€¦ · Web viewThe pituitary gland is known as the . Master. gland. This is because the pituitary. gland . Controls the release of other endocrine glands

Biology 30 – Diploma Review Workbook Name _____________________________

rea Structure Hormones Released

A& B Pituitary Gland ACTH, ADH, FSH, hGH, LH, Oxytocin, PRL, TSH

G Thyroid Gland Thyroxine, Calcitonin

C Parathyroid Gland PTH

H Pancreas Insulin, Glucagon

E Adrenal Gland Aldosterone, Cortisol, Epinephrine, Norepineph

I Ovaries Estrogen, Progesterone

J Testes Testosterone

Communication between the nervous and endocrine systems are carried out between the

Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland respectively.

The pituitary gland is known as the Master gland. This is because the pituitary

gland Controls the release of other endocrine glands .

The cells in the pancreas that make insulin and glucagon are Islet (of Langerhans) cells.

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Comparisons Describe how these terms relate to one another.

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ThyroxineTSH

CortisolACTH

Pituitary GlandHypothalamus

GlucagonInsulin

PTHCalcitonin

EpinephrineAdrenalin


Complete the chart using point form information

Pituitary Gland (8)Hormone ABBR Target Mechanism causing

releasePhysiological Response

Antidiuretic hormone ADH Nephron Need for waterEg. Dehdydration, exercise

Increase Water Reabsorption

Oxytocin -- MammaryUterus

Mammary - Suckling ActionUterus - Dec. progesterone

Milk ReleaseUterine contractions

Thyroid stimulating hormone

TSH Thyroid Increase of TRH from hypothalamus

Increase thyroxine release

Adrenocorticotrophic hormone

ACTH Adrenal Increase CRF from hypothalamus

Increase cortisol release

Prolactin PRL Mammary Suckling Action Increase milk production

Human growth hormone

hGH Muscles and bones

Brain stimulation Growth of muscles and bones

Follicle stimulating hormone

FSH OvarySemineferous Tub.

Increased GnRH from hypothalamus

Development of folliclesEstrogen release

Luteinizing hormone LH OvaryInterstitial Cells

Increased GnRH from hypothalamus

Testosterone releaseTrigger ovulation, Dev of CL

Thyroid Gland (2)Thyroxine -- Body Cells Increase TSH from

Pituitary glandIncreased metabolic effects

Calcitonin -- Bones Brain stimulation Calcium absorption in bones (from blood)

Parathyroid Gland (1)Parathyroid hormone PTH Blood Brain stimulation Calcium absorption in blood

(from bones)Pancreas (2)

Insulin -- Liver, Muscle, Fat cells

Brain stimulation Increase permeability to glucose, glu to glyc, decrease blood sugar

Glucagon -- Liver Brain stimulation Convert stored glycogen into glucose, increase blood sugar

Adrenal Gland (4)Cortisol --- Body cells Increased ACTH from

pituitary glandIncreased stress responseHormone controlled release

Aldosterone -- Nephron Brain stimulation Sodium Reabsorption

Epinephrine/Adreanaline -- Body Cells Stimulation from medulla oblongata

Increased stress responseANS controlled release

Gonads (3)Testosterone -- Body Cells Increased LH from

pituitary glandMale secondary sexual characteristics

Estrogen -- Uterus, Body Cells

Increased FSH from pituitary gland

Feale secondary sex chara, maintain endometrium

Progesterone -- Uterus Increased LH from pituitary gland

Develop endometrium

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Record each hormone from the word list under its releasing gland

Word ListCRF Estrogen Aldosterone ProgesteroneADH Insulin Cortisol ThyroxineFSH ACTH Prolactin GlucagonPTH GnRH Testosterone Epinephrine/ AdrenalineTRH hGH Calcitonin Norepinephrine/Noradrenaline TSH LH Oxytocin

Match the hormones to their trigger wordsHormone Trigger Words

A. ADH D Stress Response – ANS initiated

B. Insulin F Salt Reabsorption (also Sodium, osmotic pressure)

C. Glucagon J Moves calcium from blood to bones

D. Epinephrine I Milk production

E. Cortisol B Decrease Blood Sugar

F. Aldosterone K Moves calcium from bones to blood

G. Thyroxine G Metabolism (also Iodine)

H. Oxytocin L Stimulates muscle and bone growth

I. Prolactin A Water Reabsorption

J. Calcitonin H Uterine Contractions (also milk release)

K. PTH C Increase Blood Sugar

L. hGH E Stress Response – hormone initiated

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Gonads (3)

Adrenal Gland (4)Pancreas (2)

Thyroid and Paraththyroid Glands (3)

Pituitary Gland (8)

HYPOTHALAMUS (3) CRF, GnRH, TRH

ACTH, ADH, FSH, hGH, LH, oxytocin, prolactin, TSH

Thyroxine, Calcitonin, PTH Insulin, Glucagon

Aldosterone, Cortisol, Epineprine, Norepinephrine

Estrogen, Progesterone, Testosterone


List the hormones involved with each of the trigger words below. The number in parenthesis (ex. 3) indicates the number of hormones involved.

Trigger Words Hormones Involved

Puberty, Sex Cell Development, Sperm, Egg, Male/Female development

(6) GnRH, FSH, LH, Estrogen, Progesterone, Testosterone

Stress, Heart/Breathing Rate, Blood vessel dilation

(5) CRF, ACTH, Cortisol, Epinephrine, Norepinephrine

Metabolism, Iodine, Weight Loss, Fatigue (3) TRH, TSH, Thyroxine

Salt, Sodium, Water/Osmotic Pressure, Blood Pressure

(1) Aldosterone

Water Reabsorption, Kidney tubule permeability, dehydration

(1) ADH (may also be Aldosterone if ADH is not a choice)

Blood Sugar Increase, Effects of eating meal (1) Insulin

Blood Sugar Decrease, Effects of exercise (1) Glucagon

Scrambles - Unscramble the following words into a logical sequence

FSH, GnRH, Sperm production GnRH FSH Sperm Prod

Exercise, Glycogen to glucose, Glucagon release Exercise Glucagon Rel Glyc to Glu

Pituitary Gland Stimulation, PRL release, Suckling action Suckling Pit Gld Stim PRL Rel

ADH release, Water Reabsorption, Dehydration Dehydration ADH Rel Water Reab

Glucose to Glycogen, Eat meal, Insulin release Eat Meal Insulin Rel Glu to Glyc

Stress, Cortisol, ACTH Stress ACTH Cortisol

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Use the diagram below to answer the following questions

1. If gland 1 was damaged, how would Hormone B be affected? Decrease Gland 2 stimulation so decrease B

2. Following a sudden weight gain, if thyroxin (Hormone B) is released in increasing amount, how is Hormone A

going to be affected? Increase B will neg FB Gland 1 so decrease in A

3. Puberty is associated with an increase in sperm production. Name the 4 parts of the diagram if Hormone B

were a hormone released by the interstitial cells. B – Testosterone, 1 – Pit Gld, A – LH, 2 – Interstitial Cells

Stimuli Glands and Hormones1 A 2 B 3 C

Decreased metabolism

Hypothalamus TRH Pituitary TSH Thyroid Thyroxine

High levels of testosterone

Hypothalamus GnRH Pituitary LH Interstitial Cells (Testes)

Testosterone

Increased fight or flight response

Hypothalamus CRF Pituitary ACTH Adrenal Cortisol

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HormoneB

HormoneA

Gland1

Gland2

Gland 3 Hormone C

Hormone BGland 2Hormon

e AGland 1Stimul

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Word ListDiabetes Mellitus Diabetes Insipidus Hyperthyroidism (Grave’s disease)Dwarfism Gigantism Hypothyroidism (Goiter)Acromegaly Type I Diabetes Type II Diabetes

A man went to his doctor complaining of having extreme thirst, of passing large volumes of urine, as well as having a general feeling of being tired most of the time. A glucose tolerance test indicated that he had abnormally high levels of glucose in his urine.

1. What disorder is the man most likely suffering from? Diabetes Mellitus / Type I Diabetes

2. How would the glucose in the urine explain the tiredness felt by the man? Decrease sugar storage

3. How would glucose in the urine cause the thirst and the production of large volumes of urine?

Because of increased osmotic pressure, the body is becoming dehydrated

4. Predict the results, If the patient’s urine was tested with Benedict's solution.

A positive Benedicts test (red/organe) due to the presence of glucose

5. Explain the following statement: Blood sugar "spills over" into the urine if there is an insulin deficiency in the

blood. Increased blood sugar due to insulin deficiency, sugar is not stored, it spills over into the urine

6. Explain the following statement: The amount of sugar falls rapidly when there is an excess of insulin in the

blood. Insulin causes a change in permeability of cells for glucose, it leaves the blood lowering levels

7. It is wise for a diabetic to have some candy on hand when he gives himself an insulin injection. Explain

Yes, if they inject too much sugar levels will drop quickly. Candy can combat the sugar loss

8. Explain the difference between diabetes mellitus and diabetes insipidus.

It is the hormone affected - Mellitus – insulin, Insipidus - ADH

9. Describe how an increase in thyroxine levels would affect blood glucose levels.

Increase thyroxine will increase metabolism, using blood sugar

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Decreased Insulin Insulin recognition

Type I Type II

Dwarfism

Acromegaly

Hyperthyroidism

Gigantism

2nd Growth Spurt

Too Much

Too Much

Not Enough

Thyroxine

Growth Hormone

Diabetes Insipidus

Diabetes Mellitus

Hypothyroidism

Not Enough

Insulin

ADH

Blood Sugar

DISORDERS OF THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM


Cryptic Puzzle - Use the clues to fill in the blanks below, the place the appropriate letter (ie. double underlined letter) from the word into the puzzle at the bottom of the page

1 Stimulates release of testosterone and estrogen L_ H_

2 Stimulates kidney tubules to reabsorb of water A_ D_ H_

3 Division of nervous system that stimulates adrenal gland S_ Y_ M_ P_ A_ T_ H_ E_ T_ I_ C_

4 One component required to make thyroxin I_ O_ D_ I_ N_ E_

5 Simulates kidney tubules to reabsorb salt A_ L_ D_ O_ S_ T_ E_ R_ O_ N_ E_

6 Deepens males voice and is released in females by Adrenal gland T_ E_ S_ T_ O_ S_ T_ E_ R_ O_ N_ E_

7 Part of the brain that may affect hormone release H_ Y_ P_ O_ T_ H_ A_ L_ A_ M_ U_ S_

8 Hormone release controlled by ACTH C_ O_ R_ T_ I_ S_ O_ L_

9 Is considered a gland and an organ P_ A_ N_ C_ R_ E_ A_ S_

10 Stimulates ongoing production of milk P_ R_ O_ L_ A_ C_ T_ I_ N_

11 Converts glucose to glycogen I_ N_ S_ U_ L_ I_ N_

12 Develops endometrium P_ R_ O_ G_ E_ S_ T_ E_ R_ O_ N_ E_

13 Stimulates female secondary sexual characteristics E_ S_ T_ R_ O_ G_ E_ N_

14 Converts glycogen to glucose G_ L_ U_ C_ A_ G_ O_ N_

15 Hormone that increases heart and breathing rate E_ P_ I_ N_ E_ P_ H_ R_ I_ N_ E_

16 Stimulates uterine contractions O_ X_ Y_ T_ O_ C_ I_ N_

17 Gland that releases hormones which control other glands P_ I_ T_ U_ I_ T_ A_ R_ Y_

18 Hormone which initiates gametogenesis F_ S_ H_

19 Increasing this hormone will increase the metabolic rate T_ H_ Y_ R_ O_ X_ I_ N_ E_

20 AKA. Sex cell (sperm or egg) F_ O_ L_ L_ I_ C_ L_ E_

21 Hormone that affects bone and muscle growth h_ G_ H_

FIGHT OR FLIGHT RESPONSE

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UNIT B – Reproduction and Development

Area Structure Function1 Epididymis Sperm storage and maturation2 Cowper’s Gland Secretes mucous to seminal fluid3 Seminal Vesicle Secretes fructose to seminal fluid4 Urinary Bladder Urine storage5 Vas Defrens Transportation of sperm and seminal fluid6 Prostate Gland Secretes alkaline buffer to seminal fluid7 Urethra Carries sperm and seminal fluid for release8 Testicle/Testes Sperm and testosterone development9 Scrotum Temperature regulation

Area Structure Function1 Urethra Carries urine for release2 Urinary Bladder Urine Storage3 Ovary Egg development and hormone production4 Fallopian Tubes Transportation of egg5 Uterus Area for implantation or menstrual flow6 Vagina Sexual intercourse7 Anus Feces release

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Fill in the blanks using words from the word list below.1. Sperm production occurs in the Seminal Tubules .2. The pituitary gland releases FSH that causes the formation of sperm cells. It also releasesLH that stimulates the Interstitial cells of the testes to produce the male sex hormonecalled Testosterone .3. Sperm production is known as Spermatogenesis .4. Spermatogonial cells that line the seminiferous tubules undergo meiosis to produce Spermatids5. Spermatogonial cells contain 46 chromosomes. This is a diploid or 2n .Spermatids contain 23 chromosomes and can be called Haploid or “n”.6. The testes are housed inside the scrotum. The scrotum may affect sperm production by regulating theTermperature of the testes.7. Sperm learn to swim and mature in the area known as the Epididymis .8. Sperm moves from the testes to the urethra via the Vas deferens .9. The contributions from 3 different areas of the male system produce a fluid medium to surround the sperm.The medium is known as Seminal fluid . The 3 contributing areas are:Prostate gland, cowper’s gland, seminal vesicle10. The urethra has two functions, one is to transport Urine from the urinary bladder.The second function is to transport Sperm from the epididymis.11. Erections are caused by the Parasympathetic nervous system and are the result ofvasodilation of an Artery leading into the penis, and the constriction of a veinthat is leaving the penis.

Word ListLH FSH 2n Haploid SpermatidsEpididymis Semineferous tubules Seminal Fluid 46 Vas DefrensSpermatogenesis Interstitial Vein Cowpers Gland Urine23 Seminal Vesicles Temperature Sperm Parasympathetic Artery Prostate Gland Testosterone

Match the descriptions on the right with the correct term on the left.

A. epididymis La substance in the anterior tip of the sperm which is needed for the sperm topenetrate the egg

B. cowper's gland J nourish the developing sperm cellsC. prostate gland I the male sex hormone produced by the interstitial cellsD. ejaculation H site of sperm production in the testesE. vas deferens A where sperm are stored and learn to swim

F. seminal vesicles Dthe process by which sperm pass from the epididymis along with glandularsecretions are released to the outside

G. urethra C produces an alkaline fluid which provides protection to the spermH. seminiferous tubules M contains the testes and keeps the sperm coolerI. testosterone K a tail-like structure which propels the spermJ. sertoli cells G the duct in the penis through which urine and semen pass throughK. flagellum B produces a lubricating fluid/mucous to aid the spermL. acrosome enzyme F produce a solution containing sugar to nourish the sperm

M. scrotum Ea duct through which the sperm pass in the journey from the epididymis to theprostate

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Fill in the blanks using words from the word list below.1. The Vagina is the canal that connects the uterus to the body's exterior.2. Production the reproductive cell, the egg, and the release female sex hormones occur in the Ovary3. The ovaries and uterus are connected by the Fallopian tubes .Finger-like extensions of the fallopian tubes where the egg enters are the Fimbria .4. The uterus has 3 layers. The middle layer, the Myometrium which is primarily made ofmuscle and will contract during child birth. The inner layer, the endometrium which willprovide nourishment for the developing embryo.5. A muscular ring of tissue that separates the vagina and the uterus is known as the Cervix .6. Oogenesis is the process of egg (ovum) formation.7. The mother cell is known as a Oocyte which will undergo meiosis to form one cell daughter cell known as an Ovum (egg) .8. After meiosis I, the primary oocyte has 23 chromosomes and is Haploid or ‘n’.9. As the follicle continues to develop, one cell will become dominant and eventually burst out of the ovaryduring a process known as Ovulation .10. An egg cell has not yet completed Meiosis II at the time of ovulation, True11. The Follicle cells that remain in the ovary continue to grow and eventually form theCorpus luteum that secretes the hormones Estrogen andProgesterone .12. If fertization does not occur, the corpus luteum will degenerate.

Word ListFallopian Tubes Haploid Ovulation OogenesisEstrogen Myometrium Ovary FertilizationOocyte Vagina Fimbria CervixTrue Ovum (egg) Endometrium Corpus LuteumProgesterone 23 Follicle

Fill in the blanks using words from the word list below.1. The menstrual cycle lasts approximately 28 days2. The menstrual cycle contains 4 distinct phases.3. The Flow phase is the visible part of the cycle, and is marked by the shedding of the previousEndometrium . This phase is triggered by low levels of the hormones Estrogenand Progesterone .4. The second phase Follicular occurs because of high levels of the hormone FSHreleased from the Pituitary gland This phase includes the development of the Follicle5. The third phase of the menstrual cycle is Ovulation and is usually around day 14This phase is triggered by elevations in the hormone LH released by the Pituitary gland6. The final phase of the menstrual cycle lasts about 13 days. It is known as the Lutealphase as the development of the Corpus luteum occurs.7. The hormone Progesterone stimulates continued growth of the endometrium lining ofthe uterus .

Word List4 Ovulation Progesterone FSH Corpus Luteum13 Follicular Progesterone Follicle Endometrium14 Luteal Pituitary Gland LH Uterus28 Flow Pituitary Gland Estrogen

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Area Structure Function1 Head2 Midpiece3 Tail4 Acrosome Enzyme required to break down egg exterior5 Nucleus6 Mitochondria Provides energy for movement7 Flagellum Provides movement for sperm

Area Structure FunctionA Ovary Egg and hormone developmentB Primary Oocyte Develops during Meiosis IC Estrogen Hormone responsible for secondary sexual characteristicsD Ovulation Release of ovumE Fimbria Sweeps released egg into fallopian tubeF Fallopian Tube Connects ovary to uterus, site of fertilizationG Progesterone Hormone responsible for developing endometrium

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Area Hormone Function1 GnRH See Endocrine charts2 FSH See Endocrine charts3 LH See Endocrine charts4 Inhibin Not required for exam5 Interstitial Cells Produces testosterone6 Secondary Sexual Characteristics7 Semineferous tubules Sperm development

Area Hormone Function1 GnRH See Endocrine charts2 FSH See Endocrine charts3 LH See Endocrine charts4 Estrogen See Endocrine charts5 Estrogen See Endocrine charts6 Progesterone See Endocrine charts

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Matching

A. ovulation B emission of seminal fluidB. ejaculation A release of the ovum from the ovariesC. fertilization C union of the male and female gametesD. menopause D period of time when menstruation stopsE. implantation F periodic discharge of blood from the uterusF. menstruation E attachment of the embryo to the endometrium

Process LocationA. penis

G Spermatogenesis B. uterusC Ovulation C. ovariesF Fertilization D. vaginaB Implantation E. Cervix

F. Fallopian tubesG.Semineferous tubules

G Fetus A. a fertilized ovumC Ovum B. male (haploid) gamete cellB Sperm C. female (haploid) gamete cellA Zygote D. an organism is the early stages of developmentD Embryo E. a fluid-filled tissue of the ovary in which the egg developsE Follicle F. follicles that remain in the ovary, secrete hormonesF Corpus Luteum G an organism after about eight weeks of development

Identify the hormone(s) responsible for the following functions:Hormone Function

LH stimulates ovulationOxytocin stimulates the muscles of the uterine wall to contract

FSH stimulates the production of estrogenProgesterone maintains the endometrium

FSH stimulates follicle cells to develop into a mature ovumhCG released by placenta to maintain corpus luteum

Estrogen stimulates the development of female secondary sex characteristicsTesteosterone stimulates the development of male secondary sex characteristics

hCG its presence in the blood is used as a positive pregnancy test

Identify the organ or group of cells, which produce the following hormones:Organ or Cells Hormones

Ovary EstrogenPituitary Gland FSH

Placenta hCGPituitary Gland LH

Ovary ProgesteronePituitary Gland ProlactinPituitary Gland OxytocinInterstitial Cells Testosterone

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Fill in the blanks using words from the word list below.1. The combining of the egg and a sperm is a process known as Fertilization .2. Fertilization of the egg occurs in the structures called Fallopian tubes .3. The sperm releases an enzyme called Acrosome in order to gain access to the egg.4. A fertilized egg is called a Zygote .5 After approximately 6-7 days the fertilized egg has multiplied many times and is now a hollow mass of cellsknown as a Blastocyst . It is at the 64 cell stage.6. This mass of cells will attach itself to the inner wall of the Uterus which is now athickened lining that will nourish the developing zygote. The inner lining is known as the Endometrium7. In order for the pregnancy to continue, the hormone LH must continue to be released by thePituitary gland as it will continue to sustain the Corpus luteum .8. The functioning corpus luteum is of extreme importance as it produces the hormones Estrogenand Progesterone which maintain the endometrium where the embryo grows.9. The Placenta is formed from cells of the embryo and the endometrium, and will act as aconnection between the newly forming fetus and the mother. It takes about 3 months to develop.10. After implantation 3 Germ layers begin to form. From outer to inner, they are:Ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm11. The human gestation period is about 40 weeks in length. It is split into three Trimesters .12. The process of childbirth is also known as Parturition . Labour contractions occurdue to the hormone Oxytocin . This hormone also cause contractions of muscles inthe Mammary glands, causing milk release.13. Another hormone associated with milk is Prolactin , but it is for milk production .

Word List Uterus Acrosome Blastocyst Progesterone OxytocinEstrogen Endoderm Mammary Endometrium Fallopian tubesFertilization Parturition Germ Corpus Luteum Prolactin3 Zygote LH Ectoderm PlacentaProduction Mesoderm Trimesters

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Area Structure Function1 Uterus Placenta implants here, support developing fetus2 Placenta Exchange site between fetus and mother3 Umbilical cord Connects fetus to placenta4 Amnion Inner layer of the placenta5 Amnionic Cavity Fluid filled cavity, acts as shock absorber/protection6 Cervix Maintains sterile environment of uterus

Area Structure Function1 Ovum Female gamete2 Sperm Male gamete3 Zygote Fertilization of egg by sperm4 Cleavage First mitotic division5 Blastocyst 64 cell stage, germ layers forming

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6

5

56

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Cryptic Puzzle - Use the clues to fill in the blanks below, the place the appropriate letter (ie. double underlined letter) from the word into the puzzle at the bottom of the page

1 Male reproductive organs T_ E_ S_ T_ E_ S_

2 Site for sperm maturation E_ P_ I_ D_ I_ D_ Y_ M_ U_ S_

3 Transports sperm towards urethra V_ A_ S_ D_ E_ F_ R_ E_ N_ S_ (2 words)

4 Contributes buffer to semen P_ R_ O_ S_ T_ A_ T_ E_ G_ L_ A_ N_ D_ (2)

5 Contributes mucous to semen C_ O_ W_ P_ E_ R_ S_ G_ L_ A_ N_ D_ (2)

6 Contributes fructose (sugar) to semen S_ E_ M_ I_ N_ A_ L_ V _ E_ S_ I_ C_ L_ E_ (2)

7 Location of initial spermatogenesis S_ E_ M_ I_ N_ E_ F_ E_ R_ O_ U_ S_ T_ U_ B_ U_ L_ E_ S_ (2)

8 Fluid added to protect sperm cells S_ E_ M_ E_ N_

9 Male gametes S_ P_ E_ R_ M_

10 23 chromosomes (ie. “n”) H_ A_ P_ L_ O_ I_ D_

11 46 chromosomes (ie. “2n”) D_ I_ P_ L_ O_ I_ D_

12 Female reproductive organs O_ V_ A_ R_ I_ E_ S_

13 Term used to describe the cell immediately after sperm and egg unite Z_ Y_ G_ O_ T_ E_

14 AKA…the fallopian tubes O_ V_ I_ D_ U_ C_ T_ S_

15 Term meaning birth P_ A_ R_ T_ U_ R_ I_ T_ I_ O_ N_

16 First phase of menstruation F_ L_ O_ W_

17 Days 5 to 13 of menstrual cycle F_ O_ L_ L_ I_ C_ U_ L_ A_ R_ P_ H_ A_ S_ E_ (2)

18 Day 14 of menstrual cycle O_ V_ U_ L_ A_ T_ I_ O_ N_

19 Longest phase of the menstrual cycle L_ U_ T_ E_ A_ L_ P_ H_ A_ S_ E_ (2)

20 Occurs 6 to 7 days after fertilization I_ M_ P_ L_ A_ N_ T_ A_ T_ I_ O_ N_

INVITRO FERTILIZATION

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Documents

€¦ · Web viewThe pituitary gland is known as the . Master. gland. This is because the pituitary. gland . Controls the release of other endocrine glands