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Week Nine Agenda• Announcements

Final exam will be longer, and more specificDocument your text files (4th_log.txt,

startup.txt)• Link of the week• Review week eighth lab assignment• Week nine expected outcomes• Next lab assignment• Break-out problems• Upcoming deadlines• Lab assistance, questions, and answers

Link of the weekhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FirmwareThis Web site contains information on:

- Evolved firmware uses- Firmware and device drivers- Firmware support challenges in PCs- Firmware hacking

http://www.driver-fix.com/driverdetective.php?t=FirmwareDiverDetective

Download driver updates automatically and safely. This software utility will keep your system up-to-date by automatically retrieving the latest drivers from your hardware’s manufacturer.

Link of the weekDefine Firmware: A computer program that is embedded in the

hardware device. Firmware can be stored in flash memory or as a binary image file that can be uploaded onto existing hardware by a user. In summary, firmware is a combination of hardware and software.

Firmware applications include the following:- BIOS found in IBM-compatible PCs.- Open Firmware, used in computers

marketed by Sun Microsystems and Apple Computers.

- Computer peripherals- The iPod’s control menus.- Automobiles employed on-board computer and

various sensors.- Cisco IOS

Application

Kernel

Firmware

CPUMemory

Concentric Circle Relationship

Devices

Review eighth week lab assignmentAmerican National Standards Institute (ANSI)• ANSI The Institute oversees the creation, promulgation

and use of thousands of norms and guidelines that directly impact businesses in nearly every sector: from acoustical devices to construction equipment, from dairy and livestock production to energy distribution, and many more. ANSI is also actively engaged in accrediting programs that assess conformance to standards – including globally-recognized cross-sector programs such as the ISO 9000 and ISO 9001.

• Membership: Comprised of Government agencies, Organizations, Companies, Academic and International bodies, and individuals, the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) represents the interests of more than 125,000 companies and 3.5 million professionals.

Review eighth week lab assignment• ANSI is the official U.S. representative to the

International Organization for Standardization (ISO).

• The American National Standards Institute has served in its capacity as administrator and coordinator of the United States private sector voluntary standardization system for more than 90 years.

Review eighth week lab assignmentLinux/etc/sysconfig

The /etc/sysconfig directory contains files that control the system configuration.

/etc/sysconfig/clockUsed to configure the system clock to Universal Time and other clock parameters.

/etc/sysconfig/initThis file controls how the system will appear and function during the boot process..

Review eighth week lab assignment/etc/sysconfig/keyboard Used to configure the keyboard. /etc/sysconfig/mouse This file is used to specify information about the

available mouse./etc/sysconfig/network

Used to configure networking options. /etc/rc.d/rc.local

This file is executed after the other init scripts. Put commands that performs some system customization.

Review eighth week lab assignment/etc/fstab

- The fstab file is read by software applications. It is the duty of the system administrator to create and accurately maintain this file.- Each file system is described on a separate line.- Fields on each line are separated by tabs and spaces.- # comments- The order in which these records are listed is important.

Review eighth week lab assignmentetc/fstab

/dev/vg00/root / ext3 defaults 1 1LABEL=/boot /boot ext3 defaults 1 2none /dev/pts devpts gid=5,mode=620 0 0/dev/vg00/home /home ext3 defaults 1 2/dev/vg00/opt /opt ext3 defaults 1 2none /proc proc defaults 0 0none /dev/shm tmpfs defaults 0 0/dev/vg00/tmp /tmp ext3 defaults 1 2/dev/vg00/usr /usr ext3 defaults 1 2/dev/vg00/var /var ext3 defaults 1 2/dev/vg00/swap swap swap defaults 0 0/dev/cdrom /mnt/cdrom udf,iso9660 noauto,owner,kudzu,ro 0 0/dev/fd0 /mnt/floppy auto noauto,owner,kudzu 0 0/dev/vg02/shome /export/home ext3 defaults 1 2#/dev/vg01/oracle /mnt/pkg1/oracle ext3 noauto 1 2#NOTICE: oracle and shome are shared storage. Make sure they are not mounted # on the other side before mounting.

Review eighth week lab assignmentField description of /etc/fstab

1st field describes the block special device or remote file system to be mounted.

2nd field describes the mount point for the file system.3rd field describes the type of file system.4th field describes the mount options associated with

the file system.5th field describes which file systems will need to be

dumped by the dump() command.6th field is used by fsck to determine the order in which the file systems are checked at boot time.

Review eighth week lab assignmentFile Systems

File systems are usually mounted read-only. This makes it possible to check the file system while it is mounted; it is not a good idea to check a file system that is mounted read-write.

Demonstrate: /proc cat filesystems

The file systems file contains available file systems support in the kernel and whether or not they are in use on a block device.

Review eighth week lab assignmentFsck Command• Fsck utility checks the file system’s consistency,

reports any problems it finds, and optionally repairs them.

• On many legacy systems such as BSD style systems, the fsck command is invoked automatically on boots and reboots.

• Format: fsck [options] device• The kernel supports the following file systems:

Review eighth week lab assignmentFsck UtilityThe exit code returned by fsck is the sum of the

following conditions: 0 - No errors

1 - File system errors corrected 2 - System should be rebooted

4 - File system errors left uncorrected 8 - Operational error 16 - Usage or syntax error 32 - fsck canceled by user request128 - Shared library error

Review week eight lab assignmentRpm Package ManagerRed Hat Package Manager (rpm) is a package

management system. Free software tool which installs,

updates, uninstalls, verifies and queries other software packages in this format.

Review week eight lab assignmentPackage Advantages

1. Used in a uniform way for the user to install programs2. Uninstalling programs is simple3. Non-interactive installation makes it easy to automate4. Original source archive (e.g. .tar.gz,.tar.bz2)5. Packages can be cryptographically verified with AES, and MD5.

Review week eight lab assignmentFile Representation

A file format is a particular way to encode information for storage in a computer file.

Disk drives or computer storage are represented in bits. A computer must convert information to 0s and 1s and vice-versa.

A computer file format can be represented as either a binary image or ASCII file.ASCII is used on most PCs and Macintoshes. EBCDIC (Extended Binary-Coded Decimal

Interchange Code is an IBM code for representing characters as numbers. IBM uses EBCDIC widely on large computers.

Review week eight lab assignmentFile Representation

Binary image files represent 256 different binary codes.

Extended ASCII consists of 128 decimal numbers and ranges from 128 through 255 representing additional special, mathematical, graphic, and foreign characters.

Provide students handouts.

Review week eight lab assignmentBinary image files use to be able to represent

more character codes than ASCII because eight bit bytes were used, whereas ASCII files used seven bits. Now Extended ASCII uses eight bit bytes and can represent 256 character Executable software, mostly word processing files and databases, spread sheets and multimedia files are binary. However, text and source program files as well as HTML and XML files are ASCII.

Review week eight lab assignmentThe Internets SMTP mail protocol supports only

ASCII. When a binary file is attached to an email message, the 8-bit format is converted to a temporary 7-bit format to pass through the mail servers. Encoding formats such as MIME, at the receiving end converts the 7-bit format back into 8-bit binary format. The 8-bit to 7-bit conversion makes files larger as they traverse the Internet.

Review week eight lab assignmentDifferent file formats for different kinds of

information.JPEG format – designed to store

static photographic images.GIF format – designed to store still

images and simple animation.QuickTime format – designed as a

container for many different types of multimedia.

Week nine expected outcomes

Upon successful completion of this module, the student will be able to:

• Analyze processes of startup and shutdown. • Apply startup scripts and controls to tune

system. • Describe basic "autonomous" processes in

UNIX.

Next Lab AssignmentInitializing or Booting a System

1. CPU is pre-set to RESET mode2. CPU pre-programmed to seek 0xfffffff0 address

location3. BIOS reads MBR (Track 0, Sector 1)4. First part of MBR contains the boot partition

table and executable code5. Second part of the MBR is used to locate the

boot loader. It resides on the “active” partition known as the Boot Sector.

6. Device drivers are loaded (initrd-2.4.20-8.img)7. Kernel is invoked8. Init process invoked

Next Lab AssignmentLinux Boot Procedure

1. The system startup stage depends on the hardware device that Linux is being booted on. Floppy disk, CD-ROM, a partition on a hard disk, a

device on the network, or a USB flash memory stick. Linux is usually booted from a hard disk.

2. After the system locates the boot device, the first part of the boot loader is loaded into RAM and executed. Normally, the first part of the boot loader is less than 512 bytes and is responsible for loading the second part of the boot loader.

Next Lab AssignmentLinux Boot Procedure

3. The first 446 bytes are considered the primary boot loader, which contains both executable code

and error message text.

4. The second sixty four bytes are the partition tables, which contains a record for each of the four

partitions.

5. The last two bytes are the magic number which serves as a validation check of the Master Boot Record (MBR).

Next Lab AssignmentLinux Boot Procedure

6. When the second part of the boot loader is loaded into RAM and executed, a

pop up screen displays Linux and the optional initial RAM being loaded into memory.

7. The second part of the boot loader is called the kernel loader. After the boot images are loaded, the second part of the boot loader passes control to the kernel image. At this point, the kernel is decompressed and initialized.

Next Lab AssignmentLinux Boot Procedure

8. The second part of the boot loader checks the system hardware, lists attached hardware

devices, mounts the root device, and loads the kernel modules.

Next Lab AssignmentMaster Boot Record (MBR)

The MBR is not located in a partition, it is located at a Main Boot Record area in front of the first partition.When a data storage device has been partitioned with the MBR Partition Table scheme the master boot record contains the primary partition entries in its partition table. By convention, there are exactly four primary partition table entries in the MBR Partition Table scheme.

Next Lab AssignmentBoot Loaders

The following directory contains the different Linux boot loader and alternate loaders:

Demonstrate: /boot/grub

The Linux Loader (LILO) is the combination of parts one and two boot loaders. Because of some disadvantages in the LILO loader, the GRand Unified Bootloader (GRUB) has become more widely used.

Next Lab AssignmentKernels

Display a list of available kernels with soft links from /etc/grub.conf and /boot/grub/menu.1st.

Demonstrate: /etc/grub.confThis is a symbolic link to /boot/grub/grub.conf

Next Lab AssignmentInit Process

Location: /sbin/init First process to execute in user spaceExecutes: backgroundProcess ID: 1 (one)Parent Process ID: 0 (zero)Owner: root

Demonstrate: pid_ppid.sh (use two putty windows)Highlight the relationship of the init process to all other

executing processes.

/proc DirectoryThe /proc directory contains a wealth of

information on executing hardware and various software processes on the system.

There are some well-known files virtual files in /proc. Included are:

/proc/cpuinfo, which prints out information on the running CGU(s)

/proc/meminfo, which prints out information on installed memory

/proc/cmdline, is a file containing the command-line used to execute the program.

/proc DirectoryIn addition, within the /proc directory are a

few numbered directories, which correspond to executing processes. Inside each directory are several files that provide information regarding the process. For instance, /proc/1 would contain information on process one (1), which is typically the init process.

Demonstrate: List symbolic links cwd, exe, and root.

/proc Directory/proc/1/cwd symbolic link points to //proc/1/exe symbolic link points to

/sbin/init/proc/1/status file indicates the status of the program, which can be used to determine if a program is sleeping or a zombie process, the amount of memory it’s using, the number threads, the user/group privileges it is running as, and more.

Next Lab AssignmentLinux Performance Tools

sar command is performance monitoring tool. It can find out what Linux is doing all the time. It can generate report and email them to sys admin.vmstat command that reports information about processes, memory, paging, block IO, traps, and cpu activity. free command displays the total amount of free and used physical and swap memory in the system, as well as the buffers used by the kernel.

Next Lab AssignmentLinux Performance Toolsiostat command is used for monitoring system input/output device loading by observing the time the devices are active in relation to their average transfer rates i.e. it is useful to monitor disk throughput.

Next Lab AssignmentLinux system run level modes

0 - Halt system1 – Single user2 – Multi-user mode3 – Full multi-user 4 – unused5 – X116 - Reboot

Shutdown commandshutdown

Review the Startup/Shutdown lab assignment

Next Lab Assignment/etc/rc.d

init.d rc0.d rc2.d rc4.d rc6.d rc.sysinitrc rc1.d rc3.d rc5.d rc.local

/etcrc rc4.d init.drc0.d rc5.d rc.sysinitrc1.d rc6.drc2.d rc.drc3.d rc.local

Next Lab AssignmentDebian created a file called /etc/rc.local which runs at

the end of all the multi-user boot levels, and which you can therefore put stuff in.

Rc.local file content.#!/bin/sh## This script will be executed *after* all the other init

scripts.# You can put your own initialization stuff in here if

#you don't want to do the full Sys V style init stuff.

touch /var/lock/subsys/local

Next Lab AssignmentActivities managed by the kernel

Responsive - usersAutonomous - daemons

The kernel consists of a collection of low level procedures. These procedures are called system calls and they are the primary means for a program to interact with other parts of the system.

Explain the difference between the K and S as a script prefix.

Demonstrate Execution of the newuid.pl and process.sh

scriptsProvide examples of pids and ppids

(pid_ppid.sh)

Next Lab AssignmentShell Commands

df (disk space usage)df –i (file system inode utilization)history (list commands previously input)tail (read records at end of file)head (read records at start of file)

Break-out problems• What functionality does the mingetty or getty perform? • Define the kernel responsive and autonomous functions?• What system functionality does the /etc/fstab file provide?• What is the functionality does the /etc/sysconfig directory

provide?• What functionality does the /etc/inittab file provide?• Commands

ls –li who am iwho -rkillkill –luptimetelinitsleep

Upcoming deadlinesLab Assignment 13-1 Public Domain/Open Software EvaluationBulletin Board: Open Source Presentation Sign UpNo two presentations shall be the same.

Lab assignment grade components.Paper: 0 – 75 pointsPresentation 0 – 25 points

Presentation dates: December 7 (week 14)December 14 ( week 15)

Upcoming deadlines• Lab Assignment 8-1, Installation Exercise is due

November 7, 2010.• Lab Assignment 9-1, Startup/Shutdown is due

November 11.• Module 4 is for weeks 6, 7, and 8.• Since Thanksgiving is on November 25, the Franklin

Live recording will be created on Wednesday November 24 at 1:00p.m. EST

Lab assistance, questions and answers

• Questions• Comments• Concerns

• I am available after this Franklin Live session to discuss any problems and/or concerns regarding the lab assignments