Week 6 Digital Fabrication...material and page 78 of this lecture slides Introduction 8 Digital Fabrication A shift from consumerism to prosumerism Small-scale digital fabrication

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Week 6Digital Fabrication

Photo by Ricardo Gomez Angel on Unsplash

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Introduction ofdigital fabrication

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Techniques in digital architecture

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Material strategies

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Outline

Photo by Muhd Asyraaf on Unsplash

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Aims and objectives

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Learning outcomes

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Students will be able to..

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(module)

Overarching skills

Theory, history and current debateUnderstand historical background of this notion and relevant debates.

Design precedentsLearning through analysis of completed project

Important conceptsDigital fabrication and constructionDigital design cognitionHuman-computer interactionDigital craftmanshipetc

Software skillsRhino, Grasshopper, etc

Personal interestExploring a preferred scope of

design to be developed further

Research skillsDesigning through extensive research

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Discussion

F123456+ Name

Blablabl

https://miatedjosaputro.com/2020/03/31/week-6-discussion/

With the plethora of information in hand at the end of this lecture (regarding principles, forms, strategies and techniques in digital fabrication); how should architectural pedagogy address this?With regards to educating future generation of architects to adapt to changes in technology.

Read: supporting material and page 78 of this lecture slides


Introduction

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Digital Fabrication

A shift from consumerism to prosumerismSmall-scale digital fabrication machines

CIRCA 2000

Digital fabrication technologies such as CNC-milling machines, laser cutter and 3D printers challenged the mechanism of consumer-based market.*Claypool, M. (2019). The Digital in Architecture: Then, Now and in the Future. SPACE10

Previously on week two on historical background

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Digital Fabrication

Computer power increases exponentially, became more affordable and therefore more accessible.

CIRCA 2000

Previously on week two on historical background

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Darwin2004Adrian Bowyer

c2000

First open-source desktop 3D printer. It exemplified the idea of digital fabrication of prosumer. The main idea was originated from cybernetics of John von Neumann and the open-source community.https://all3dp.com/history-of-the-reprap-project/

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Olzweg (2006- unbuilt)

First architectural proposal to use industrial robot arm

c2010

Olzweg, the robotic arm would have been placed in the courtyard on a moving platform, perpetually construct a space made out of recycled glass by sliding them in and out the place.https://new-territories.com/welostit.htm

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Olzweg (2006- unbuilt)

First architectural proposal to use industrial robot arm

https://new-territories.com/welostit.htm

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The Programmed WallETH Zurich2006

https://gramaziokohler.arch.ethz.ch/web/e/lehre/81.html

Industrial robot positioned over 400 bricks by using constructive logic, with specific position and rotation in space.The robot is placed similarly with Olzweg.

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The Programmed WallETH Zurich2006

https://gramaziokohler.arch.ethz.ch/web/e/lehre/81.html

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04.2FABRICATION

Fabrication, from the Latin for making by assembly, is a concept that has undergone an epiphany in the last decade and has rediscovered itself as “making through computation”

Fabrication, is generally a computer-controlled machine fabrication processes, consists series of technology.

Previously on week four..

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Digital Fabrication is:A method using digital data to direct a manufacturing process.Dunn, N. (2012). Digital fabrication in architecture / by Nick Dunn, Laurence King.

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Digital information can be generated through:Dunn, N. (2012). Digital fabrication in architecture / by Nick Dunn, Laurence King.

CAD GEOMETRYNURBSMESHESCURVILINEAR FORMATIONSPARAMETRIC AND GENERATIVE DESIGNALGORITHMIC ARCHITECTUREMORPHOGENESIS

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Principles of digital fabrication

1Cutting

2Subtraction

3Addition

Dunn, N. (2012). Digital fabrication in architecture / by Nick Dunn, Laurence King.

4Formation

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1Cutting


Enabling the production of flat components using a cutting head that follows instructions provided by the digital information, to make shape from sheet materials.

Different cutting technologies:1. Laser-beam*2. Plasma- arc3. Water-jet* Widely known technique

2020


1Cutting

Laser-cut perspex from 6 types of profile

https://miatedjosaputro.com/2014/04/20/digiarchspring2012-one-day-workshop-perspex/

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2Subtraction

A method using subtractive process, taking material from existing solid volume.https://youtu.be/YueA6IJ1bgg

https://youtu.be/YueA6IJ1bgg

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3Addition


Using additive technique slowly to build up material in layers. Most commonly known as rapid prototyping.

The basis is translating digital information to series of two-dimensional layers.

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3Addition

Physical object is made through accumulative process of layering.

3D printing is perhaps the most commonly known type. https://miatedjosaputro.com/2014/04/12/digiarchautumn2011-a-glimpse-of-final-design/

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Principles of digital fabricationDunn, N. (2012). Digital fabrication in architecture / by Nick Dunn, Laurence King.

4Formation

Rather than removing/ building up material, formative fabrication process uses mechanical forces to reshape or deform materials of required shape.

Heat or steam is typically used.

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LASER CUTTING01

RAPID PROTOTYPING03

CNC MILLING AND ROUTING02

Forms of digital fabrication

3D SCANNING04

ROBOTICS05

Photo by Aswin on Unsplash


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Forms of digital fabrication:1- Laser cutting

Suitable for materials up to 20mm thick.

Provides high degree of accuracy.

Wide range of materials (aluminium, brass, mild and stainless steel and textiles).

Fabrication process is most analogous with conventional methods of physical model making.

Cut from sheet and being assembled to 3D propositions.

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Forms of digital fabrication:1- Laser cutting

http://kielderartandarchitecture.com/art-architecture/55-02.html

55/02Kielder Art & Architecture and sixteen*(makers)CNC plasma-cut shelter

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Forms of digitalfabrication:2- CNC milling and routing

Computer Numerically Controlled (CNC) milling and routing are two most firmly established digital fabrication techniques.

Milling and routing both use rotating cutter to subtract material.

Milling is useful for metalsRouting is typically for wood and plastics.

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Forms of digitalfabrication:2- CNC milling and routing

Final product

Beforehttps://youtu.be/YueA6IJ1bgg

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Forms of digital fabrication:3- Rapid prototyping

Often Rapid Prototyping is mistakenly used as a specific types of additive process, but it is: a generic term where a family or different methods are related.

In digital fabrication, layers of starch or ceramic powder are bonded to make objects.

3D printing is the most popular.

Other methods:Laminated Object Manufacturing (LOM)Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM)Multi-Jet Manufacture (MJM)Selective Laser Sintering (SLS)

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Forms of digital fabrication:3- Rapid prototypingMetropolitana Linea 1 Santa Maria Del PiantoNaples, ItalyRogers Stirk Harbour + Partners

https://archello.com/project/metropolitana-linea-1-santa-maria-del-pianto#stories

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Forms of digital fabrication:3- Rapid prototypingRadiolariaShiro Studio and D-Shape (2008)

The first 3D mega printer, aimed to demonstrate capabilities of constructing complex geometry. Made from an artificial sand-stone. Three meter high.

http://www.shiro-studio.com/radiolaria.php

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Forms of digital fabrication:4- 3D scanning

By contrast, 3D scanning inverts relationship between digital information and physical objects.

The technology reads information from physical models and translate it to a digital data, which then can be manipulated further.

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https://gxn.3xn.com/project/louisiana-pavilionDunn, N. (2012). Digital fabrication in architecture / by Nick Dunn, Laurence King.

Louisiana Pavillion3XN (2009)

Digitising physical model

https://gxn.3xn.com/project/louisiana-pavilion

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https://gxn.3xn.com/project/louisiana-pavilionDunn, N. (2012). Digital fabrication in architecture / by Nick Dunn, Laurence King.

Louisiana Pavillion3XN (2009)

https://gxn.3xn.com/project/louisiana-pavilion

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Forms of digital fabrication:5- Robotics

In contrast with other digital fabrication forms, robotic forms are capable of dealing with complex procedures. And also offer considerable flexibility.

Flexibility in terms of the ability to work in non-cubic space, self-referencing its position in relation to an object.

Compare to a fixed position of machine bed of other forms.

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Mobile RoboticFabrication System for Filament StructuresMaria Yablonina (2015)https://www.mariayablonina.com/mobile-robotic-fabrication-system


https://youtu.be/z5C7glwqbeo

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Multi-Material Robotic FabricationPhilip F. Yuan and team,Digital Futures 2019, Shanghai

Six axis robot, stainless steel, carbon fibre,glass fibre, wood, fabric.


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Multi-robotic assemblyGramazio Kohler Research


https://gramaziokohler.arch.ethz.ch/web/e/forschung/285.html

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References to digital fabrication

(1) Iwamoto, L. (2013). Digital fabrications: architectural and material techniques, Princeton Architectural Press.(2) Dunn, N. (2012). Digital fabrication in architecture / by Nick Dunn, Laurence King.(3) Yuan, P. F., Leach, N. & Menges, A. (2018). Digital fabrication, Tongji University Press Co., Ltd.

Commontechniques

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Six common techniques

1.Folding2.Forming3.Tiling/Tessellating4.Sectioning5.Contouring

Iwamoto, L. (2013). Digital fabrications: architectural and material techniques, Princeton Architectural Press.Dunn, N. (2012). Digital fabrication in architecture / by Nick Dunn, Laurence King.

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Six common techniques:1- Folding

Folding turns a flat surface into 3D forms, also powerful for creating structure with geometry.

Folding creates fluidityand multifunctionality with continuous surface.

Through folding, self-supporting effective span and rigidity of sheer materials increases substantially.

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Six common techniques:1- FoldingC_WallAndrew Kudless/Matsys2006https://www.matsys.design/c_wall

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Six common techniques:2- Forming

Forming is tooling through the generation of components from a mould or form.

In digital fabrication , it requires mould of form which is usually created by CNC milling machineor rapid prototyping techniques.

Forming generates positive and negative moulds.

Positive: thermo- and vacuum mouldingNegative: facilitate casting and injection moulding.

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Six common techniques:2- FormingCocoonClub, Frankfurt3deluxe2004

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Six common techniques:2- FormingAliceFlorencia Pita mod2007https://www.florenciapita.com/alice

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Six common techniques:2- FormingAliceFlorencia Pita mod2007https://www.florenciapita.com/alice

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Six common techniques:3- Tiling/ Tessellating

It involves development of objects that when assembled together, forming a coherent plane without gaps or overlaps.

Advantages tiling/tessellating in digital fabrication approach: Effective time investment Provide ways which

patterns are generated and optimised (visually and materially sound)

Optimised for reduction of waste.

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Translating digital information from mesh to complex 3D form, using sheet materials through tiling, has made digital fabrication technique became more apparent from early design stage.

Tiling/tessellating also affords greater variation and modulation, as they provide an inherent economy of means.

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https://www.mos.nyc/project/puppet-theater

Huyghe + Le Corbusier Puppet Theater,MOS2004

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Six common techniques:4- Sectioning

Sectioning in digital fabrication is a method of profiling components in relation to surface geometry.

Taking sectional cuts through a digital model.

Taking from a long tradition in shipbuilding and aeroplane construction.

Form of object is usually consists of: series of sections and then clad with a skin or a material.

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Six common techniques:4- Sectioning[c]spaceAlan Dempseyand Alvin Huang2008

http://cspacepavilion.blogspot.com/

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Six common techniques:4- Sectioning[c]spaceAlan Dempseyand Alvin Huang2008

http://cspacepavilion.blogspot.com/

https://youtu.be/bd7rAfhXkZs

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Six common techniques:5- Contouring

Contouring is a technique that reshapes sheet materials and create three-dimensional effect by removing successive layers of materials.

A subtractive process, commonly using CNC milling and routing.

Contouring in digital fabrication allows designer to systematically remove materialthrough a series of carvings or contours.

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https://youtu.be/CAUL6NosMNchttps://gramaziokohler.arch.ethz.ch/web/e/forschung/17.html

mTableGramazio & Kohler2002

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http://www.decoi-architects.org/2011/10/onemain/

One MaindECoi2002

Materialstrategies

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Materialrelated techniques

1.Timber2.Metals3.Concrete4.Hybrids5.Recycled/ Pre-cycled

Beorkrem, C. (2017). Material strategies in digital fabrication, Routledge.

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Materialrelated techniques:1- Timber/woodIn digital fabrication, it is an excellent material for testing parametric conditions.

Off-the-shelf wood comes in manageable dimensions (easy and accurately cut), affording many different geometric compositions.

Has a unique phenomenological character, intended to be use in more tactile and intimate ways.

Variety of colour and texture.

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Materialrelated techniques:1- Timber/wood

https://darts.uncc.edu/image-gallery/ripple-wall

Digital Arts CenterUniversity of North Carolina at Charlotte

The entire assembly is held together in compression, can only be achieved by the accuracy of CNC tooling.

Plywood offers relatively constant material thickness.

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Materialrelated techniques:1- Timber

Menges, A., Schwinn, T. & Krieg, O. D. (2016). Advancing wood architecture: a computational approach, Routledge.

Current limitations:1. Subtractive fabrication

processes (milling and sawing)

2. Multiplicity of applicable norms and regional codes in Germany

3. Data exchange

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Materialrelated techniques:2- MetalsCommonly used in digital fabrication due to its strength and durability, flexibility and simplicity of machining sheet steel.

Most often processed with CNC plasma cutter, laser-cutter and water-jet.

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Materialrelated techniques:2- Metals

https://www.marblefairbanks.com/journals/flatform/

FlatformMarble Fairbanks

Surface= structure

https://vimeo.com/74401027

Tabs can fold to almost any angle, varying transparency and opacity.

X braces creates a lightweight structural system.

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Materialrelatedtechniques:3- Concrete/masonry

Concrete and masonry are tied together due to their relativelyhigh mass. Usually they do not require tectonic structure.

Works well in compression, but not tension.

Logic of assembly is essential to constraining form.

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https://www.shoparc.com/projects/mulberry-house/

290 Mulberry StreetSHoP Architects

Using a single mold ,blocks were used to create more options from a single form

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Embedded video

CAADRIA Beijing 2018

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Materialrelated techniques:4- HybridsCHROMAtex.meSOFTlab (2010)

https://vimeo.com/14644770https://www.kickstarter.com/projects/SOFTlab/chromatexme-a-site-specific-installation

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Materialrelated techniques:4- HybridsCHROMAtex.meSOFTlab (2010)

https://vimeo.com/14644770https://www.kickstarter.com/projects/SOFTlab/chromatexme-a-site-specific-installation

Tessellated 4000 quadrangle tile shapes, created with laser-cut inkjet printers.

Material constraints:Size of paper, binder clips define the depth of each tab.

Kickstarter was used to pay the project and to provide flat-pack components.

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Materialrelatedtechniques:5- Recycled/ pre-cycledAwareness of temporality of architecture, define necessity that designers become more aware of consumption required for the construction.

Second life after objects are dissembled.

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Materialrelatedtechniques:5- Recycled/ pre-cycledCardborigami

A pop-up shelter made from card board as: shelter for theunhoused, disasterpreparedness and social enterprise.

https://www.cardborigami.org/

https://youtu.be/iA3U293DlE4

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Materialrelatedtechniques:5- Recycled/ pre-cycledCardborigami

Nearly 100% cut sheet.Primarily geometry is based on the ability to be compressed into a flat unit

Cardborigami at Brea Gallery (2016)

https://www.cardborigami.org/

Others

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Contextualising the affordable technology within the current COVID-19 pandemic:https://www.dezeen.com/tag/coronavirus/

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Click here for linkhttps://www.dezeen.com/2020/03/29/american-architects-coronavirus-face-shields-hospital-workers/

https://www.forbes.com/sites/tjmccue/2020/03/24/calling-all-makers-with-3d-printers-join-critical-mission-to-make-face-masks-and-shields-for-2020-healthcare-workers/?fbclid=IwAR1bEOrzdukOT4Fh0njMzdp4WsvFNyZZvJFbYmszpc_rDaxsu75n1BHZ9WQ#62879f3f7500

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https://engineering.louisville.edu/students-producing-3-d-printed-face-shields-for-healthcare-professionals/

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https://www.timesrecordnews.com/story/news/local/2020/03/30/locals-making-3-d-printed-face-shields-medical-centers/5087354002/

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For forum post:https://miatedjosaputro.com/2020/03/31/week-6-discussion/

As other design tools, there are limits and tolerances of working with digital fabrication techniques.

Through negotiation of constraints, it often sparks creativity.

How can education offer to facilitate young minds to exploit full potentials of technology?


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Open (source)digital fabrication:Schneider, C. (2018). Opening digital fabrication: transforming TechKnowledgies, KIT Scientific Publishing.

fablabLocation: 1500 registered ‘fab labs’ in the worldhttps://fabfoundation.org/

LasersaurOpen source laser cutter

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Re-iterating aims and objectives

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Summary

Week 6�Digital FabricationSlide Number 2Aims and objectivesLearning outcomesSlide Number 5DiscussionSlide Number 7Slide Number 8Slide Number 9Slide Number 10Slide Number 11Slide Number 12Slide Number 13Slide Number 1404.2�FABRICATION��Slide Number 16Slide Number 17Principles of digital fabricationPrinciples of digital fabricationPrinciples of digital fabricationPrinciples of digital fabricationPrinciples of digital fabricationPrinciples of digital fabricationPrinciples of digital fabricationForms of digital fabricationForms of digital fabrication:�1- Laser cuttingForms of digital fabrication:�1- Laser cuttingForms of digital�fabrication:�2- CNC milling and routingForms of digital�fabrication:�2- CNC milling and routingForms of digital fabrication:�3- Rapid prototypingForms of digital fabrication:�3- Rapid prototypingForms of digital fabrication:�3- Rapid prototypingForms of digital fabrication:�4- 3D scanningForms of digital fabrication:�4- 3D scanningForms of digital fabrication:�4- 3D scanningForms of digital fabrication:�5- RoboticsForms of digital fabrication:�5- RoboticsForms of digital fabrication:�5- RoboticsForms of digital fabrication:�5- RoboticsReferences to digital fabricationSlide Number 41Six common techniquesSix common techniques:�1- FoldingSix common techniques:�1- FoldingSix common techniques:�2- FormingSix common techniques:�2- FormingSix common techniques:�2- FormingSix common techniques:�2- FormingSix common techniques:�3- Tiling/ TessellatingSix common techniques:�3- Tiling/ TessellatingSix common techniques:�3- Tiling/ TessellatingSix common techniques:�4- SectioningSix common techniques:�4- SectioningSix common techniques:�4- SectioningSix common techniques:�5- ContouringSix common techniques:�5- ContouringSix common techniques:�5- ContouringSlide Number 58Material �related techniquesMaterial �related techniques:�1- Timber/woodMaterial �related techniques:�1- Timber/woodMaterial �related techniques:�1- TimberMaterial �related techniques:�2- MetalsMaterial �related techniques:�2- MetalsMaterial �related�techniques:�3- Concrete�/masonryMaterial �related�techniques:�3- Concrete�/masonryMaterial �related�techniques:�3- Concrete�/masonryMaterial �related techniques:�4- HybridsMaterial �related techniques:�4- HybridsMaterial �related�techniques:�5- Recycled/ pre-cycledMaterial �related�techniques:�5- Recycled/ pre-cycledMaterial �related�techniques:�5- Recycled/ pre-cycledSlide Number 73Slide Number 74Slide Number 75Slide Number 76Slide Number 77For forum post:�Slide Number 79Re-iterating aims and objectivesSummary

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Week 6 Digital Fabrication...material and page 78 of this lecture slides Introduction 8 Digital Fabrication A shift from consumerism to prosumerism Small-scale digital fabrication