Welcome back!

Stuff to know– Coop evaluation form– Candidate Reflection form

Danielson Domain Essay– Reflective Journal

Music Education Foundations

Might be helpful for Praxis II

Pedagogical/ Cognitive Theories

Kodály Orff Dalcroze Generative

– Boardman Suzuki CMLS

– Froseth– Gordon

Developmental

Constructivist

Social Learning

Behaviorism

Pedagogical (teaching) approaches

Kodály Dalcroze Orff Suzuki Comprehensive

Music Learning Sequence

Generative

Kinda like your music teaching ‘church’

Kodály

Hungarian music curriculum developed in 1940’s

Developed in conjunction w/ Zoltán Kodály– Choksy brought this method to Northern

America (1970’s1980’s)Emphasis on

– quality folk songs

Kodály cont.

Empahsis on– Quality/folk music– Singing

Sol feg in prescribed intervalic sequence

Curwin hand signs– Rhythmic time syllables

Ta Ti-ti Ti-ki-ti-ki (ti-ri-ti-ri)

– Short-hand dictation w/no note heads or staff

Developmentally appropriate sequential presentation

Sound/movement before notation

Dalcroze

Developed by Swiss composer, Émile Jaques-Dalcroze

Emphasizes– Eurhythmics (Movement analogies)

– Sol feg– Improvisation

For practical MUED purposes, “Dalcroze = Movement”

Orff Schulwerk

German music curriculum developed by Orff/Keetman in 1920’s

Emphasis on play and creative activities

Percussive rhythm basic to human expression

Often paired with Dalcroze movement

Not a ‘method’– No sequence– An attitude

Uses barred instruments, recorders,drums

Ostinato Body Percussion Singing is used, but not

as primary sound source

4 stages– Exploration– Imitation– Improvisation– composition

Suzuki

Japanese private instruction method

Developed by Shinici Suzuki

Well established in strings, somewhat in other timbres

Repertoire of etudes in sequential order

Mother Tongue approach– Parental

involvement– Imitation/rote in

early stages– Frequent

performance

CMLS

Developed by FrosethBased on Gordon research

– Scientific empirical data– Sequential approach

Key words:– Aptitude– Audiation

Generative

Developed by Eunice Boardman, others in 1960’s-1970’s

Developmental (but not sequential) in approach Constructivist in approach Relies on musical application of Jerome Bruner’s

theory of human cognition– Can be applied to lots of ‘churches’

Key words– Icons– Spiral curriculum– Known/unknown/new known– Musical context

Cognitive Theories

Developmental– Piaget– Pestalozzi– Dewey– Mazlow– Erickson

Constructivist– Bruner– Vygotsky– Piaget– Dewey

Social Learning– Vygotsky– Bandura

Behaviorism– Skinner– Thorndyke

Stimulus/responseRewards/punishmentModification of

observable behaviors

Developmental theories

Adhere to the idea that humanity moves through ‘stages’ that can usually be relied upon

– Piaget (knowledge)– Erickson (moral development)– Mazlow (need fulfillment)

– Pestalozzi– Dewey

Educators who applied the idea of adapting instruction to the appropriate developmental stage of the students.

Constructivist

Adheres to the idea that people form, or “construct” knowledge based on experience with the world– Vygotsky

Lots of overlap with Developmental theories– Spherical vs. Linear understanding

Social Learning

Adheres to the idea that people create knowledge based in large part on social interaction– Scaffolding – Zone of Proximal Development

– Much overlap with Developmental and Constructivist theory

Behaviorism

Adheres to the idea that people change behavior (response) based on positive and negative stimuli from the external world– Conditioned– Reinforcement– Reward – punishment

So, what teaching methods are based in what cognitive theories?

Kodály Orff Dalcroze Generative

– Boardman Suzuki CMLS

– Froseth– Gordon

Developmental

Constructivist

Social Learning

Constructivist

Behaviorism

Music Education Professional Resources

Things every music educator should know.

Professional Resources

Organizations– Pedagogical (teaching)– Professional (gigging)

Publications– Pedagogical– Scholarly

OrganizationsPublic school based Professional based

NAfME– MENC

ACDA ASTA AOSA OAKE NSBA

AFM ABA MTNA ASCAP NASM NAMM AFTA MPA

National Association for Music Education: NAfME Formerly known as “MENC: The National

Association for Music.”– Stands for “Music Educators National Conference”– 1907 Keokuk, Iowa – NEA (National Educational Association)

– Umbrella organization for regions, states Conferences, festivals, events

– Important advocacy organization for public school music Standards Monographs/white papers/benchmark statements

– Important organization for scholarship in music education

NAfME journals

Teaching Music– Not ‘peer reviewed’

Music Educators Journal (MEJ)Journal of Research in Music

Education (JRME)General Music Today (GMT)UpdateJournal of Music Teacher Education

(JMTE)

NAfME/MENC rag mags

InTune MonthlyMusic Alive

ACDA

American Choral Directors Association– 1959– Promotes choral singing, repertoire

Choralnet freebies are from this organization

– Umbrella organization for regions, states– Conferences, festivals events

Publications– Choral Journal– Chorteach (e-newsletter)

ASTA

American String Teachers Association– Founded in 1950’s– Umbrella organization for regions, states.– Conferences, festivals, resources

American String Teacher– Published quarterly

AOSA

American Orff-Schulwerk Association– All Orff, all the time– Music and Movement– Conferences, workshops

Publication– The Orff Echo

OAKE

Organization of American Kodály Educators– Founded 1975– All Kodály, all the time– Conferences, workshops

Publications– Kodaly Envoy (quarterly)– Books, DVDs

NSBA

National School Boards Association– Not associated with Music Education per

se– Important for music educators to

understand how school boards workHow programs are fundedHow to advocate for arts at the local level

OrganizationsPublic school based Professional based

MENC ACDA ASTA AOSA OAKE NSBA

AFM ABA MTNA ASCAP NASM NAMM AFTA MPA

AFM

American Federation of Musicians of the United States and Canada– “The Union”– Founded in 1896– Local chapters all over the place– All about gigging, wages, contracts,etc

Publication– Musician

1950’s statement on school musicians

ABA

American Bandmasters Association– Invitational organization for Band

conductors/composers– Conferences– Establish foundations/scholarships

Journal of Band Research– Biannual publication

MTNA

Music Teacher’s National Association– The NAfME equivalent for private studio

teaching– Founded 1876– Provides certification and scholarship

Journal– American Music Teacher

ASCAP

American Society of Composers, Authors, and Publishers– Copyright kickback group– Licensing/recording rights group– Deals primarily with audio recordings

“mechanical rights”

If you gig/arrange/compose at all, you (or your organization) should join.

NASM

National Association of Schools of Music– Founded in 1924– Accrediting agency for schools of music.

Usually collegiate, but sometimes community or pre-collegiate

Provides stats that are useful to public school teachers on where to send students

NAMM

International Music Products Association– (National Association of Music Merchants)– Founded 1901– Non-profit organization for music business

Instruments, lighting, speakers, sound boards, etc.

AFTA

Americans for the Arts– Founded in 1960– Organization for promoting all of the Fine

Arts– Clearing house for advocacy, funding

information, residency programs, business partnerships, etc.

MPA

Music Publishers Association– Founded in 1895– Deals with copyright issues of print or

sheet musicSimilar to ASCAP

– If you do any composing/arranging for profit, you want to join this group

Why do you care?

Short term– Praxis II

Knowledge (remember)Comprehension (understand)

Long term

You will encounter difficulties that these organizations will help you overcome.

– Application You may have complex

difficulties that need the assistance of more than one of these organizations

– Analysis

There may emerge a new difficulty for which these is no organizational support, and you’ll need to start an organization

– Synthesis You may find yourself in an

advocacy role in which your knowledge of these organizations will allow you to influence others/policy

– Evaluation