CS 121Week 14 - Monday

Last time

What did we talk about last time? Image manipulation Inheritance

Questions?

Project 5

Inheritance Examples

Prey class

The Prey class now extends the Hunter class, getting everything that it had before

Then we just needed to change the update() method to run from Hunters instead of chasing Prey objects

getClass() method

To make the Hunter and Prey classes work, we now need to know if a specific object belongs to a given type

Every object has a getClass() method

We can test to see if an object’s getClass() method gives back Hunter.class or Prey.class

By doing so, we can tell the class of a given object

Further expansion of hunters and prey

What if we create a super hunter? Super hunters are larger and faster

than hunters, and try to eat everything, including each other

We make SuperHunter extend Hunter We call the Hunter constructor with

the right speed, size, and color Then, we change the update()

method to reflect the right behavior

Files

Files in Java

In this course, you have already dealt with image and audio files, but you didn't do any direct input or output to them

It is possible to read and write individual pieces of data to a file

Files are great because they exist after the program is done

Reading and writing to a file is very similar to reading and writing to the command line (using Scanner and System.out)

Reading

Reading from a text file is almost ridiculously easy

We use Scanner, just like reading from the command line

We just have to create a new File object that gives the file we want to read from

This code will read from some file called input.txt, as if someone were typing its contents into the command line

Scanner in = new Scanner(new File("input.txt"));

I take exception to that…

Unfortunately, if you type that into Eclipse, you'll get a red squiggle underneath the code

The problem is this: What would happen if input.txt doesn't exist?

This is an error situation, and Java uses something called exceptions to deal with errors

You can catch an exception and do something to recover from the situation

Checked exceptions

However, the error if the file isn't there is called a FileNotFoundException, and it's a checked exception

If there is the possibility of throwing a checked exception, your code has to deal with it or else your program will not compile

Well, that's annoying: Now we have to learn how to deal with catching exceptions

Unchecked exceptions

You've seen exceptions before: NullPointerException ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException etc.

These are called unchecked exceptions, because you don't have to deal with them

You usually can't deal with them: They mean that you're program is messed up

Throw them 'bows!

The alternative to catching an exception is throwing it up to the next level, making it someone else's problem

Sure, your program will crash if no one deals with it, but at least your code will compile

We do this by putting a throws FileNotFoundException on the declaration of main() (or whatever method we're in)

public static void main(String[] args) throws FileNotFoundException{

Scanner in = new Scanner(new File("input.txt"));

Writing

Java loves objects If you want to write to a file, you've got

to create a PrintWriter object, based on a FileOutputStream object (which takes the file name as a parameter)

Once you've got a PrintWriter, you can use it just like System.out

PrintWriter out = new PrintWriter(new FileOutputStream ("output.txt"));

More exceptions!

Just like making a Scanner from a File, making a PrintWriter from a FileOutputStream will potentially throw a FileNotFoundException

Weird, isn't it? I mean, you don't expect to find a file when you're about to write one

Sometimes Java doesn't make sense Anyway, adding the throws FileNotFoundException to the method declaration will still solve the problem

Shut 'em down!

Unlike the command line, you should really close files when you're done reading from them

If you forget, it's okay: Java will automatically close them when your program quits

But, for situations where you're accessing multiple files, it may be important to close them

Scanner in = new Scanner(new File("input.txt"));PrintWriter out = new PrintWriter(new FileOutputStream ("output.txt"));

//do stuffin.close();out.close();

Reading and writing example

Let's write a program that prompts the user for 1o int values and then writes them to a file called numbers.txt

Then, let's write another program that opens numbers.txt, reads all 10 numbers, sorts them, and prints them out in order

Quiz

Upcoming

Next time…

Finish file I/O Lab 14

Reminders

Keep working on Project 5