WEDNESDAY, SEPTEMBER 7Do Now Have ISN and textbook out and open to page 8.

Journal In your journal notebook, list and explain three factors that caused the downfall of Rome. Be sure you EXPLAIN!!! Try to do as much as you can without using your textbook.

1. Political Instability – transfer of power

2. Economic and social problems – taxes are high, unemployment

3. Weakening frontiers – Germanic tribes were pressing hard on the western borders

4. Constantine split the capitals – what was the new capital???

THE FALL OF ANCIENT ROME

•What does B.C.E. mean? - Before Christian Era or Before Common Era

•What does C.E. mean? Common Era

•Most things are measured in “did it happen before Christ was born or after”.

KEEPING TRACK OF TIME

Ancient Rome…

Located in present-day Italy (shaped like boot). Republic (elected leaders) in 509 B.C.E. Republic Expands to an empire over four periods:

509 B.C.E. – 264 B.C.E 145 B.C.E. – 44 B.C.E. 264 B.C.E. – 146 B.C.E 44 B.C.E – 14 C.E.

Lands include present day Italy, Spain, France, Switzerland, Greece, Northern Africa, Turkey, Middle East.

Christianity…

Empire saw origins and spread of Christianity. Romans persecuted Christians and martyred them. By 300 C.E. however, persecutions failed and many

became Christians (395 CE – official religion).

Legacy of Roman Empire…

Empire ended in 476 C.E. over many reasons. Greco-Roman Art Dome, Vault, Engineering Language (Latin) and Roman Numerals Stoicism, Law, Justice

Legacy of Roman Art

Influence by the art of the GreeksGreco-Roman art – Rome played a vital role

in passing of this tradition which had a major influence on Western Art

Murals

Mosaics

Frescoes

THURSDAY, SEPT 8

Journal One of the greatest Roman buildings was the Colosseum. List three things you know about the building.

Do now Have textbook and ISN out… You should have done 1.4 for homework. Have magazine handy.

Thinking about Roman Influence…

ARCHITECTURE

What were the previous 3 pictures?

#1 – The Pantheon Rome, Italy

#2 – The U.S. Capitol Washington, DC

#3 – The Supreme Court Building Washington, DC

What features do you see in all three?

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What were the previous 3 pictures?

#1 – The Colosseum Rome, Italy

#2 – Old Cleveland Municipal Stadium Cleveland, OH

#3 – Shea Stadium Flushing, NY

What features do you see in all 3 stadiums?

Moving subjects…

Anima Civis Legalis Militare Portare

Recognize them now?

Anima Animal, Animate, Animosity Civis Citizen, Civics Legalis Legal, Law, Legality Militare Military Portare Portable, Portage

Numbering?

I V X L C D M

Numbering?

I 1 V 5 X 10 L 50 C 100 D 500 M 1000

Monday, September 12

DO NOW Have textbook and ISN out

JOURNAL Latin was the language of ancient Rome. It is no longer spoken. Why do you think people still study it?

Other areas to consider…

Philosophy and Stoicism Divine influence Stoic – good character in life

Law and Justice Legal codes Justice, fair decisions

Citizenship Being “Roman” Responsibility

ROME’S EARLY HISTORY

Traced back to Aeneas [i-NEE-uhs] Greeks destroyed Troy in the Trojan War, Aeneas fled

with his followers When Aeneas reached Italy there were others

there and he formed an alliance with the Latins The Latins and Aeneas and his people fought off

the others and when they won Aeneas married the daughter of the king of the Latins

Aeneas leads his people out of Troy

Romulus and Remus

Twin brothers – descendants of Aeneas Raised by a wolf Eventually a shepherd found them and adopted them Decided to build a city to honor the wolf who raised

them In a fight Romulus killed Remus and then named the

city Rome, after himself

Romulus and Remus

Rome’s Early Kings

Romulus was the first king in 753 B.C. 7 kings, last three were not Roman, they were

Etruscans {i-TRUHS-kuhnz} – members of people who lived north of Rome, influenced by Greek colonies in Italy

Etruscan kings made great contributions Last king is said to be a cruel man and had many

people killed A group of nobles rose up against him – he was

overthrown in 509 BC

Early Republic

Republic – everybody elects leaders to govern them 509 BC Each year people elected rulers Rulers stayed in power for 1 year – keep people from

being too powerful

Challenges from Outside

After created the Republic, went to war – 50 years Won most wars but lost several battles – destroyed many

lives During wars, Romans chose dictators to rule Cincinnatus was a famous dictator – 458 BC

Famous because wasn’t eager to hold his power, resigned when the enemies were defeated

Who is a famous American leader who was not eager to have power???

Cincinnatus

Challenges within Rome

Society was in 2 groups plebeians [pli-BEE-uhnz] – common people Patricians [puh-TRI-shuhnz] - nobles

Plebeians were peasants and craftspeople Patricians were only ones who could be elected 494 BC plebeians formed a council and elected their

own leaders Scared the Patricians and thought the government would

fall apart if the two didn’t get along

Roman Government

To calm the angry plebeians the patricians made some changes:

Created new offices that could be held by plebeians Gradually the distinction between the two began to

disappear Rome developed a tripartite [try-PAHR-tyt] –

government of three parts

Magistrates

1st part of Rome’s government 2 most powerful were called consuls Elected each year to run the city; were 2 so one wouldn’t

be too powerful

Below the consul were other magistrates elected for one year

Some were judges

Senate

Council of wealthy and powerful Romans that advised the city’s leaders

Held office for life Had 300 members by the time the republic was

created By 200 BC the senate had the most power over the

government

Assemblies and Tribunes

Protected the common people – had 2 branches 1 branch – assemblies – both groups took part in this

Primary job was to elect the magistrates

2 branch – tribunes – veto actions by other officials

Roman Forum – where government was held

Civic Duty

Rome’s government would not have worked without participation from the people

Citizens were encouraged to do what they could do to make sure the city prospered EX. Attend assembly meetings and vote

Wealthy and powerful citizens also thought it was their duty to hold office

Checks and Balances

Restrictions on leaders Gov. officials could restrict other gov. officials One consul could block the actions of the other Laws proposed by Senate had to be approved by

magistrates and ratified by assemblies

Written Law

Many people were unhappy at first because the laws were not written down

450 BC – Rome’s first written law code on 12 bronze tables or tablets

Displayed in the Forum

The Roman Forum

Heart of the city of Rome Important government buildings and temples Popular meeting place Lay in the center between 2 hills – Palatine and

Capitoline

Roman Forum

Growth of Rome

Grew in response to outside threats 387 BC Gauls attacked Rome and took over the city Rome had to give the Gauls a lot of money to leave Rome was successful due to organized army

Legions – groups of 6000 soldiers Divided into groups of 100

Farming and Trade

Before Rome conquered Italy most Romans were farmers

As Rome grew, many left farm for Rome Owners of farms didn’t live on them – lived in Rome

and had others work their farms Trade expanded as well

Rome Grows Past Italy

As Rome’s power grew, other countries see Rome as a threat to their own power and declare war on them

Rome defeats their opponents and gain their territory throughout the Mediterranean

Punic Wars

Series of wars against Carthage, a city in northern Africa

Went to war 3 times between 264-146 BC War began when Carthage sent its armies to Sicily, an

island southwest of Italy Romans sent an army to the island After 20 years, Romans forced enemies out and took

Sicily

Punic Wars Continued

218 BC Carthage tried to attach Rome Hannibal lead an army in Rome

Hannibal was never able to capture Rome Rome attacked Carthage so Hannibal had to go

protect 140BC Senators were worried about Carthage’s

power again Rome attacked Carthage and defeated them and

burned the city

Later Expansion

During Punic Wars, Rome took control of Sicily, Corsica, Spain, and North Africa – controlled most of the western Mediterranean

120s Rome conquered the southern part of Gaul and Greece and parts of Asia

Even though conquered Greece, were greatly changed by this – Greece influenced much of Rome

Crisis

Tiberius and Gaius served as tribunes Wanted to create farms for the poor to make them feel a

part of society Tiberius wanted farms to be on public land that the

wealthy had taken over – the wealthy didn’t like this Conflict lead to riots and Tiberius was killed Gaius was killed a few years later while trying to sell

food to the poor Romans Changed Roman politics – violence was a weapon

Tiberius and Gaius

Marius and Sulla

Late 100s BC Roman Army needed more troops Gaius Marius encouraged poor people to join the army

Before only people who had property could be in the army

Marius was a good general and people were loyal to him and he had a lot of power

Marius and Sulla Cont.

Lucius Cornelius Sulla became consul in 88 BC and came in conflict with Marius which lead to civil war

What is a civil war? Sulla won and named himself dictator and used his

power to punish his enemies

Spartacus

Spartacus – former gladiator Lead slaves to rise up and demand freedom Spartacus was killed in battle and the revolution failed

Calls for Change

Rome was a dangerous place by 70s BC Cicero tried to stop the chaos in the government He wanted Romans to give more support to the

government but it did not change Caesar – great leader, conquered Gaul and had

alliances

Caesar’s Challenges

Pompey and Crassus – Rome’s influential people, Caesar made alliances

Caesar became so powerful that people were jealous People wanted Pompey to control Rome alone Caesar and Pompey fought and Caesar eventually

killed Pompey and made himself dictator for life Many were concerned the wanted to become king of

Rome Senators attached Caesar because afraid of his

power

Caesar

End of Republic

Who will now take power – Marc Antony or Augustus They were worried about killing Caesar’s killers They eventually kill some of Caesar’s killers Octavian (Augustus) returns to Rome Antony marries Octavian’s sister then divorces her for

Cleopatra Octavian was NOT happy Leads to Civil War

Octavian/Augustus

Marc Antony and Cleopatra

Drama

Octavian and Antony fight and finally Antony and Cleopatra have to retreat and kill themselves so they won’t be taken prisoner by Octavian

Octavian then becomes Rome’s ruler Octavian then gives up his rule (not really, but he says

he does) He is named Augustus (revered one) End or the Republic and start of the Empire

Growing Empire

Accomplishments

Religion

Freedom of Worship -when conquered people allowed them to keep their own religion Ex – Greek gods and Roman gods are the same but with

different names Only banned religions when it was a political problem

Clashes with the Jews

Romans thought Jews insulted them by not praying to their gods but didn’t ban Judaism

Jews created conflict by rebelling against Roman rule Several battles, but Jews were defeated Hostility continued and the Jews were forced out of

Jerusalem and the Romans built another city there

Christianity

Based on Jesus of Nazareth Jews lead structured lives – followed laws closely When Romans took over Judea (where Jews lived)

they thought the Messiah would come soon

Jesus

Jesus of Nazareth – the Jewish Messiah lived the first century AD

Most of what we know of him is in the New Testament of the Bible

Born in Bethlehem Crucified and Resurrected His teachings are in the New Testament and were

spread for miles and miles by Apostles

Fear of Christianity

Romans feared Christianity so they banned it

Christians began to meet in secret and continued to spread their faith

Constantine became Christian and he spread their faith

Fall of Rome

We know many reasons Rome fell: Political instability, Division of the Empire, External and

Internal threats, corruption Eastern Empire grew, despite the fall of Rome

Justinian

Justinian was an emperor who ruled from 527-565, reuniting the old Roman Empire was his passion

Other passions were law and the church Ordered removal of out of date or unchristian laws

and organized the laws and the Justinian Code Simplified Roman law and helped make things more

fair

Not This Justin

This Justinian

Justinian

Was successful but made enemies Theodora was his wife and convinced him to stay

and fight his enemies Crushed riots and ruled effectively for rest of his life Eastern empire declined after his death Ottoman Turks conquered Constantinople ending

the Eastern Roman Empire

Byzantine Society

Non-Roman influences took hold in the east. People spoke Greek Rather than Latin Importance of Christianity is reflected in the

Byzantine’s beautiful works of art and magnificent churches