REVIEW

Manual of Structural Kinesiology

Foundations of Structural Kinesiology 1-1

Muscle contractions: Isometric, Isotonic, Isokinetic

Which of these can be both concentric and eccentric?

Which of these is static or dynamic?What is an agonist? Can these be more than one agonist in a movement?What’s the differences between a neutralizer and an agonist?

REVIEW

Manual of Structural Kinesiology

Foundations of Structural Kinesiology 1-2

What is the difference between a synergist and an agonist?

When the ant. and post. deltoids counteract one another’s movement to allow abduction are they helping synergists or neutralizers?

What are the four properties of a skeletal muscle?

How does elasticity differ from plasticity?

Anatomical Terminology Anterior Distal Hallucis Posterior Proximal Pollicis Superior Lateral Inversion Inferior Medial Eversion Deep Prone Radial Deviation Superficial Supine Ulnar Deviation Pronate Plantar Circumduction Supinate Dorsal ElevationDorsiflexion DepressionPlantarflexion

Manual of Structural Kinesiology

Foundations of Structural Kinesiology 1-3

JOINTS – 3 FUNCTIONAL CATEGORIES

Synarthrosis – No movement

Amphiarthrosis – Little Movement

Diarthrosis – Free movement

JOINTS CON’T.

Synarthrosis – No movement (three structural categories)

1. Fibrous: Sutures and gomphosis

2. Cartilagenous: Synchondrosis (cartialge plate)

JOINTS CON’T.

Amphiarthrosis – Little movementFibrous: Syndesmosis (ligamentous

connection)

Cartilagenous: Symphesis (fibrocartilage)

JOINTS CON’T.

Amphiarthrosis – Little movementFibrous: Syndesmosis (ligamentous

connection)

Cartilagenous: Symphesis (fibrocartilage)

JOINTS CON’T

Diarthrosis – Freely moveableSynovial: surounded by joint capsule, contains synovial fluid

MonaxialBiaxialTriaxial

STRUCTURAL CLASSIFICATION OF SYNOVIAL JOINTS

Plane/gliding joints: flat or slightly curved faces. Ligaments prevent much movement

Hinge joint: Monaxial

Pivot joint: only rotation

Condylar joints: oval articular surface sits in a depression. Biaxial

STRUCTURAL CLASSIFICATION OF SYNOVIAL JOINTS

Saddle joint: concave articular surface connects to a convex surface. Allows extensive angular motion. Biaxial.

Ball and socket: round head sits in a cup-like depression. Allows for circumduction. Triaxial.

Muscle Anatomy

Connective Tissue of MuscleEpimysium: Dense connective tissue surrounding the entire muscle. Converges to become the tendon.

Perimysium: Collagen and elastin with blood vessels and nerves. Surrounds the fascicles (bundles of muscle fibers) and separates each fascicle.

Muscle Anatomy

Connective Tissue of Muscle Con’t.Endomysium: Surrounds each muscle fiber and binds it to its neighbor. Satellite cells are found between the endomysium and the sarcolemma.

The muscle fiber

Muscle fiber is a myocyte or muscle cell.Has a plasma membrane with tubesContains organelles especially extensive SRMultiple nucleiContains several protiens such as actin, myosin and titinMay or may not have extensive mitochondriaContains many sarcomeres in series.Isozyme of ATPase influences fiber type

How does a muscle contract?

Sliding Filament Theory1. Action potential2. Release of Ach into the synaptic junction3. Depolarization across the sarcolemma and into the T

tubules4. Release of Ca from the SR5. Ca binding onto Troponin6. Release of tropomyosin from myosin binding sites

located on actin7. The energized yosin (from ATP hydrolysis) attaches to

actin and pulls actin8. ATP attaches to myosin and myosin releases from actin

causing ATP hydrolysis and thus energizing the myosin head

Sliding Filament Theory Animation

http://www.bing.com/videos/search?q=sliding+filament+theory+animation&view=detail&mid=0B856D6FA538FDD89AA70B856D6FA538FDD89AA7&first=0&FORM=NVPFVR&qpvt=sliding+filament+theory+animation

Number of cross-bridges attached to actin at any one time dictates force production.

Sarcomere Length – Tension Relationship

Force Production

Calcium Release –

Motor Unit Recruitment –

Increased number of active motor units

Preloading

Cross sectional area

Shortening velocity of a muscle –

Force ProductionAngle of pennation: Length-tension relationship

Stretch-shortening cycle

Muscle fiber type -

ProprioceptionMSF

GTO –

Levers of the bodyMuscles (force) cause movement of bones (levers) around a fulcrum or center of rotation. Resistive force can be overcome if the muscle force is greater than the resistive force.

First class lever: Muscle force and resistive force act on opposite sides of the fulcrum.

Second class lever: Muscle force and resistive force act on the same side of the fulcrum. (Or resistance is between the axis and the force) However, moment arm is longer than resistance arm. Due to the mechanical advantage of the MA the MF overcomes the RF. Less MF is needed to overcome the resistance.

Third class lever: Muscle force and resistive force act on the same side of the fulcrum. However, the MA of the MF is smaller than the MA of the RF and ones loses mechanical advantage. Greater muscle force is needed to overcome the resistance. You must exert more energy.

LEVERS OF THE BODY

FIRST-CLASS LEVER

Second-class lever

THIRD CLASS LEVER

KINETIC CHAINSOKC: Free movement of the terminal joint

CKC: Terminal joint meets with considerable resistance that inhibits or restrains free motion