“All mankind... being all equal and independent, no one ought to harm another in his life, health, liberty or possessions.”

ERA 7 Exam

Absolutism:

1. In the 17th and 18th centuries, the theory of divine right was used to justify the…a. establishment of an absolute monarchy.b. introduction of free trade policies.c. supreme power of the Catholic Church.d. involvement of the peasants in making political decision.

2. Which completes the table?

Symbols of Absolute Power

Country Monarch Symbol of PowerRussia Peter the Great St. PetersburgFrance Louis XIV ?

a. Louvre Palaceb. Palace of Versailles

c. Bastille Prisond. Cathedral of Notre Dame

3. Westernization in Russia by Peter the Great brought…a. customs and traditions from Europe along with new trade opportunities. b. an invasion of Russia by Sweden.c. desire of the United States to seek new markets.d. the acceptance of the policies of the Eastern Orthodox Church.

4. Which idea is described by the quote above?

a. Theory of Divine Right of Kingsb. Democracy

c. Social Darwinismd. Constitutional Monarchy

5. Which Enlightenment figure would most likely agree with the quote above?

a. Thomas Hobbes b. Voltaire

“God hath power to create or destroy, make or unmake, at his pleasure; to give life or send death; to judge…and to be judged (by) none… the same power is had by kings;…”

-King James I of England, Speech to Parliament, 1609

c. John Locked. Mary Wollstonecraft

The Enlightenment:

6. The Enlightenment…a. was based on the assumption that logic and reason can answer all societal questions.b. Believed that human progress as impossible “in the best of all possible worlds.”c. rejected the claims of modern science.d. was attacked by scientists for not using the scientific method.

7. Which best summarizes Montesquieu’s view of the responsibility of citizens in a democracy?

a. to lobby for new lawsb. to vote for their leadersc. to respond to public opinion pollsd. to take part in election campaigns

8. Which statement best describes a change that occurred during both the Renaissance and the Enlightenment?a. Feudalism became the dominant political system.b. The use of reason and logic were discouraged.c. Technology and Science were considered unimportant.d. A new questioning spirit of authority and an inquiry of reason emerged.

9. According to the quote above, which statement summarizes Montesquieu’s view of government?a. Government should be ruled by a monarch.b. Government should not give too much liberty to its people.c. Government should be divided so that there are checks and balances in order to remain fair to its citizens.d. Government should be controlled by one body of judges.

10. The United States Declaration of Independence and the French Declaration of the Rights of Man and of Citizen were influenced by the Enlightenment ideas of…

“The people are extremely well qualified for choosing those whom they are to entrust with part of their authority.”

Baron de Montesquieu, Of Laws Directly Derived from the Nature of Government, 1748

“There is no liberty, if the power of judging be not separated from the legislative and executive powers.”

Montesquieu, Spirit of Laws, 1748

“But where, say some, is the king of America? I’ll tell you, friend, he reigns above, and doth not make havoc of mankind like the Royal Brute of Great Britain…Let a day be solemnly set apart for proclaiming the charter (Constitution); let it be brought forth placed on the divine law, the Word of God; let a crown be placed thereon, by the law is king. For as in absolute governments the king is law, so in free countries the law is king, and there ought to be no other.”

Thomas Paine, Common Sense, 1776

a. King George IIIIb. Thomas Hobbes

c. President George Washingtond. John Locke

11. Which speaker’s statement above best reflects the ideas of the Enlightenment?

a. Speaker Ab. Speaker B

c. Speaker Cd. Speaker D

Revolutions

12. Which of the following would describe a government before the people revolt against it?a. Governments refused to modernize their military with advanced technology.b. Governments attempted to separate government and religion.c. Governments failed to meet the political and economic needs of their people.d. Governments allowed for free elections.

13. According to Paine, what should be the highest power in a new American government?

a. an absolute monarchyb. separation of powers

c. free electionsd. fair laws

14. Which of the following is an accurate description of the tax system in France before the French Revolution?a. Only the clergy paid taxes.b. The members of the Third Estate paid almost all of the taxes.

Speaker A: Good government stresses the importance of the nation and accepts the rights of the individual only if the interests of the individual are the same as those of the nation.

Speaker B: The person of the king is sacred and to attack him in any way is to attack religion itself. The respect given to a king is religious in nature.

Speaker C: All human beings are born free and equal with a right to life and liberty. It is the duty of government to protect these natural rights of its citizens.

Speaker D: Our goal will not be achieved by democracy or liberal reforms, but by blood and iron. Only then

will we be successful. No nation achieves greatness or unity without the traumatic experiences of war.

c. The nobility paid taxes only on land, not on income.d. The members of the First and Second Estate paid all of the taxes.

15. How did the 3rd Estate of French society in the 1700-1800s carry much of the economic burden of the nation (see right)?a. By trading their goods to other countries.b. By paying the majority of the taxes while the 1st and 2nd estate did not.c. By migrating to other countries for work.d. Because they held the most wealth, they produced the most goods.

16.Simón Bolívar was a revolutionist in Latin America that was influenced by the Enlightenment ideas of John Locke, Voltaire, and Thomas Jefferson. These ideas would lead to independence for the countries of Columbia, Venezuela, Ecuador, etc.

Knowing this, what type of government was set up in these countries after the Revolutions?

a. Dictatorshipb. Absolute monarchyc. Democracyd. Theocracy

17. What geographical barrier helped protect Great Britain from an invasion by Napoleon (see map)?a. Mediterranean Seab. English Channelc. Alps Mountainsd. Pyrenees Mountains

18. Weaknesses of a Nation’s Governmental Power: large division among social classes desire for independent, democratic

government desire for economic independence lack of freedoms for the citizens

Which might be the result of these factors?

a. Anarchyb. Socialismc. Revolution

d. Mutiny

The Industrial Revolution:

19. Which country is recognized as the birthplace of the Industrial Revolution?a. France c. Great Britainb. Germany d. United States

20. All of the following are necessary for industrialization to occur except… a. the availability of capital. c. an adequate labor force.b. profit sharing between workers and owners. d. the availability of land and raw material.

21. Which term refers to large amounts of people moving from rural (farming) areas into urban (cities) for work and living.

a. Ruralizationb. Unionization

c. Industrializationd. Urbanization

22. What benefit did new machinery bring to the production of goods?a. It made the process of producing goods take longer.b. Fewer goods were being produced due to harder working machines.c. More goods were being produced at a faster rate and the cost of goods went down.d. Child labor began being used by factory owners.

23. How did the Industrial Revolution affect economic relationships among nations?a. It created political alliances among nations with resources.b. It promoted a greater degree of interdependence and globalization among nations.c. It increased the standard of living for all nations.d. It generated more isolationism among nations with economic resources.

24. The mass (more) production of goods during the Industrial Revolution resulted in…a. cheaper manufactured goods for the consumer.b. lower quality manufactured goods for the consumer.c. better working conditions for the factory worker.d. higher wages for the factory worker.

Economic Systems:

25. Which of the following best describes a Market Economy?a. Private Corporations whose goal is to make high profits, and consumers have choices.b. There is a mix of privately and governmentally controlled businesses.c. The economy of a nation is controlled by the government.d. Allocation of resources is based on rituals, customs, and tradition.

26. Which summarizes the main characteristics of a Traditional Economic system?a. central government is in control of what is produced, who receives the goods, and the costb. Private and governmental owned businesses work together and protect worker’s rights c. Private corporate ownership with the goal of making high profitsd. direct trade, no competition, relies on customs and traditions

27. In which of the following economic systems would the government set prices on goods?

a. Market Economyb. Traditional Economy

c. Command Economyd. Mixed Economy

28. Economic Characteristics: The means of production are privately owned and operated for a private profit. The emphasis is on the individual profit rather than on worker safety or society as a whole.

Which economic system does the above summary describe?

a. Command Economyb. Mixed Economy

c. Traditional Economyd. Market Economy

The Age of Imperialism:

29. What is Imperialism?a. A stronger country extending its influence and power over a weaker country.b. A way to choose a new ruler in a new country.c. A new economic policy brought to native populations.d. A continuation of politics by all means necessary.

30. According to the passage above, how did Britain’s desire to expand its empire affect the global economy?a. Britain transformed the international arts by selling many plays and dramas about its dreams for an

empire.b. Britain achieved its global empire by becoming the leading exporter of finished goods worldwide.c. Britain used its great military leaders to train individuals for combat.d. Britain colonized various territories and regions in many countries all around the world which

affected the global economy.

“The period of Imperialism has witnessed many wars…They have resulted in the taking by force…the white rulers of the colonies live at the expense of the natives. Their chief work is to organize labor for their support. In the typical colony, the most fertile lands and the mineral resources are owned by white foreigners. These holdings are worked by natives under their direction. The foreigners take wealth out of the country. All the hard work is done by the natives.” ~J.A. Hobson, 1902

Britain lost some of its oldest colonies after the American Revolutionary War. After this loss, British leaders were interested in expanding their empire. They looked to Asia, Africa, and the Pacific to expand their colonies. Britain also increased its empire after defeating Napoleon and France.

31. According to the author, how did imperialism affect African societies?a. Foreigners helped the continent by finding its valuable resources.b. Foreigners took the citizens out of the country to work as slaves.c. Foreigners used the most fertile land and took wealth out of the country while the natives did all the work.d. Foreigners helped the continent by providing citizens with high-paying jobs.

32. In the past, European nations have conquered lands, made them into colonies, and controlled their economies. After 1880, Europeans sought colonies in Africa because they were interested in…a. gaining more knowledge of the world.b. competing for raw materials to use for themselves or trade with other countries.c. abolishing slavery in the African nations.d. spreading Enlightenment ideas to the native Africans.

33. Which of the statements reflects the author’s point of view of the impact of imperialism on India?a. Imperialism helped the people of India improve their barter/trading system.b. Imperialism helped the people of India by advancing and modernizing their governmental

institutions and ways of life.c. Imperialism harmed the people of India by replacing their traditional culture through modernization.d. Imperialism harmed the people of India by weakening their administration.

The Renaissance:

34. Which statement describes a direct effect of the Renaissance and the Scientific Revolution in Europe?a. The philosophy of Humanism brought about a decrease in the power of the Roman Catholic Church.b. Art began to reflect an increased emphasis on religious themes and decreasing emphasis on the individual. c. Nationalistic movements among the minority ethnic groups in the region declines.d. The feudal system was developed to provide stability in a decentralized political structure.

35. Which of the following most likely resulted from the change in the table below?

European Cities with Printing Presses1470 – 1500

Year Number of Cities

1470 141480 1041490 167

“Englishmen…have given the people of India the greatest human blessing – peace. They have introduced Western education. This has brought an ancient and civilized nation in touch with modern thought, modern sciences, and modern life. They have built an administration that is strong and efficient. They have framed wise laws and have established courts of justice.”

Romesh Dutt, 1905

1500 213

a. Higher literacy ratesb. Decline in religion

c. Stronger monarchies (kings and queens)

d. End of the Renaissance

The Age of Exploration:

36. Major motivations for European exploration included all of the following except…a. the search for raw materials and mineral resources.b. Increased farming jobs in England.c. the desire for new trade routes to the Americas and Asia. d. the urge to extend Christianity beyond Europe.

37. One principle in the theory of mercantilism is that colonies should bea. acquired as markets and sources of raw materials.b. considered an economic burden and bother for the colonial power.c. granted independence as soon as possible.d. encouraged to develop their own industries.

38. The “Columbian Exchange” refers to…a. The desire by Europeans to maintain a favorable balance of trade.b. The control of the Caribbean by Christopher Columbus and the Spanish.c. The exchange of scientific knowledge between Old and New Worlds.d. The transfer of people, plants, animals, and disease between the Old and New Worlds.

The Reformation:

39. The Renaissance and the Protestant Reformation were similar in that both were …a. stimulated by a spirit of inquiry and questioning previous beliefs.b. limited to Italy, France, and Germany.c. supported by the working class.d. encouraged by the successes of the French Revolution.

40. Which was a result of the Protestant Reformation in Europe?a. New denominations of Christian churches were created, weakening the power of the Catholic

Church.b. Spain became a predominately Protestant nation.c. The Catholic Church accepted the dominance of the new Protestant religions.d. The Catholic Church continued the practice of the selling of indulgences.

ERA 7 Exam Specifics

The Age of Absolutism – 5 questions

The Enlightenment – 6 questions

Revolutions – 7 questions

The Industrial Revolution – 6 questions

Economic Systems of the World – 4 questions

The Age of Imperialism – 5 questions

ERA 6 Review – 7 questions

Constructed Response – How did the ideas of the Enlightenment time period lead to revolutions

around the world?