Week 1 Introduction to Public Administration - Kopya

8/7/2019 Week 1 Introduction to Public Administration - Kopya

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Assist. Prof. Dr. Ozer KOSEOGLU


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WHAT IS ADMINISTRATION?

yAdministration is a goal-oriented, a purposive andcooperative group effort to accomplish some common

goal or goals. For instance, two men co-operate to rolla stone to built a house.

yAdministration excludes non-purposive and non-cooperative group activities such as a man watching a

stone.yAdministrative activity is as old as organized social life.

It is a unversal process which is carried on in a varietyof public and private organizations


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SOME DEFINITIONS OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION

y Public administration is the study of the managementof the public agencies that carry out public policies in

order to fulfill the state purposes in the public interest.y Public administration is the activities of the executive

branches of the national (central) and localgovernments

yPublic administration comprises the activities that areinvolved in carrying out the policies and programmesof governments.


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WHAT IS PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION?

y FUNCTIONAL DEFINITION:

y Production and delivery of goods and services to meetfundemental neccessities of the people.

y Activities that contain desinging and implementation ofpublic policies.

y Processes and procedures related to the execution of lawsand administrative regulations including activities and

operations of public organizations.


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WHAT IS PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION?

y STRUCTURAL DEFINITION:

y Organizations and structures which are responsible to

deliver public goods and services.y Administrative organizations of government as opposed

to the legislative and judicial sides


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BRANCHES OF THE STATE AND PUBLIC

ADMINISTRATION

STATE

LegislativeBranch

JudicialBranch

ExecutiveBranch

AdministrativeOrganizations

PoliticalOrganizations


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MODERN PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION

y is co-operative group effort in a public setting,

y focuses on the executive branch of the state, but not

excludes legislative and judicial branches,y has an important role in the formulation of public policy,

y is different in significant ways from private administration(or management),

y

is closely associated with the people in providing publicservices

y is interdisciplinary in nature as it draws upon other socielsciences like political science, economics and sociology.


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THREE EXPLANATIONS OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION

1. Public administration as an academicdiscipline, ascience

2. Public administration as a profession3. Public administration as an art


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PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION AS AN ACADEMIC

DISCIPLINE

y THE EUROPEAN ROOTS OF THE SCIENCE:CAMERALISM

y

In 1727, Friedrich Wilhelm I, decreed that a chair forOeconomie, Policey und Kammer-Sachen be establishedat the University of Halle, in Prusia.

y This marked the beginning of the academic developmentof cameralism and Polizei as sciences to be taught to future

state officials.


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DISCIPLINE

y SOME POSTULATES OF CAMERALISTS

y They defend governmental intervention in both thesocial and economic spheres.

y They did not usually discuss internal managerial problemsand the decision-making process.

y They assert that government possessed the fundamentalduty of bringing material prosperity to the subjects of the

state.y They offer economic planning but did not explore, in

depth, the precise role of the bureaucrat in effectingchange.


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DISCIPLINE

yWHAT DID WILSON SAY?-SCIENCE OFADMINISTRATION

y Enlargement of the roles and organization of government,and complexity of administration and public servicesengendered the need for a science of administration in theU.S.A.

y

American writers had not taken an important part in theadvancement of this science. It was developed by Frenchand German professors. But it must be adapted to federalgovernment and other decentralized forms of government.


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DISCIPLINE

yWHAT DID WILSON SAY?-POLITICS-ADMINISTRATION DICHOTOMY

y The field of administration is a field of business. It isremoved from the hurry and strife of politics; it atmost points stands apart even from the debatableground of constitutional study.

yAdministrative questions are not political questions.


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DISCIPLINE

y WHAT DID WILSON SAY?-PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION

y Public administration is detailed and systematic

application of law. Every particular application of law is anact of administration.


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PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION AS A PROFESSION

y The word proffession means an occupation that includes asystematic knowledge or theory.

y Main elements of a profession is knowledge and

competency.y Universities and professional schools have played a vital

role for public administration to become a profession.

y People get the necessary knowledge in universities to

become a civil servant, socalizing with peofessional normsand in one sense improve a professional identity.

y Specialists of public administration use these professionalinformation to serve citizens in an impartial andcompetent manner.


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PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION AS AN ARTy Public administration is an art of getting things done, as well.

y Administration as an art, consists of deeds and acts with apractical end.

y Like all arts, it must be based on science, that is a knowledgeof all that will make for good admnistration.

y For example, a painter, to be a greater artist must know thelaws of composition, of the harmony of colours and ofperspective

y So the succesful administrator must possess knowledge ofpolitical economy, some knowledge of psychology, of generalprinciples of government.


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SCOPE OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION AS AN

ACTIVITY

y Traditionally, the scope of public administration isrestricted only to the executive branch.

y

In this sense, public administration covers primarilythe organization, personnel, practices and proceduresessential to effective performance of the executivebranch of government.

y

Public administration is an instrument of governmentfor carrying on its activivties. It includes all operationsof government ranging from the social care tosweeping the streets.


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SCOPE OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION AS A

DISCIPLINE

y Administrative functions/Processes of administraiton

y POSDCORB (Planning, Organizing, Staffing, Direction,Co-ordinating, Reporting, Budgetting

y Substantive concerns (matters of administration) such asdefence, health care, education, social security and welfare,police, fire protection, agriculture, industry and so on.

y Public personnel administration

y Public financial administration

y Comparative public administration

y Public policy (the process of policy-making, the contents ofpolicy, its implementation and the policy outputs.


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PUBLIC AND PRIVATE ADMINISTRATION

y As a co-operative group activity, administration is trulyuniversal and operates in all types of public and privateorganizations. It occurs in both public and private

organizations.

y But on the basis of the nature of the institutional setting,public administration can be roughly distinguished fromprivate administration.

yPublic administration is governmental administrationconcerned with achieving state purposes.

y Private administration relates to administration of privatebusiness organizations which are nor concerned with theachieving of state purposes.


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DIFFERENCES BETWEEN PUBLIC AND PRIVATE

ADMINISTRATION

y Politicaldirection

y Public administration takes place in a political context,

work under political direction and scrutiny. It carries outthe policies made by the elected members of thelegislature and political executive (prime minister,ministers). Business administration, on the contrary, isnot subject to political direction, instead, it dunctions

largely under the influence of market economicconditions.


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ADMINISTRATION

yAbsenceofprofitmotive

y The primary purpose of governmental organizations is

to provide services to the people and promote socialgood, not making profits for the government.Government usually has to provide even unprofitableand costly services. The major aim of private businessorganizations is o make profits for their owners.

y The main beneficiary of public administration activitiesis the entire community (communal ends), whereasthat of the business is the owner of the business itself(personel ends).


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ADMINISTRATION

y Legalframework

y The activities of public administrators are fixed by a set

of constitutional practices, laws, rules and regulations.Government officials must always act within their legakpowers. By contrast, the behaviourof businessorganizations and the activities of businessadministrators are subject to less legak constraints.


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ADMINISTRATION

y Consistencyoftreatment

y The government official is required by law to maintain a

high degree of consistency in his dealings with thepublic. He has to observe the principles of equity andfairness of treatment in serving the people. On the otherhand, the business administrator is not legally obliged totreat the small and big customers alike.


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ADMINISTRATION

y Publicaccuntability

y In a democracy public administration is held

accountable for its activities through legislativeoversight and judicial review. (and in modern approachdirectly to the public)

y But public accountability is not a value affectingbusiness administration. Business administrators are

only accountably for their shareholdes.


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ADMINISTRATION

y Essentialityofsomepublicservices

y Certain public services such as national security, law andorder, health care, transport and communication are

vital to the existence of community itself. Such kind ofservices, inherited in their nature, can only be carriedout by the government.

y Public services are different comparing with the private

goods and services.y It is not possible to find out the consumption level of a

service

y Financed by the taxes

y No one is excluded


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SIMILIRATIES BETWEEN PUBLIC AND PRIVATE

ADMINISTRATION

y Both public and business administrators rely on commontechniques relating to planning, organizing, budgetting,control, coordinating and like. Both make use of commenskills such as accounts-keepin and maintaining files.

y On the one hand the business organizations developed asense of community service (social responsibilityapproach), and on the other hand, public organizations try

to adapt business methods and practices such asperformance management, strategic planning and humanrelations into public administration


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PUBLIC-PRIVATE RELATIONSHIP

y Public and private administration are becoming moreand more alike in many respects.


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BIBLIOGRAPHY

y Raj Kumar Pruthi (2005), TheoryOfPublicAdministration,Discovery Publishing House.

y

S. P. Naidu (2005), Public Administration: ConceptsAndTheories,New Age International Publishers,New Delhi.

y Haroon A. Khan (2008), IntroductiontoPublic

Administration,University Press of America.

Documents

Week 1 Introduction to Public Administration - Kopya