WELCOME.

Please open up your notebooks to your Org. X Taxonomy homework and get it stamped!

Which pair of organisms is more closely related?

a. b.

Kingdom Animalia Animalia Animalia Animalia

Phylum Mollusc Echinodermata Cnidaria Cnidaria

Class Bivalvia Asteroidia Scyphozoa Anthozoa

Order Mytiloida Forcipulatida Semaeostomeae Scleractinia

Family Mytilidae Asteriidae Ulmaridae Meandrinidae

Genus Mytilus Pisaster Aurelia Dendrogyra

Species M. trossulus P. brevispinus A. aurita D. cylindrus

DNA 101: A basic breakdown

This presentation was brought to you by Miss Jost, Ms. Schmidt and the internet.

If you could unravel all the DNA in a human cell, it would total 3 meters in length. Whoa.

DNA is a long molecule that contains many smaller pieces, called nucleotides. Each nucleotide takes one of four forms depending on how its atoms are arranged: adenine, guanine, thymine, or cytosine.

Which means that there are billions of nucleotides that create the DNA blueprint for a species.

We can determine the sequence of the code.

Analyze the pictures of the following animals: Chimpanzee, Gorilla, Orangutan, Human and Salmon.

IQIA into Journal1. Which of the animals do you think are most alike? The most different?2. On what are you basing your reasoning?3. Glue in data table for DNA differences between organisms. 4. On the handout, compare a sequence of the DNA of Humans to: Orangutans, Gorillas, Chimpanzees, and Salmon. The highlighted letters represent DNA bases that differ between humans and the other species within the same portion of DNA. Record the number of differences in the data table.

Analysis Questions (IQIA)Use the compared DNA sequences to help answer the following questions.

1. Which organism had the highest number of DNA bases in common with humans?

2. Which organism had the least number of DNA bases in common with humans?

3. Why do you speculate the salmon has so many differences in its DNA sequence when compared to other animals?

4. Why do you speculate the orangutan has more differences with the human than the chimpanzee does?

When we discover the sequence of specific strands of DNA, we can compare the similarities in code to other organisms. The more similar the code, the more closely related the organism.

As the technology grows…so does the potential for using genetic analysis.

We are all mutants!• Types of mutations– Substitutions- a mutation that exchanges one base

for another (switching an A to a G).– Insertion- extra base pairs are inserted.– Deletion- when a section of DNA is lost, or deleted.– Duplication- when the code is included more than

once.

Results in different protein, which can cause…?

…anomalies in form and

function!

What will happen to the individual…

• … if these anomalies are negative?• … if these anomalies are neutral?• … if these anomalies are beneficial?

Exit Slip…

• Claim: Millions of species alive today are related through common ancestry.

• Evidence: DNA• Reasoning: