Week 1

1FSKIKFaculty of Art, Computer and Creative Industry

http://fskik.upsi.edu.my

UNIVERSITI PENDIDIKAN SULTAN IDRIS MALAYSIA

Systems Analysis & Design

7th Edition

MTD 2023 / MTD 3043

SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN





7th Edition

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION TO SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN

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FSKIKFaculty of Art, Computer and Creative Industry


Chapter Objectives

• Discuss the impact of information technology on business strategy and success

• Define an information system and describe its components

• Explain how the Internet has affected business strategies and relationships

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Chapter Objectives

• Explain modeling, prototyping, and CASE tools• Distinguish between structured analysis and

object-oriented analysis

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Introduction

• Companies use information as a weapon in the battle to increase productivity, deliver quality products and services, maintain customer loyalty, and make sound decisions.

• Information technology can mean the difference between success and failure

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The Impact of Information Technology

• Information Technology – Combination of hardware and software products

and services that companies use to manage, access, communicate, and share information

– A vital asset that must be used effectively, updated constantly, and safeguarded carefully

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• The Role of Systems Analysis and Design– Systems Analysis and Design• Step-by-step process for developing high-quality

information systems

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• Systems analysis – process of understanding in detail what a system should accomplish

• Systems design – process of specifying in detail how components of an information system should be physically implemented

• Systems analyst – uses analysis and design techniques to solve business problems using information technology- Plan, develop, and maintain ISPlan, develop, and maintain IS

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• Who develops Information Systems?– In-house applications– Software packages– Internet-based application services – Outsourcing– Custom solutions– Enterprise-wide software strategies– How versus What

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Information System Components

• A system is a set of related components that produces specific results

• A Mission-critical system is one that is vital to a company’s operations

• Data consists of basic facts that are the system’s raw material

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• Information is data that has been transformed into output that is valuable to users

• Information systems have five key components: hardware, software, data, processes, and people

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Information System Components• Hardware – Is the physical layer of the information system

• Software– System software– Application software – Enterprise applications– Horizontal system– Vertical system– Legacy systems

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• Data – Is the raw material that an information system

transforms into useful information

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• Processes – Define the tasks and business functions that users,

managers, and IT staff members perform to achieve specific results

• People– Users, or end users, are the people who interact

with an information system, both inside and outside the company

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Impact of the Internet

• E-Commerce or I-Commerce• B2C (Business-to-Consumer)• B2B (Business-to-Business)– EDI– Extensible markup language (XML)– Supplier relationship management (SRM)

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Impact of the Internet

• Web-Based System Development– WebSphere– .NET– Web services

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How Business Uses InformationSystems

• In past, IT managers divided systems into categories based on the user group the system served– Office systems– Operational systems– Decision support systems– Executive information systems

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How Business Uses Information Systems

• Today, it makes more sense to identify a system by its functions, rather than by users – Enterprise computing systems– Transaction processing systems– Business support systems– Knowledge management systems– User productivity systems

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• Enterprise computing systems– Support company-wide operations and data

management requirements– Enterprise resource planning (ERP)

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• Transaction processing systems– Efficient because they process a set of transaction-

related commands as a group rather than individually

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• Business support systems– Provide job-related information to users at all

levels of a company– Management information systems (MIS)– Radio frequency identification (RFID)– What-if

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• Knowledge management systems– Called expert systems– Simulate human reasoning by combining a

knowledge base and inference rules– Many use fuzzy logic

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• User productivity systems– Technology that improves productivity– Groupware

• Information systems integration– Most large companies require systems that

combine transaction processing, business support, knowledge management, and user productivity features

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Information System Users and Their Needs

• A systems analyst must understand the company’s organizational model in order to recognize who is responsible for specific processes and decisions and to be aware of what information is required by whom.

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Information System Users and Their Needs

• Top managers– Strategic plans

• Middle Managers and Knowledge Workers • Supervisors and Team Leaders • Operational Employees– Empowerment

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Systems Development Tools and Techniques

• Systems analysts must know how to use a variety of techniques such as modeling, prototyping, and computer-aided systems engineering tools to plan, design, and implement information systems.

• Systems analysts work with these tools in a team environment

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• Modeling– Business model– Requirements model– Data model– Object model– Network model– Process model

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• Prototyping– Prototype– Speeds up the development process significantly– Important decisions might be made too early,

before business or IT issues are thoroughly understood

– Can be an extremely valuable tool

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• Computer-Aided Systems Engineering (CASE) Tools– Also called computer-aided software engineering– CASE tools

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Systems Development Methods

• The most popular alternatives are structured analysis, which is a traditional method that still is widely used, and object-oriented analysis (O-O), which is a newer approach that many analysts prefer

• The important thing is for a systems analyst to understand the various methods and the strengths and weaknesses of each approach

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• Structured Analysis– Systems development life cycle (SDLC)– Predictive approach– Uses a set of process models to describe a system

graphically– Process-centered technique

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• Object-oriented Analysis– O-O analysis combines data & processes into

objects– Object is a member of a class– Objects possess properties– Methods change an object’s properties– A message requests specific behavior or

information from another object

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Systems Development Guidelines

• Stick to a plan• Involve the users throughout the development

process• Listening is very important• Use project management tools to identify

tasks and milestones• Remain flexible• Develop accurate cost and benefit information

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Information Technology Department

• The information technology (IT) department develops and maintains a company’s information systems.

• The IT group provides technical support

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• Application Development– Team may include users, managers and IT Staff

members

• Systems Support and Security– Deployment team

• User Support– Help desk or information center (IC)

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• Database Administration– Database design, management, security, backup,

and user access

• Network Administration– Includes hardware and software maintenance,

support, and security

• Web Support– Webmasters

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• Quality Assurance (QA)– Reviews and tests all applications and systems

changes to verify specifications and software quality standards

– Is a separate unit that reports directly to IT management

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The Systems Analyst Position

• A systems analyst investigates, analyzes, designs, develops, installs, evaluates, and maintains a company’s information systems

• On large projects, the analyst works as a member of an IT department team

• Smaller companies often use consultants to perform the work

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• Responsibilities– Translate business requirements into practical IT

projects to meet needs

• Required Skills and Background– Solid communication skills and analytic ability

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• Certification– Professional credential

• Career Opportunities– Job titles– Company organization– Company size– Corporate culture– Salary, location, and future growth

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Chapter Summary

• IT is a combination of hardware, software, and telecommunications systems that support business

• The essential components of an information system are hardware, software, data, processes, and people

• Companies are production oriented, service oriented, or a combination of the two

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Chapter Summary

• Based on their function and features, information systems are identified as enterprise computing systems, transactional processing or operational systems, business support systems, knowledge management systems, or user productivity systems

• Organization structure usually includes levels. Each level has different responsibilities and information needs

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Chapter Summary

• Systems analyst use modeling, prototyping, and CASE tools. Modeling produces a graphical representation of the process, prototyping involves creation of an early working model, and CASE tools assist in various systems development tasks

• Various development methodologies exist, including structured analysis and object-oriented analysis

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Chapter Summary

• Regardless of the development model, it is important to use project management tools necessary to manage people, tasks, timetables, and expenses

• An IT department develops, maintains and operates a company’s information systems

• Systems analysts need a combination of technical and business knowledge, analytical ability, and communication





7th Edition

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