WEEK 3 - infl--3 (2).pptx

8/10/2019 WEEK 3 - infl--3 (2).pptx

1/19

8/10/2019 WEEK 3 - infl--3 (2).pptx

2/19

INFLAMMATION

8/10/2019 WEEK 3 - infl--3 (2).pptx

3/19

II. Local vascular reactions.

A- Transient Vasoconstriction

(1) Transient Constriction of the Blood Vessels

(2) Transient rapid blood flow

B- Persistence Vasodilatation

(3) Dilatation of the Blood Vessels (4) Slowing of the Blood Stream (Stasis)

C- Inflammatory Exudate

(5)- Fluid Exudate(6)- Cellular Exudate

8/10/2019 WEEK 3 - infl--3 (2).pptx

4/19

The first step of vascular reaction of acute inflammation is

Vasoconstriction

Vasodilatation

Vascular rupture

Vascular stenosis

Vascular thrombosis

Prostaglandins act as chemical mediator responsible for

Chemotaxis

Increased capillary permeability

Pain Tissue damage

Vasoconstriction

8/10/2019 WEEK 3 - infl--3 (2).pptx

5/19

8/10/2019 WEEK 3 - infl--3 (2).pptx

6/19

6 Cellular Exudate

Cellular Exudate Formation: the inflammatory

cellular exudate occurs along the following steps:

(1) Margination of Leucocytes (Pavementing of leucocytes)

(2) Emigrationof Leucocytes

(3) Diapedesisof Red Cells

Leukocyte Recruitment and activation: Activated leukocyte products (lysosomal enzymes) destroy

microbes can also injure normal host tissues.

8/10/2019 WEEK 3 - infl--3 (2).pptx

7/19

Mechanism of cellular exudate formation

(1) Margination, rolling, Pavementing, and adhesionof leukocytes:

The poly-morph nuclear leucocytes leave the axialblood stream due to stasis and settle on the stickyendotheliallining of the capillaries.

(2) Emigration of Leucocytes: The polymorphonuclearleucocytes push their way between the swollenendothelial cells through the widened inter-endothelialspaces by means of pseudopodiaand pass outside, thevessels by amoeboid movement.

(3) Passive pushing (Diapedesis) of Red Cells: Is themechanical pushing of the red cells which have a smalldiameter by the intra-vascular hydrostatic pressurethrough the widened inter-endothelial spaces.

8/10/2019 WEEK 3 - infl--3 (2).pptx

8/19

8/10/2019 WEEK 3 - infl--3 (2).pptx

9/19

segmented nucleus

EosinophilsBasophilsNeutrophils

Eosinophils serve to

degrade chemical

mediators (especially

histamine) by histinase

basophiles and mast cells

release

(heparin/histamine) in

response to antigen-

antibody complexes

(1) Phagocytosis( Microphage)(2) Neutralize the toxicproducts of bacteria andother microorganism.

8/10/2019 WEEK 3 - infl--3 (2).pptx

10/19

Inflammatory cellsMONONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES

MonocytesPlasma CellsLymphocytes

The primary function ofmonocytes isphagocytosis and theyare termed the "secondline of cellular defense.

Macrophage

Plasma cells are

committed to antibody

production Ig.

lymphocytes functionprimarily in the immuneresponse (including boththe humoral (B) and cell-mediated immunity(T).
http://www.usc.edu/hsc/dental/PTHL312abc/312a/03/IMGs/15bb.htmlhttp://www.usc.edu/hsc/dental/PTHL312abc/312a/03/IMGs/13bb.html

8/10/2019 WEEK 3 - infl--3 (2).pptx

11/19

Chemotaxis

The attraction of leukocytes from vascular channels

towards the site of inflammation within the tissuespace guided by chemical gradients (including virus,

bacteria----- and cellular debris) is called chemotaxis.

All granulocytes, monocytes and to lesser extent

lymphocytes respond to chemotactic stimuli.

8/10/2019 WEEK 3 - infl--3 (2).pptx

12/19

How do leukocytes "see" or "smell"

the chemotactic agent?

This is because receptors on cell

membrane of the leukocytes react with

the chemo-attractants resulting in theactivation of phospholipase C that

ultimately leads to release of calcium

ions and these ions trigger cellmovement towards the stimulus.

8/10/2019 WEEK 3 - infl--3 (2).pptx

13/19

8/10/2019 WEEK 3 - infl--3 (2).pptx

14/19

III. LOCAL REACTION OF TISSUE

HISTIOCYTES

Phagocytosis is the process of engulfment andinternalization by specialized cells, whichincludes invading microorganisms, damagedcells, and tissue debris.

These phagocytic cells includepolymorphonuclear leukocytes, monocytes andtissue macrophages.

Phagocytosis involves three distinct steps:

Recognition

Engulfment

Killing or degradation

S f Ph i

8/10/2019 WEEK 3 - infl--3 (2).pptx

15/19

Steps of Phagocytosis Recognition

The material to be phagocytized is coated with certain

plasma proteins called opsonins. These opsoninspromote the adhesionbetween the particulate material

and the phagocytes cell membrane. The three major

opsonins are: immunoglobulin, complement and

carbohydrate-binding proteins. Engulfment:

During engulfment, extension of the cytoplasm

(pseudopods) flow around the object to be engulfed,

eventually resulting in complete enclosure of the

particle within the phagosome.

Killing or degradation

The ultimate step in phagocytosis of bacteria is killingand de radation

8/10/2019 WEEK 3 - infl--3 (2).pptx

16/19

Mechanism of Phagocytosis

8/10/2019 WEEK 3 - infl--3 (2).pptx

17/19

8/10/2019 WEEK 3 - infl--3 (2).pptx

18/19

Sequels of phagocytosis

8/10/2019 WEEK 3 - infl--3 (2).pptx

19/19

3) NEUROFIBROMATOSIS

A hereditary familialdisease transmitted as adominant trait. Thedisease is characterizedby:

(a) Multipleneurofibromas whichappear as small firmnodules in the skin alongthe course of thecutaneous nerves.

(b) Cafe au lait skinpigmentation.

(c) Pigmented irishamartomas called Lischnodules.

Malignant tumours:Malignant Schwannoma(neurofibrosarcoma) .

Multiple neurofibromas

Cafe au lait skin

Malignant Neurofibromalexiform Neurofibroma

Documents

WEEK 3 - infl--3 (2).pptx