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8/13/2019 Week3 CivSoc 26.8
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Environment and civil society in SingaporeGEM 2906/ SSU2005
Dr Joelle Lai & A/P Reuben Wong2013-14 Semester 1 College of alice & peter tan
Civil Society
Concepts and topics
What is ‘Civil Society’
Components of civil society
Roles of environmental NGOs
The changing environment of Singapore
Environmental CSOs
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What is ‘Civil Society’
• Sphere of social life that is public but excludesgovernment activities (Meidinger, 2001)
• “...social interaction between the household and the state
characterised by community cooperation, structures of
voluntary association, and networks of public
communication” (Bratton, 1994)
• Classify persons, institutions, and organisations that havethe goal of advancing or expressing a common purpose
through ideas, actions, and demands on governments.
• “diverse units of social identity and interest... independent ofthe state..., not only can restrain the arbitrary actions ofrulers, but can also contribute to forming better citizens whoare more aware of the preferences of others, more self-confident in their actions, and more civic-minded in theirwillingness to sacrifice for the common good.”
• “At its best, civil society provides an intermediate layer ofgovernance between the individual and the state that iscapable of resolving conflicts and controlling the behaviourof members without public coercion... A viable civil societycan mitigate conflicts...” (Schmitter and Karl 1991)
• “A society's coming of age where it develops the ability forcontemplation, and critical and independentthought” (Chong, 2005)
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Examples of Civil Society organisations (CSOs)
• academia
• activist groups• charities
• citizens' militia
• civic groups
• clubs (sports, social,etc.)
• communityfoundations
• community
organisations• consumers/consumer
organisations
• cooperatives
• churches
• cultural groups
• environmentalgroups
• foundations
• intermediaryorganisations for thevoluntary and non-profit sector
• men's groups
• mosques, temples
• non-governmentalorganisations (NGOs)
• non-profitorganisations (NPOs)
• policy institutions
• professionalassociations
• political parties
• private voluntaryorganisations (PVOs)
• religiousorganisations
• social enterprises
• support groups
• trade unions• voluntary
associations
• women's groups
Diverse membership• Ranging from individuals to religious and academic
institutions to issue-focused groups such as not-for-profit or non-governmental organisations.
• In the realm of environmental governance, NGOsare the most prominent actors
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Groups of individuals organised for the myriad ofreasons that engage human imagination andaspiration to advocate a particular cause, suchas human rights, or to carry out programs on theground, such as disaster relief. It can havememberships ranging from local to global.
(Charnovitz, 1997: 186)
Roles of NGOs inglobal environmental governance
1. Collecting, disseminating, and analysinginformation.
2. Providing input to agenda-setting and policydevelopment processes.
3. Performing operational functions.
4. Assessing environmental conditions and monitoringcompliance with environmental agreements.
5. Advocating environmental justice.
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Some examples of NGOs andpublications
• SIWI (StockholmInternational Water
Institute)
• WWF (World Wildlife
Fund for Nature)
• IUCN (InternationalUnion for the
conservation of Nature
• Where government bodies andintergovernmental organisations often
lack analytical capacity or arehampered by bureaucratic constraints
and other obligations, NGOs (and
CSOs) can focus on a dynamic research
agenda and move very quickly to new
issues.
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• Joint programme of World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) and theInternational Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN).
• Works in close co-operation with the Secretariat of the Convention on
International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora
(CITES).
• To ensure international trade in specimens of wild animals and plants
does not threaten the survival of the species in the wild, and it
accords varying degrees of protection to more than 34,000 species of
animals and plants
• http://www.cites.org/eng/app/2013/E-Appendices-2013-06-12.pdf
• http://wildlifetradetracker.org/?db=lemis
Singapore’s changing environment:What’s gone and what’s left?
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Yee et al., 2010. The present extent of mangrove forests in Singapore. Nature in Singapore 3: 139-145
Singapore, c. 1819
Population: 150
N
0 5km
Lower Seletar Reservoir
TengehReservoir
SarimbunReservoir
Murai Reservoir
PoyanReservoir
Bedok Reservoir
MacRitchieReservoir
Upper PeirceReservoir
Upper Seletar Reservoir
PandanReservoir
Kranji Reservoir
Lower PeirceReservoir
JurongLake
Pulau TekongReservoir
S i n g a po r e R i v e r
S u n g e i P a n g
S u a
S u n g
e i S i m
p a n g
S u n
g e i P
u n g g
o l
S u n
g e i S
e r a n
g o o n
S u n g e i
A p i A
p i
S u n g e i T a m
p i n
e s
S
u n g e i B
e d o k
S u n g e i P a n d
a n
S u
n g
e i J u r o n
g
S u n g e i
M a n d a i
S u n g
e i
S e m b a w a n g
LazarusIsland
StJohn’s Island
Kusu Island
Pulau Sebarok
Sisters’ Islands
Pulau Seringat
Pulau Bukom
PulauSemakau
Pulau Hantu
PulauBusing
Pulau Sudong
Pulau Pawai
Pulau Senang
JurongIsland
Pulau Ubin
PulauPunggol
Barat PulauPunggolTimor
ConeyIsland
Pulau Ketam
Pulau Tekong
Pulau Biola
Pulau Satumu(RafflesLighthouse)
Pulau Jong
Pulau Seletar
Pulau Salu
Pulau Keppel Pulau Brani
Pulau Tekukor
Sentosa
BukitBatokNaturePark BukitTimah
NatureReserve
WestCoastPark
KentRidgePark
SingaporeBotanic Gardens
JurongBirdPark
NeeSoonSwampForest
SembawangPark
Pasir RisNaturePark
ChangiBeach
EastCoastPark
FortCanningPark
SungeiBulohWetlandRese rve
CentralCatchment
NatureReserve
SingaporeZoologicalGardens
MarinaEast
MarinaBarrageTelok Blangah HillPark
MtFaber Park
Lim Chu Kang
Woodlands
MtImbiah
MtSerapong•
Labrador NatureR eserve
LorongHalusChoaChu Kang
Punggol
Tanah Merah
Changi
LoyangCreek
KhatibBongsu
Chek Jawa
Sultan Shoal
Strait of Singapore
S t r
a i t
o f J o h o r
Pandan Strait
Serangoon Harbour
J u r o n
g S t r a
i t
T u a s C h a n n e l
MALAYSIA MALAYSIA
MALAYSIA
St r a i t o f J o h o r
LEGEND
Lakeor reservoir
River
Primaryforest
Secondaryforest
Scrubland
Swampforest
Rockyshore (Labrador)
Sandyshore
Mangroveforest
CoastalEcosystem
10km0
Johor
SINGAPORE
Pulau TekongPulauUbin
PedraBranca
Horsburgh Lighthouse
Nature Map Of Singapore
Ng, Corlett & Tan, 2011. Singapore Biodiversity: An encylopedia of the natural environment andsustainable development.
Singapore, c. 2011Population 5.31 million (+150 K from 2011)
Land Area: 710km2
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• Extensive Habitat loss
• > 95% of original forest cover (540 km2 in
193 years
• Less than 10% of remaining 24 km2 (2.8 km2)forest is primary rainforest
• Extensive alteration of coastline
• Loss of mangrove forests
• Loss of coral reefs (>100 km2 before landreclamation, 54 km2 after)
Brook et al. 2003. Catastrophic extinctions follow deforestation inSingapore. Nature 424: 420-423
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Picture of last tiger shot (and documented) inSingapore (1930s)
Living dead of Singapore
Andie An ,
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Living dead of Singapore
Andie Ang,
Dryocopus javensis (Horsfield, 1821)White bellied woodpecker (
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Johora singaporensis - IUCN 100 mostcritically endangered species on earth
http://data.iucn.org/dbtw-wpd/html/RL-2009-001/section8f11.html
More depressing statistics
• 77% of our surviving biodiversity is
considered threatened (IUCN)
• Protected areas ~ 0.25% of total land area,harbour ~ 50% of remaining taxa
• 25% of remaining fish and decapod
crustacean (crabs, prawns) fauna are
found in only one 5 ha patch in a single
reserve
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What’s left?
Terrestrial Environment14,000 species of native vascular
plants
75 species of ferns and fern allies58 species of mammals376 bird species
282 butterfly species102 reptile species
27 amphibian species25 bat species
Marine Environment
~200 hard coral species111 reef fish species11 sea grass species
Fungi, algae, crustaceans, molluscs, insects
NParks, NSS, NUS et al.
• 10 species in Singaporemangroves (Evenhuis &Grootaert, 2002)
• One year’s activesampling (weekly traps)
• Sungei Buloh 61 species
• Pulau Ubin Chek Jawa 59species
} 92 species
Whole of Singapore?
Long legged flies(Dolichopodidae) in Singapore
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• Singapore harbours more than 50 anemonespecies, more than the entire Pacific coastof North America.
• Mudflats and mangroves
around Sungei Buloh,
Kranji and Mandai are
feeding grounds for
migratory birds fromSiberia, Russia and
China every winter in
the Northern
Hemisphere.
We are a part of the East Australasian Flyway
http://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/migratory/publications/
images/landings-map.jpg
http://wildshores.blogspot.sg/2009/09/migratory-birds-supremely-designed-for.html#.UJECLLQWjac
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• Development
• Invasive species
• Human encroachment (poaching,disturbance)
• Road kills
Threats to Biodiversity in Singapore
Photo credit: Marcus Chua
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Singapore got wildlife meh?
http://youtu.be/7lQ0_fJ_Mv0
http://vimeo.com/72589917
Some Singapore environmental CSOsand NUS student groups
RMBR Toddycats
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For next session (in groups of 4)
• Oral presentation• Investigate one local environmental
CSO/student group.
• Explain the organisation, its background,
aims and objectives, recent campaigns,activities, outreach methods and efficacy
in engaging the government/universitymanagement and members of public/student population.
Reminder
• Combined session this comingThursday.
• SRC, LT 50, 6-8 PM.