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Week 12 Overview. Musculoskeletal test Turn in page 112 from syllabus and 2 puzzles (handout) Review the midterm Go over Reproductive (syllabus) Urinary System Lecture pages 310-335 Endocrine Assignment page 121 Week 13- make up tests- sign up and preparation for the endocrine presentation - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Business 86, Medical Terminology
Week 12 Overview Musculoskeletal test
Turn in page 112 from syllabus and 2 puzzles (handout)
Review the midterm Go over Reproductive (syllabus) Urinary System Lecture pages 310-335 Endocrine Assignment page 121 Week 13- make up tests- sign up and
preparation for the endocrine presentation Homework
Business 86, Medical Terminology
The Urinary System
IntroductionThe urinary system consists of the following organs
KidneysUretersBladderUrethrameatus
Business 86, Medical Terminology
Functions
Excretion of waste products of metabolism
(nephrotoxic)
Excrete certain drugs an other substances
Control Fluid (water and electrolytes)
Maintain a constant acid-base balance
Business 86, Medical Terminology
Other Functions(To protect renal function, non-excretory functions)
Secrete rennin to help regulate blood pressure
RBC production Bone metabolism- vitamin D
metabolism
Business 86, Medical Terminology
Ureters
28-35 cm long
a. Function: conduct urine to urine to urinary bladder
b. Location: they arise from the pelvis of their own kidney
c. Made of: epithelia liningd. How they work: peristaltic contractions
Business 86, Medical Terminology
Urinary Bladder
a. Function: to store urineb. Location: in front of the
pelvis
It is a muscular sac and it can hold 300-500cc of urine. When the nerve endings receivestimuli that are transmitted to the reflex centers in the spinal cord, the internal sphincter located just above the point of insertion of the urethrainto the bladder relaxes and allows the expulsion of thebladder contents. The external sphincter is normally undervoluntary control after the age of three years.
Business 86, Medical Terminology
Urethra
Meatus
a. Function: It is a small duct that channels urine outside of the body from the bladder.
b. Location: Female: it is 3-5 cm long and
opens just above the vagina. The external opening is called the urethra meatus. The external sphincter is located in the middle of the urethra. The urethra serves simply as a tube through which the urine flowing from the bladder makes an exit from the body.
Male: It is about 20 cm long,
originating at the bladder and traversing the length of the penis. The urethra meatus through which urine is discharged is located at the tip of the glans penis.
Business 86, Medical Terminology
a. Function: It is the chief regulator of homeostasis and of the body’s internal environment.
b. Location: These are reddish-brown, bean-shaped, and highly vascular organs. Each kidney is located on each side of the spinal column and just below the diaphragm. They area usually about 12 cm long in the adult. The adrenal glands are located just above each kidney (supra-renal). The position of the liver causes the right kidney to be slightly lower than the left. The duodenum and ascending colon lie in front of the right kidney, while the spleen and descending colon lie in front of the left one. Each kidney is surrounded by fat and encapsulated in fibrous tissue (perirenal) a fat layer to protect it.
Business 86, Medical Terminology
1. Kidney’s Anatomic Structure(three regions)
a. Cortex- (Greek for bark, outer layer) It has a granular appearance. Most of the nephron is located here.
Includes proximal convoluted and distal convoluted tubules
Glomeruli- glomerular filtration, the key to urine formation
Includes the renal columns ( -90% of the blood filtered by the cortex)
b. Medulla Renal pyramids, Loop of Henle
c. Pelvis Major and minor calyces (cuplike
structures) It can hole 3-5
Business 86, Medical Terminology
NEPHRON OF THE KIDNEY LOCATED IN THE CORTEX: This is the kidney’s functional unit. This is where the filtering process takes place. There are approximately 1,000,000 nephrons in each kidney. The nephrons are located in the cortex of the kidney. It is comprised of the glomerulus, Bowman’s capsule, proximal convoluted tubule, the loop of Henle, the distal convoluted tubule, collecting tubules, an afferent vessel, efferent vessel, and a capillary network.
The work of the nephron is the formation of urine. Basically the nephrons perform two main activities; Mechanical filtration of fluids, wastes, electrolytes, acids and bases into the tubular system and selective reabsorption and secretion of ions back to the body’s system. Urination, micturition, or voiding is the normal process of excreting urine.
Business 86, Medical Terminology
Diagnostic Procedures
Catheterization- a technique in which a hollow, flexible tube is used to drain body fluids (such as urine)
Cystoscopy- examination of the bladder using an instrument called a cystoscope
IVP- intravenous pyelogram-a test that examines the urinary system using a contrast medium that can be seen on x-rays to show possible obstructions, tumors, cysts, stones, and other abnormalities.
UA- urinalysis- laboratory examination of urine for various cells and chemicals, such as red blood cells, white blood cells, infection, or excessive protein
Business 86, Medical Terminology
Pathology
Anuria- without urine production
Polyuria- much urine production
Dysuria- difficult or painful urination
Nocturia- urinating at night
Business 86, Medical Terminology
Nephrolithiasis- kidney stones
Nephritis- inflammation of the kidney
Nephrosis- abnormal condition of the kidney
Business 86, Medical Terminology
Nephrosclerosis- hardening of the kidney
Nephroptosis- downward displacement of the kidney
Glomerulonephritis- Inflammation of the Glomeruli of the kidney
Business 86, Medical Terminology
Pyelitis- inflammation of the renal pelvis
Pyelonephritis- inflammation of the pelvis of the kidney
Cystitis- inflammation of the urinary bladder
Business 86, Medical Terminology
Diuresis- Removing excess fluid from the body through increased urine output
Enuresis- bedwettingUrethrorrhea- discharge from the
urethraOliguria- scanty urine production Incontinence- Loss of bladder and/or
bowel control
Business 86, Medical Terminology
Procedures
Dialysis- the artificial process of cleaning wastes from the blood when kidneys fail
Hemodialysis- the use of a machine to clean wastes from the blood after the kidneys have failed. The blood travels through tubes to a dialyzer (DY-uh-LY-zur), a machine that removes wastes and extra fluid. The cleaned blood then goes back into the body.
Business 86, Medical Terminology
Lithotripsy- crushing of stone
Nephrectomy- removal of a kidney Nephropexy- surgical fixation of a kidney Cystectomy- removal of the urinary bladder Lithotomy- incision to remove a stone
Business 86, Medical Terminology
Abbreviations BUN- blood urea nitrogen
Cr- creatinine-a substance in the blood (a piece of a protein) which should be at a constant level in the blood.
IVP- intravenous pyelogram
Business 86, Medical Terminology
KUB- kidney, ureter, bladder
pH- acid-base balanceUA- urinalysisC&S- culture and sensitivityGU- genitourinary
Business 86, Medical Terminology
BPH- benign prostatic hypertrophy TURP- transurethral resection of the prostate
Business 86, Medical Terminology
GTT- glucose tolerance test
FBS- fasting blood sugar
PSA- prostate specific antigen
Business 86, Medical Terminology
WEEK #12 – URINARY SYSTEM ELEMENTS (use with your textbook for CD-Rom) Element Meaning carcin/o cancercyst/o bladdererythr/o redglomerul/o glomerulus, little ballgluc/o sugarglyc/o sugarhemat/o bloodlith/o stone/calculusnephr/o kidney
Business 86, Medical Terminology
ELEMENT MEANING
noct/o nightolig/o scanty/littlepoly- many, muchpy/o puspyel/o renal pelvisrect/o rectumren/o kidneyscler/o hardeningureter/o ureterurethr/o urethraur/o urinevesic/o bladder-al,-ic,-ous pertaining to-cele hernia--cyte cell
Business 86, Medical Terminology
ELEMENT MEANING
-ectasis dilation, expansion-edema swelling-gram record, a writing-graphy process of recording-iasis abnormal condition by-lith stone, calculus-megaly enlargement-oma tumor-pathy disease-pexy fixation-ptosis prolapse, downward displacement
Business 86, Medical Terminology
ELEMENT MEANING
-rrhaphy suture -scope instrument to view -scopy visual examination -stenosis narrowing stricture -stomy forming a new
opening -tripsy crushing -uria urine, urination a-, an- without, not dys- bad, painful, difficult poly many, much