clitoria ternatea

Background plants

Helicteres isora

Thevetia peruviana

Butterfly and moon garden

Clerodendrumphlomidis

Moon garden and flower border

Leucas aspera

Accent and corner plant

Melastomamalabarthricum

KAU Vellanikkara 2015-16

• Ferns under conservation: (10) Boston fern (N.exaltata), Button fern (N.cordifolia ‘Duffii’),

Fish tail fern (N.biserrata furcans), Hard fern (Blechnum orientale), Emerald fern (Asparagus

densiflorus ‘Sprengeri’), Ladder brake fern (Pteris vittata), Leather leaf fern (Rumohra

adiantiformis), Peacock fern (Selaginella willdenowii), Silverback fern (Pityrogramma

calomelanos), Soft fern (Christella dentata) etc

• Specialty flowers conserved (7) : Heliconia spp, Calathea crotalifera (Rattle snake plant),

Calathea lutea (Cigar calathea), Torch Ginger (Etlingera elatior) pink, Torch Ginger Light pink,

Costus woodsonii (Red button ginger), Costus orange etc.

• Some other ornamental germplasm under conservation : Eranthemum, Sanseveria, Bauhinia,

Nycatnthes arbortristis, Tabernaemontana coronaria, T. divaricata, Crinum asiaticum

Acalypha hispida, Allamanda cathartica, Alpinia purpurata – Red Ginger, Butterfly Ginger Lily

(Hedychium), Indonesian tall ginger lily, Shampoo Ginger, Caladium, Centratherum

intermedium, Costus, Dombeya spectabilis, Malvaviscus, Hibiscus mutabilis, Codeaum

variegatum, Solenostemon scutellarioides, Nerium etc.

• Jasminum species conserved (5): J.sambac, J.auriculatum, J.grandiflorum, J.multiflorum, J.

nittidum etc

Jasmine species conserved at ICAR- DFR, Pune

Ferns conserved at ICAR-DFR, Pune

Work on native ornamentals was initiated at ICAR-IIHR in 2006.

Explorations were conducted in Western Ghats

Under Tribal Sub Plan- 'Economic upliftment of Soliga tribes by establishing multipurpose ornamental nursery at BR Hills near Mysore' was iniated in 2016.

41 species collected from BR hills were established at field gene bank

• Investigations during 1997-99

• Naturalized and introduced species of 250

landscape plants

• Bilaspur, Solan and Shimla in Himachal

Pradesh

• A database was prepared (Priyanka., 2000)

• Wild ornamentals selected for landscaping

Sub tropical, low hills (Zone 1)

• Wild ornamentals selected for landscaping

Sub tropical, mid hills (Zone 2)

• Wild ornamentals selected for landscaping

Wet temperate, high hills (Zone 3)

• Wild ornamentals selected for landscaping

Dry temperate, high hills (Zone 4)

• 200-odd common plants seen in Palni Hillsin south Western Ghats.

• Divided into 3 parts covering trees, shrubsand herbs

• The book reproduces intricate plant linedrawings by artists including Philip Fyson, aBritish botanist who illustrated volumesof The Flora of the South Indian HillStations between 1915 and 1932.

• Traditional healing systems and history ofintroduction in Western Ghats if exotic.

• Accompanying colour plates

• This book has documented 2113

flowering plants from Wayanad

district alone,

• Includes 496 endemic plants

• contains a detailed account of 230

selected rare, endemic, and

threatened plant species of Western

Ghats.

• The high quality colour photos of

each plant species given in this book

will help the readers in the properidentification of plants in the field.

Special Issue of Indian Horticulture on

Beautiful World of Indigenous Ornamental Plants

Source: http://www.yspuniversity.ac.in/dhaulakuan/priyanka1.pdf

http://www.yspuniversity.ac.in/dhaulakuan/priyanka1.pdf

• Flowers of India (FoI) was developed is 2005.

• Flowers found in India, with common names,in Indian languages, pictures and habitat.

• The sources used for FoI data are• Flora of British India by J. D. Hooker (London :L. Reeve,1875-97)• India Biodiversity Portal• Flowers of the Himalaya: A Supplement, Adam Stainton (OUP: Delhi, 1988)• Botanary: the Botanical Dictionary• Encyclopedia on Indian Medicinal Plants• Names of Plants in India• Multilingual Multiscript Plant Name Database• Flowers of Sahyadri, S. Ingalhalikar (Corolla: Pune) 2001• Further Flowers of Sahyadri, S. Ingalhalikar (Corolla: Pune) 2007• Medicinal Plants of Manipur, S.C. Sinha (MASS: Imphal) 1996• Economic Plants of Manipur and their Uses, S. Sukumar Singh (Manipur, 2006)• Flora of Ladakh (NW Himalaya), by L. Klimeš and B. Dickoré

• The Plant List• Flowers of the Himalaya• Oleg Polunin and Adam Stainton• eFlora of India• RHS Encyclopedia of Plants and Flowers

• Wikipedia• Floridata• Trees of Delhi• Pradip Krishen (DK, New Delhi, 2005)• Christopher Brickell (DK, 2010)

http:// www.flowersofindia.net/

http://www.flowersofindia.net/

• CITES is an internationalagreement between governments

• International trade in specimensof wild animals and plants doesnot threaten their survival.

• Species protected by CITES arelisted in 3 Appendices• Appendix-I• Appendix-II• Appendix-III

75 Indian plant species arelisted in CITES Appendices

• Apart from abovespecies, entireOrchidaceaespecies (1309species)

• All Cactaceaespecies (excludingPereskia spp.,Pereskiopsis spp.and Quiabentiaspp.) have beenincluded

CITES APPENDICES : A useful ready reckoner for various CITES enforcement agencies in the country

CIT

ES A

PP

END

ICES

•Appendix-I• Most endangered and threatened with extinction.

14 plants are listed

•Appendix-II

• Not necessarily threatened with extinction, but trade must be controlled

57 plants are listed in Appendix-II.

•Appendix-III

• At the request of a country that regulates trade in the species to prevent unsustainable or illegal

exploitation.

•India has not proposed any plants to be included in Appendix III

•4 plants that are listed in Appendix –III by Nepal as plants overlap between two countries.

• eFI website — Developed by members of efloraofindia Google Groupduring 2010

• One of the biggest non-commercial sites based on the collection ofphotographic images of plants

• It is documenting flora of India that is being discussed on efloraofindiagoogle e-group along with supplementing the working of the group

• It has the largest database on net on Indian Flora with more than 12,000species (along with more than 300,000 pictures, from some of the bestFlora Photographers of India, at its efloraofindia egroup links)

• It also includes some species from around the world, which has beenposted by the members of group

• More than 170,000 images is displayed at species pages along withdisplaying them at genera and family pages for comparative purposes foreasy identification.

Species database pages contain

• Botanical names with publication details• Synonyms mostly from ‘The Plant List’/ GRIN/

eFloras(Flora of Pakistan/ Nepal/ China)/ e-books fromIndia etc.

• Pronunciation• Etymology and nativity• Common names in different languages• Descriptions• efloraofindia e-group discussion links• Summarized discussions from these links• Flowering data/ place of pictures• Important links• Reference links etc.

• The Sahyadri : DSS on Western Ghats biodiversity resources based on inventorying,monitoring and mapping.

• Currently, 3,500 flowering plantsinformation can be retrieved from Floradatabase• 266 species of orchids,• 350 species of medicinal plants,• 352 endemic tree species and• Few monocots

Publications of FRLHT (Foundation for Revitalization of

Local Health Traditions, Bengaluru) BSI (Botanical Survey of India,

Coimbatore) IUCN (International Union for

Conservation of Natural Resources) IFGTB (Institute of Forest Genetics and

Tree Breeding, Coimbatore) KFRI (Kerala Forest Research Institute,

Peechi)

NGO’s working for conservation of plant biodiversity in India

Convention on International

Trade in Endangered

Species of wild fauna and flora

(CITES)

Convention on Biodiversity

(CBD)

International Union for

Conservation of Nature (IUCN)

Ramsar Convention on

Wetlands

United Nations Framework

Convention on Climate Change

(UNFCCC)

United Nations Convention to

Combat Desertification

(UNCCD)

United Nations Commission on

Sustainable Development

(UNCSD)

International Treaty on Plant

Genetic Resources (ITPGR)

NGO Foundation for Revitalization

of Local Health Traditions (FRLHT)

• Sanctuaries are established in Tura range in Garo Hills of Meghalaya for conservation

of Rhododendrons and orchids in Sikkim.

• Govt. of India has established 18 biosphere reserves

• Sacred groove- ideal for in situ conservation protected and managed by local

communities.

• Himachal Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, West Bengal

and Chhattisgarh are very prominent states for sacred grooves.

• About 13,928 sacred grooves presently exist in India

(De et al., 2016).

02 national parks

515 wildlife sanctuaries

47 conservation reserves

4 community reserves

Network of 668

protected areas

Great scope exists for carrying out research in indigenousornamental plant species of India

Indigenous ornamentals of India play a very important rolewhich can meet the present and future needs of various cropimprovement programmes.

Rich plant biodiversity that exists in India has an intrinsicvalue which needs to be protected, explored andcommercialised

The native or indigenous ornamental plant species, whichexist in India offer large genetic diversity for bio-prospecting.

Thank You