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Today in Biology. Homework : Lab report Due Nov 19 Tomorrow. Week #6 Quarter 2 ( 11/18) . Biology Learning Goal: Overview of chapter 6 – Genes, DNA, Chromosomes and chromatids. Warm Up Question : Guanine pairs with _______________ Thymine pairs with _______________. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Week #6 Quarter 2 (11/18) Homework: Lab report Due Nov 19 Tomorrow
To Do Today:5 min to finish pg.16&17Concept mapPg. 18 reading DNA replication
Fact of the Day
Today in Biology
Biology Learning Goal: Overview of chapter 6 – Genes, DNA, Chromosomes and chromatidsWarm Up Question:
Guanine pairs with _______________Thymine pairs with_______________
It takes about 12 hours for food to entirely digest
Cytosine
Adenine
Week #6 Quarter 2 (11/19) Homework: Quiz Friday
To Do Today:Lab Report dueComplete and check concept mapRead pgs. 198-200Complete handouts pg.19&20
Fact of the Day
Today in Biology
Biology Learning Goal: Overview of chapter 6 – Genes, DNA, Chromosomes and chromatidsWarm Up Question:
What is the complementary strand of the following DNA strand:
TATTTCCGGACGCGGAAT ?
The length of your thumb is about the same as that of your nose.
ATAAAGGCCTGCGCCTTA
5
WATSON & CRICK
FRANKLIN & WILKINS
AMOUNT OF BASE PAIRS
DOUBLE HELIX
PURINE PYRAMIDINEREPLICATION
DNA PLOYMERASE
NITROGEN BASE
PHOSPHATE 5 CARBON SUGARhandout
4
Read pgs. 198-200
Complete handouts pg.19&20
Week #6 Quarter 2 (11/20&21) Homework: Quiz Friday
To Do Today:*complete handouts from TuesdayRead/skim pages 208-219Notes on protein synthesis*handout*Transcription and Translation coloring handout
Fact of the Day
Today in Biology
Biology Learning Goal: Overview of chapter 6 – Genes, DNA, Chromosomes and chromatids
With more than 80,000 arms, the Basket Starfish has the greatest number of arms.
Warm Up Question1. Who first photographed DNA?
2. What is the shaped of DNA?Rosalind Franklin
Double Helix
How DNA decides our traits…
•A gene, is a section of the DNA strand that gives the code for one protein.•The proteins coded for in each gene dictate how an organism will develop: regulate cell processes, construct muscle & bone, fight diseases…
2
Protein Synthesis The production (synthesis) of
polypeptide chains (proteins) Two phases:
Transcription & Translation mRNA must be processed
before it leaves the nucleus of eukaryotic cells
3
Transcription
Translation
DNA
mRNA
Ribosome
Protein
Prokaryotic Cell
DNA RNA Protein
4
DNA RNA ProteinNuclearmembrane
Transcription
RNA Processing
Translation
DNA
Pre-mRNA
mRNA
Ribosome
Protein
Eukaryotic Cell
14
Anti-Parallel
Strands of DNA
First We Need RNA
Ribose Nucleic Acid Similar to DNA but: smaller and single stranded The sugar is ribose instead of
deoxyribose Contains all the same bases
except thymine is replaced with uracil (so RNA has G, C, A, U)
There are 3 kinds of RNA used in protein synthesis:•mRNA (messenger RNA)
•tRNA (transfer RNA)
•rRNA (ribosomal RNA)
Now that we know about DNA and RNA we can learn Protein Synthesis.
Protein Synthesis is the process of making a protein from DNA.
It has 2 parts: Transcription and Translation.
Transcription- Write (scribe)•The synthesis of mRNA from a DNA blueprint.•This occurs in the nucleus, then the mRNA travels out of the nucleus.
Translation - ReadoThe information in the mRNA is translated by a ribosome (made of rRNA), who “reads” it.o Transfer RNA (tRNA) enters the ribosome to drop off an amino acid.oA chain of amino acids then exits the ribosome and folds into a protein.
How does the tRNA match up to the mRNA:Codon & Anticodon
CODON: three consecutive nucleotides in mRNA. Each codon codes for a single amino acid.
ANTICODON: three consecutive nucleotides in tRNA that pair to a codon.
DNA
RNA
Protein
DNAReplication
Transcription
Translation
How DNA determines everything in our body.
ProteinSynthesis
copy
28
Transcription
Translation
The mRNA is read by sections of 3 letters called Codons.
Start & Stop CodonsSTART CODON= tells the
ribosome to start translating the mRNA.
STOP CODON= tells the ribosome to stop translating the mRNA.
Protein Synthesis
40
Messenger RNA (mRNA)o Carries the information for a specific
proteino Made up of 500 to 1000 nucleotides
longo Sequence of 3 bases called codono AUG – methionine or start codono UAA, UAG, or UGA – stop codons
41
Messenger RNA (mRNA)
methionine glycine serine isoleucine glycine alanine stopcodonprotein
A U G G G C U C C A U C G G C G C A U A AmRNA
startcodon
Primary structure of a proteinaa1 aa2 aa3 aa4 aa5 aa6
peptide bonds
codon 2 codon 3 codon 4 codon 5 codon 6 codon 7codon 1
42
Transfer RNA (tRNA)o Made up of 75 to 80 nucleotides longo Picks up the appropriate amino acid
floating in the cytoplasm o Transports amino acids to the mRNAo Have anticodons that are
complementary to mRNA codonso Recognizes the appropriate codons on
the mRNA and bonds to them with H-bonds
43
Transfer RNA (tRNA)
amino acidattachment site
U A Canticodon
methionine amino acid
44
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)o Made up of rRNA is
100 to 3000 nucleotides long
o Made inside the nucleus of a cell
o Associates with proteins to form ribosomes
45
Ribosomeso Made of a large and small subunito Composed of rRNA (40%) and
proteins (60%)o Have two sites for tRNA
attachment --- P and A
46
Ribosomes
PSite
ASite
Largesubunit
Small subunit
mRNAA U G C U A C U U C G
47
TranslationSynthesis of proteins in the cytoplasm
Involves the following:1. mRNA (codons)2. tRNA (anticodons)3. ribosomes4. amino acids
48
TranslationThree steps:1. initiation: start codon (AUG)2. elongation: amino acids linked3. termination: stop codon (UAG, UAA, or UGA).
Let’s Make a Protein !
49
mRNA Codons Join the Ribosome
PSite
ASite
Largesubunit
Small subunit
mRNAA U G C U A C U U C G
50
Initiation
mRNAA U G C U A C U U C G
2-tRNA
G
aa2
A U
A
1-tRNA
U A C
aa1
anticodonhydrogen
bonds codon
51
mRNAA U G C U A C U U C G
1-tRNA 2-tRNA
U A C G
aa1 aa2
A UA
anticodonhydrogenbonds codon
peptide bond
3-tRNA
G A A
aa3Elongation
52
mRNAA U G C U A C U U C G
1-tRNA
2-tRNA
U A C
G
aa1
aa2
A UA
peptide bond
3-tRNA
G A A
aa3
Ribosomes move over one codon
(leaves)
53
mRNAA U G C U A C U U C G
2-tRNA
G
aa1
aa2
A UA
peptide bonds
3-tRNA
G A A
aa3
4-tRNA
G C U
aa4
A C U
54
mRNAA U G C U A C U U C G
2-tRNA
G
aa1aa2
A U
A
peptide bonds
3-tRNA
G A A
aa3
4-tRNA
G C U
aa4
A C U
(leaves)
Ribosomes move over one codon
55
mRNAG C U A C U U C G
aa1aa2
A
peptide bonds
3-tRNA
G A A
aa3
4-tRNA
G C U
aa4
A C U
U G A5-tRNA
aa5
56
mRNAG C U A C U U C G
aa1aa2
A
peptide bonds
3-tRNA
G A A
aa3
4-tRNA
G C U
aa4
A C U
U G A5-tRNA
aa5
Ribosomes move over one codon
57
mRNAA C A U G U
aa1
aa2
U
primarystructureof a protein
aa3
200-tRNA
aa4
U A G
aa5
C U
aa200
aa199
terminator or stop codon
Termination
58
End Product –The Protein!n The end products of protein synthesis
is a primary structure of a proteinn A sequence of amino acid bonded
together by peptide bonds
aa1
aa2 aa3 aa4aa5
aa200
aa199
SUMMARY OF PROTEIN SYNTHESIS A section of DNA opens Free floating nucleotides connect up to
one side of the DNA making mRNA (Transcription).
The mRNA travels out of the nucleus & into the cytoplasm.
A ribosome “reads” the mRNA and pairs the codon of mRNA with the anticodon of tRNA, which drops off amino acids to make a chain. (Translation)
The chain of amino acids exits the ribosome and folds up = protein!
Week #6 Quarter 2 (11/22) Homework: Quiz Monday
To Do Today: Review notesTurn in Protein Synthesis Act.Begin coloring review
Fact of the Day
Today in Biology
Biology Learning Goal: Overview of chapter 6 – Genes, DNA, Chromosomes and chromatids
There are more insects in a single square mile of fertile soil than there are people on the entire earth.
Warm Up Question–warmup reflection
Why do you think protein synthesis research has been focused to prokaryotes rather than eukaryotes?
Week #7 Nov 25-27 Quarter2 (11/25)
Homework: None
To Do Today:• Review Protein Synthesis
Notes• Finish coloring Transcription
and Translation• Quiz
Fact of the Day
Today in Biology
Biology Learning Goal: Overview of chapter 6 – Genes, DNA, Chromosomes and chromatidsWarm Up Question–What enzyme unzips the DNA double helix?
The point where the DNA is apart is called the
Dolphins only "sleep" half awake - keeping one eye open while consciously breathing and floating on surface.
Helicase
Replication Fork
ProteinsProteins are made of 20 different amino acids.The sequence of amino acids varies between each protein, and tells it how to fold, giving the protein its shape.
MUTATIONS (an error in DNA) CAN OCCUR WITH JUST A SINGLE BASE
PAIR CHANGE.
BASE SUBSTITUTION- when a TA pair is replaced by a GC pair in DNA.
-If it occurs in a specific location, for instance, in the CFTR gene, it
will cause cystic fibrosis.BASE DELETIONS & INSERTIONS-
when base pairs are added or removed from the gene.
What if something goes wrong in coding?
MUTATIONS OCCUR DURING DNA REPLICATION.
MUTATIONS (an error in DNA)
USUALLY THE ERROR IS EDITED OUT BY THE DNA POLYMERASE (proof-reader), AND FIXED BY THE REPAIR ENZYMES.
MUTAGENS- An environmental factor that damages DNA and are most likely to blame for mutations.
EX: ultra violet rays & chemicals in cigarette smoke nuclear radiation
Mutation is the alteration of DNA sequence, whether it be in a small way by the alteration of a single base pair, or whether it be a gross event such as the gain or loss of an entire chromosome. It may be caused through the action of damaging chemicals, or radiation, or through the errors inherent in the DNA replication and repair reactions. One consequence may be genetic disease. However, although in the short term mutation may seem to be a BAD THING, in the long term it is essential to our existence. Without mutation there could be no change and without change life cannot evolve. If it had not been for mutation the world would still be covered in primeval slime! stop
STOP additional slides
WHAT IS DNA MADE UP OF? NUCLEOTIDES STRUNG TOGETHER IN A
PARTICULAR ORDER. Each nucleotide contains : Deoxyribose (5- carbon
sugar)PhosphateNitrogen base
-Adenine-Guanine-Thymine-Cytosine
HOW IS THE STRUCTURE OF DNA ORGANIZED The sides of the DNA “ladder” are alternating
sugar (deoxyribose) and phosphate. The steps (rungs) of the DNA “ladder” are the
pairs of nitrogen bases. adenine always pairs with thymine (A-T) cytosine always pairs with guanine (G-C)
GIVEN THE FOLLOWING:ADENINE -CYTOSINE -THYMINE -ADENINE -GUANINE -GUANINE -CYTOSINE -THYMINE -
STATE WHAT NITROGEN BASE WOULD PAIR WITH THESE NITROGEN BASES.
AND THE ANSWER IS…
ADENINE -CYTOSINE –THYMINE -ADENINE -GUANINE -GUANINE -CYTOSINE –THYMINE -
THYMINEGUANINEADENINETHYMINECYTOSINECYTOSINEGUANINEADENINE
OR
A – TC – GT – AA – TG – CG – CC – GT - A
DNA
RNA
Protein
Replication
Transcription
Translation
How DNA determines everything in our body.
DNA REPLICATION
http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072507470/student_view0/chapter3/animation__dna_replication__quiz_1_.html
DNA REPLICATION Before a cell can divide
(mitosis) it must make an exact copy of its DNA (interphase).
If it doesn’t make an exact copy you could end up with a nose coming out of your ear!!!
DNA Replication is how DNA makes more of
itself.Enzymes aid in this
process.
What is an ENZYME?? An enzyme is a complex protein
that speeds up a reactionThere are 2 important enzymes
used in DNA replicationPolymeraseHelicase
HELICASE: unzips the DNA moleculePOLYMERASE:
Bonds the complementary nucleotides that are floating around in the nucleus to the existing DNA strand
Making a new DNA is like making a new zipper by using the old zipper
as a model. A zipper is a little simpler than DNA because a zipper only has one kind of tooth, and DNA
has four (A, T, C, G).
The first thing the DNA does is unwind, then it un-zips to pull the two strands apart.
The REPLICATION FORK is the point at which the chains separate.
HELICASE!!!What helps it unzip?
•Because the nitrogen bases fit together only in specific pairs, the free nucleotides line up in the proper order all by themselves!
•There are free floating nucleotides in the nucleus.
•Polymerase bonds the paired bases to make exact copies of the DNA.
And when this is done, there are two exact DNA molecules! Each with one old strand and one new strand! Do you see how the new DNA strands are
exact copies of old strands?
Summary of DNA Replication :
1. DNA is unzipped by helicase and the two strands are exposed. The REPLICATION FORK is the point at which the chains separate.2. Free floating nucleotides come over and properly line up (attach) with their partner (A with T, and G with C).
3. Polymerase bonds the paired bases together.
4. The result is two exact daughter molecules of DNA, each with one old strand and one new strand.
AgendaDNA extraction activity-due at end of periodComplete and turn in handouts – puzzle and replication – due at end of period.Warm Up - page 38If the sequence of bases on one side of a DNA molecule is TTAGCCT, the correct sequence of the letters on the complementary side of the DNA molecule is:A. AGGCTAA C. AGGCTAAB. AATCCGA D. AATCGGA Homework: Nonehttp://www.brainpop.com/science/cellularlifeandgenetics/dna/
Wed Nov 30
How DNA determines traits…
•A gene is a section of the DNA strand that gives the code for one protein.•The proteins coded for in genes dictate how an organism will develop, regulate cell processes, construct muscle & bone, fight diseases…
RNA Ribonucleic Acid Similar to DNA but: Single stranded Sugar is ribose instead of
deoxyribose Contains same bases except
thymine is replaced with uracil (so RNA has G, C, A, U)
There are 3 types of RNA:•mRNA (messenger RNA) – carries code out of the nucleus
•tRNA (transfer RNA) – reads code and carries amino acids to mRNA
•rRNA (ribosomal RNA) – part of structure of a ribosomal
HOW IS THE STUDY OF DNA BEING USED TODAY? PHARMACUTICAL BIOTECHNOLOGY
Uses bacteria to produce medicines & enzymes for food production.
-Chymosin (used to make cheese)
-Insulin-Vaccines-Identifies new potential
medicines
AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGYIntroduces new traits into plants for specific benefits.
-growing plants with more nutrients
-plants being more resistant to pests
-grow more food on less land
TO HELP THE ENVIRNONMENT-fewer chemical applications-reduced killing of beneficial insects-less need to add fertilizers-reduced chemical runoff in lakes & streams.-decreased soil erosion
INDUSTRIAL BIOTECHNOLOGY-Oil-eating bacteria-Biodegradable plastic-Silk-Vitamins
DNA FINGERPRINTING Technique used to identify individuals
IN CLOSING DNA contains the instructions for making an
organism, including YOU!!!! Your DNA determines how you look, what blood
type you have, even your tendency to get some diseases.
Each chromosome contains a strand of DNA Almost every cell in your body contains the same
DNA & same genes.
QUESTION #3
WHAT CELLS IN YOUR BODY DO NOT CONTAIN ALL OF YOUR DNA.
AND THE ANSWER IS…
YOUR GAMETES (only have half) AND MATURE RED BLOOD CELLS (don’t have any).
Amino Acid Shape & Color
Amino Acid Shape & Color
Lysine Orange Square Valine Blue Triangle
Asparagine White Diamond Alanine Red Star
Arginine Blue Circle STOP Red Octagon
Serine Red Triangle Tryosine Yellow Triangle
Isolucine Green rectangle Trytophan White triangle
Methionine Yellow square Cysteine Brown Oval
Threonine Green star Leucine Pink square
Glutamic Acid Purple Circle Phenylanine Pink circle
Aspartic Acid Black diamond Glutamine Purple rectangle
Glycine White oval Histidine Red circle
Proline Brown Triangle