WEED RISK ASSESSMENT EXERCISES IN

TURKEYAHMET ULUDAĞ İLHAN ÜREMİŞ

ahuludag@yahoo.com

2007

TOTAL AREA 78 356 000 haLAND AREA 76 693 000 ha

Arable land and Permanent cropsPermanent meadows and pasturesForest areaOther landInland water

FAO 2009

Native Endemic % Alien Cultivated TotalPteridophytes 90 2 2.2 0 0 90Gymnosperms 22 0 0.0 0 0 22Dicotyledons 7426 2589 34.9 75 92 7593Monocotyledons 1450 300 20.7 21 46 1771Total 8988 2991 33.3 96 138 9222

Guner et al. 2000

Irano Turanian1181

Mediterranean946

Euro Siberian256

Akman, 1993

http://www.meteor.gov.tr/2006/zirai/zirai-calismalar.aspx?subPg=h

CLIMATIC CLASSIFICATION OF TURKEY CLIMATIC CLASSIFICATION OF TURKEY BY AYDENIZ METHODBY AYDENIZ METHOD

INVASIVE PLANTS IN EPPO LIST DETERMINED IN TURKEY

Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.Bidens frondasa L.

Polygonum perfoliatum L.Sicyos angulatus L.

Solidago canadensis L.

Terzioğlu and Anşin, 2001

A chorological study on the taxa naturalized in the Eastern Black Sea

Region

Polygonum perfoliatumSicyos angulataAmbrosia elatior

Plant Name Family

Aster squamatus Compositae

Conyza bonariensis Compositae

Conyza canadensis Compositae

Crassocephalum crepidioides Compositae

Dichrocephala integrifolia Compositae

Erigeron annuus Compositae

Galinsoga parviflora Compositae

Matricaria matricarioides Compositae

Tagetes minuta Compositae

Commelina communis Commolinaceae

Tradescantia fluminensis Commolinaceae

Eleusine indica Gramineae

Paspalum dilatatum Gramineae

Paspalum paspalodes Gramineae

Paspalum thunbergii Gramineae

Phylostachys bambusoides Gramineae

Plant Name Family

Sicyos angulatus Cucurbitacea

Brassica oleracea var acephala Cruciferae

Lepidium virginicum Cruciferae

Duchesnea indica Rosaceae

Albizia julibrissin Leguminosae

Robinia pseudoacacia Leguminosae

Ulex europaeus Leguminosae

Acer negundo Aceraceae

Ailanthus altissima Simaroubaceae

Poncirus trifoliata Rutaceae

Hydrocotyle ramiflora Umbelliferae

Ipomea purpurea Convolvulaceae

Elsholtzia ciliata Labiatae

Lonicera japonica Caprifoliaceae

Artemisia verlotiorum Compositae

Aster subulatus Compositae

Scoring for Weed Risk Factors (critical score = 6)

1. Aquatic plant ? Y=32. Other members of the genus are weeds ? Y=23. Propagules likely to be dispersed intentionally orunintentionally by human activity? Y=24. Produces spines, thorns or burrs? Y=15. Parasitic? Y=16. Unpalatable or toxic to grazing animals? Y=17. Host for recognised pests and pathogens? Y=18. Causes allergies or otherwise toxic to humans? Y=19. Climbing or smothering growth habit? Y=110. Produces viable seed? Y=111. Seed persists for > 1 year? Y=112. Reproduction by vegetative propagation? Y=113. Tolerates or benefits from mutilation, cultivation, or fire? Y=1

NB Where the status of a risk factor is unknown, it should be scored as a ‘yes’

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 +1 0 2 2 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 92 0 2 2 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 73 0 2 22 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 74 0 2 22 0 0 1 1 1 1 85 0 0 2 0 0 0 1 1 11 56 0 0 2 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 107 0 0 2 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 68 0 0 2 0 0 0 1 1 49 0 2 2 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 8

10 0 0 2 0 0 1 0 311 0 2 0 0 0 1 1 1 512 0 2 2 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 813 0 0 2 1 0 0 0 314 0 0 2 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 715 0 2 0 0 0 1 1 1 516 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 2

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 +17 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 218 0 2 2 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 719 0 2 2 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 720 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 221 0 0 2 0 0 0 1 1 0 422 0 2 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 523 0 2 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 424 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 425 0 0 2 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 526 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 327 0 0 2 0 0 0 1 1 1 528 0 2 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 11 529 0 2 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 11 630 0 2 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 11 631 0 2 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 532 0 0 2 0 0 0 1 1 0 4

6. Unpalatable or toxic to grazing animals? 7. Host for recognised pests and pathogens?

8. Causes allergies or otherwise toxic to humans?

13. Tolerates or benefits from mutilation, cultivation, or fire?

3. Propagules likely to be dispersed intentionally orunintentionally by human activity?

CompositaeArtemisia verlotiorum

UmbelliferaeHydrocotyle ramiflora

CompositaeErigeron annuus

CommolinaceaeCommelina communis

5553

10. Produces viable seed? 11. Seed persists for > 1 year?

RutaceaePoncirus trifoliata 3LabiataeElsholtzia ciliata 3

12. Reproduction by vegetative propagation?

RutaceaePoncirus trifoliata

AceraceaeAcer negundo 43

CompositaeAster squamatus 2

CruciferaeLepidium virginicum

CruciferaeBrassica oleracea var acephala

CucurbitaceaSicyos angulatus 977

SimaroubaceaeAilanthus altissima

LeguminosaeUlex europaeus

LeguminosaeRobinia pseudoacacia

CompositaeArtemisia verlotiorum

CaprifoliaceaeLonicera japonica

ConvolvulaceaeIpomea purpurea

UmbelliferaeHydrocotyle ramiflora

CompositaeConyza canadensis

CompositaeConyza bonariensis

CompositaeErigeron annuus

10685875775

GramineaePaspalum paspalodes

GramineaePaspalum dilatatum

GramineaeEleusine indica 566

issgissg

issg

issg

RosaceaeDuchesnea indica 8 issg

LeguminosaeAlbizia julibrissin

5Tradescantia fluminensis

5

in issg list

Commolinaceae

awaw caca cece ewew gtgt natnat noxnox swsw wdwd11

22

33

44

55

66

77

88

99

1010

1111

1212

1313

1414

1515

1616

1717

1818

1919

2020

2121

2222

2323

2424

2525

2626

2727

2828

2929

3030

3131

3232

aw agricultural weed

ca casual allience cultivation escapeew environmental

weedgt garden thugnat naturalizednox noxious weedsw sleeper weedwd weed

Gcw, 2009

Diaspores of taxa with large ecological tolerance can be easily carried between continents and some of these taxa become an important factor, THREATENING THE MAINTENANCE OF PLANT SPECIES DIVERSITY, in addition to other factors, such as clear-cutting, overgrazing and dwellings. Chorological study is an important step for conserving plant species diversity, and it provides information about naturalized plant taxa that have migrated from one continent to others. Presenting the floristic relationships between the continents is important for plant geography and paleobotany. The chorological features of 32 TAXA OF FLOWERING PLANTS BELONGING TO 14 FAMILIES, naturalized in the Eastern Black Sea Region of Turkey, were examined and discussed. Most of these taxa come from parts of NORTH AMERICA, CHINA AND JAPAN, all of which are areas with climatic conditions similar to those of this region. THESE TAXA HAVE BEEN DISPERSED BY HUMAN ACTIVITY, WIND, ANIMALS AND WATER. BECAUSE OF THE HIGH RAINFALL THROUGHOUT THE YEAR, DIASPORES OF NATURALIZED TAXA CAN GERMINATE EASILY AND BECOME NEW INDIVIDUALS IN THE STUDY AREA. CONSEQUENTLY, THERE HAVE BEEN PLANT MIGRATIONS IN THE TEMPERATE REGION OF THE WORLD, WHERE THE EASTERN BLACKSEA REGION IS A PLANT MIGRATORY ROUTE BETWEEN EUROPE AND CAUCASIA.

Ashour et al., 1999

Diplachne fusca, Spartina patens and Sporobolus virginicus (Smyrna) seemed to be promising halophytic plants for feeding goats and sheep in desert area by using saline water in irrigation.

ASSUMPTIONS FOR INTRODUCTION of Diplanchne fusca

Seeds came with rice crop imported from Italy or the USA for consumption but used for propagationSeeds came via Meriç (Marissa) River from Bulgaria

Surek, 2003

II International WorkshopInvasive Plants in Mediterranean type

Regions of the World2-6 August 2010, Samsun, Turkey

http://archives.eppo.org/MEETINGS/2005_meetings/workshop_invasive/workshop.htm