Team Members: ____________________________________________ Block: ___________________South and Southeast Asia: Trial Objectives PoliticalInstructions: The following primary and secondary sources are designed to provide your legal firm with the information needed to formulate arguments that will show that the societies you represent have met and exceeded the challenges posed by the following four questions. Use your time wisely and provide responses with proof that your culture has shown the best answers to these questions on earth for this time period. Be aware that other trial teams have access to this information as well and will be looking for weaknesses in your arguments. Be prepared to defend your assertions. 1. How should the ruler act? 2. What is the role of law in society? 3. What role does the individual play in the governance of this society? 4. How is the political organization of this society helpful to the maintenance of prosperity, security, and growth in this society? Objective: Identify the ways in which the political systems of Southwest Asia led to prosperity, security, and growth. 1. Use the chronology of South and Southeast Asia to identify political developments that show prosperity, security, and growth in the respective societies. Be prepared to identify the cultures and the developments. (This can be in the areas of law, conquest, architecture, religious movements, economic improvements, etc.)

a. __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________b. __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________c. __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________d. __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________e. __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________f. _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________g. ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________h. ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________I. _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________j. ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________k. ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________l. ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________m. _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________n. ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

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CHRONOLOGY OF SOUTH ASIA 500 TO 1450 CE

3rd – 6th c. CE North India: Gupta Dynasty restore Hinduism; Brahmins redefine social structure, Brahmins replace Kshatriyas as lead caste; Devotional rituals; revived Vedic horse sacrifice, sanctified claim as universal monarch (devaraja); widespread local autonomy

3rd – 6th c. CE South India: Buddhism, Hinduism spread, occasional religious intolerance; devaraja and linga worship; personal devotion to Shiva, Vishnu; rise of Savite monasteries; active merchant communities, great wealth fuels urbanization, Buddhism, Jainism

407 – 553 CE White Huns invade India, Guptans repulse Huns but collapse; large displacement of population, new ethnic combinations arose. Political power devolved to invaders, Guptan provincial elites, independent regional powers: states in constant tension, war

6th century CE South Asia self-sufficient in staple foods but raw materials, specialty crops in only a few areas necessitate large internal trade Rajput migrations into western India, adopt Hinduism blended with Buddhism, absorbed into Kshatriyas, form warrior jatis

6th – 9th c. CE Spread of Tantric Hinduism: animistic belief in charms, supernatural powers; Hinduism absorbs Buddhist ideas, adherents. South India: integration of Aryans, Dravidians; Tamil elite assimilate Hinduism; Age of Temple Building, Buddhist stupas by rulers, rich merchants, great artistic detail, frescos; rival states, no one predominating: escaped chronic warfare, invasions, turmoil of the north; age of massive irrigation projects increases harvest yields, leads to rise of population.

7th century CE Sri Lanka develops separate Sinhalese culture, Theravadan Buddhism dominant; island becomes center for Buddhist learning

7th – 15th c. CE Caste system secured in Southern India, emergence of Jatis as merchant, craft guilds; powerful temples foster caste divisions

606 – 647 CE Harsha tries to reunite North India, loose feudal ties, revenue from land as trade declines; guilds organize industry, commerce

630 – 643 CE Diplomatic contacts established with China, Chinese pilgrims visit Buddhist shrines, record detailed histories of India

711 CE Arab Muslims conquer Sind; population remains largely Hindu, Buddhist; Muslim infighting allows Hindus to reassert power

725 – 1197 CE Pala Buddhist kings in Bengal, Magadha endow Buddhist monastery, university of Nalanda attracts Chinese, Southeast Asians

788 – 850 CE Samkara of Malabar revitalized Vedantas, taught orthodox Hinduism, strict monism, individual soul separate from Brahma Whose representation they are, souls entangled in material world, piety towards Vishnu allows soul to recover divine nature

888 – 1267 CE Tamil Chola Empire in Deccan: establish devaraja monarchy; autonomous villages; wealthy landowners invest in irrigation, land-clearing activities, patronized temples; landless laborers become virtual slaves; growth of cities, trade, monetary society. Maritime tribute empire expands into Ceylon, Bengal, South Burma, Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Java; navy dominates Indian Ocean trade, commerce between Southeast Asia, South Asia.

9th century CE South India: temples owned large tracts of land, employed millions; organized agricultural activities, coordinated irrigation projects, maintained surpluses; schooled elite boys; served as financial institutions especially lending, tax collection; evolution of trimurti or concentration of veneration, worship around three Hindu deities: Brahma, Vishnu, Shiva

10th century CE Coastal towns such as Cambay, Calicut, Quilon flourish due to trade in spices, cottons; monsoons require elaborate trade cycle Muslim merchants form communities in major India coastal cities, married locally, established Muslim families, Islam spreads; Dominate trade to Southwest Asia; Turks migrate into Afghanistan, establish state in Ghanzi, become Muslim mercenaries

950 CE Buzueg ibn Shahriya complied Book of Wonders of India, recounts history, tall tales, religion, incredible wealth in luxuries

977 CE Turkish Mameluk (slaves) state established in Delhi, Indus Valley, defeated alliance of Buddhist-Hindu rulers

985 – 994 CE Chola acquires hegemony in Deccan, first time Southern Peninsula united under one state

988 – 1030 CE Muslim Mahmud of Ghazni (Afghanistan) made 17 plundering raids into India, vast destruction, massacres; western region annexed, capital city becomes cultural center; Alberuni, Muslim scientist and other leading Muslim scholar introduces India, Hinduism, their learning to Muslim world, try to reconcile Islam, Hinduism; Hindus gradually accorded dhimmis status

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11th century CE South Asian state forms become diverse under influence of Muslim models, values; smaller states vie for dominance Eastern provinces: strong adherence to Buddhism, Hinduism; monumental royal temples, Buddhist stupas erected by kings

12th century CE Tightening of caste regulations: prohibition of marriage of girls above, below caste, rise of female infanticide; polygamy rises as men seek numerous dowries; increasing isolation (purdah) of women; suttee (widow burning spreads)

1180s CE Native Sinhalese rulers, troops expel Cholan Empire from Sri Lanka; Cholans had introduced Hinduism, Tamil settlers

1192 CE Muhammad of Ghur crushed a coalition – traditional military tactics, disunity, caste restrictions handicap Hindu armies

1199 CE Conquest of Bengal by Muhammad of Ghur introduced Muslims as administrators, soldiers; Muslim elites attacked Buddhist Monasteries, destroyed Nalanda University; many Buddhists, Hindus (brahmins, kshatriya) immigrate to Southeast Asia

1206 – 1526 CE Sultanate of Delhi had no permanent bureaucracy, administrative apparatus; depends on Hindu elite to carry out policies; had numerous dynasties, changes of rulers, assassinations, civil wars; introduced Islam, Muslim forms to India

1206 – 1266 CE Turkish viceroy in Delhi used Indian troops, bureaucrats; sought allegiance of Indian landowners; tacit religious toleration

1229 CE Abbasid caliph raises Turkish viceroy to Sultan; Islamic architects introduced arch, vault, dome, concrete, mortar, decorations of color, line, shape into Indian architecture; mosques, tombs built to honor rulers, local saints attract Hindus to Islam

1266 – 1290 CE Sultanate of Delhi reestablishes order, repulses Mongol invasions of India

1297 CE Frequent Indian revolts in North led to repression, confiscation of Hindu property, prohibition of liquor, social gatherings

1303 – 1313 CE Additional Mongol invasions repulsed by enlarging army, cavalry; armies used in expeditions to conquer Deccan

1320 CE Change to Tughluk Dynasty in Delhi revived agriculture, reformed taxes, established postal system; later sultans tyrannical

1335 – 1565 CE Rise of Vijayanagar in South India, replaces Chola; becomes center for Hindu studies, Dravidian nationalism, art forms

14th century CE Eastern India: popular form of devotionalism (bhakti) spread; Sufi Muslims migrate to region, accommodate Hinduism, Islam. Vijayanagar represents changing social conditions, opens up temple patronage to wealthy Shudras, merchants, women

1347 CE, 1367 CE Rebel dynasty in Central India challenges Delhi, Vijayanagar, builds modern fortifications, victories won by artillery

1351 – 1388 CE Firuz Tughluk of Delhi restored rational government, built towns, mosques, palaces, hospitals, irrigation systems

1399 CE, 1414 CE Timulane’s invasions devastates North India, Delhi Sultanate reduced to area around Delhi, could only collect taxes by force

15th century CE Bengali population largely Buddhist, Hindu until Sufis merged Hindu terms, symbols with Muslim concepts; Buddhists largely eliminated except in Himalayan foothills, Sri Lanka; Jains reduced in numbers; Bhakti devotion spreads amongst Hindus; Islam spreads: ¼ of Indian population is Muslim; many Vaisaya, Shudra, pariahs convert hoping to improve social positions, But often retained similar social rank in Muslim society; Sufis had greatest success with converts, explaining Islam to Hindus

CHRONOLOGY OF VIETNAM

3rd – 6th century CE Small Vietnamese successor states follow break up in Han Dynasty; Buddhism arrives in Vietnam and flourishes

446; 510 CE Champa conquered by Chinese; 510, independent Champa strengthens, push into Funan, return to piracy

7th century CE Van Ky brought Chinese language Buddhist texts to Vietnam, Chan Buddhism gains popularity

939 CE Vietnamese achieve independence from Chinese Tang; civil war, constant change of rulers follow

11th century CE Hanoi is political center of Vietnam; Chinese style agriculture, taxes predominate, aim to break up landed elite families. New

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farm lands opened up with free peasants, who were trained in military arts to defend lands against landed elite

1044 CE New rulers increasingly adopt trappings of an emperor, upsetting Song; naval expeditions against Champa successful

1075 – 1077 CE First exams established to recruit bureaucrats abandoned in favor of national university to train best scholars, officials

1230 CE Confucian exam system adopted, fosters emergence of Confucian scholar elite called mandarins

Late 13th century CE Numerous Mongol-Chinese invasion of Vietnam defeated by Vietnamese guerrilla warfare

1390 CE Decades of wars with local princes especially Champa ruin Buddhist aristocracy; rise of military clans as elites

14th Century CE Vietnamese develop own script called chu nom, a script based on the Chinese ideographic language

1428 CE Vietnam defeats Ming armies; Le Dynasty founded, builds university, examination system; equal field redistributes land

1460 – 1497 CE Vietnamese reforms set up bureaucracy, Champa conquered; new elite military clans, Neo-Confucian scholar officials

Chronology of Southeast Asia

1220 CE Khmer Empire loses Champa Kingdom in Southern Vietnam; Champa with Hindu institutions, strongly commercial

Late 13th century CE Vietnamese develop own script; invasion of Vietnam defeated by Vietnamese guerrilla warfare

1284, 1287, 1293 CE Mongol loots Pagan, destroys its power in Burma; Mongol invasion of Java driven off by Mahapahit state

14th century CE Mahapahit builds commercial empire in Java, Borneo, Sumatra, Philippines; trade with India, China

Thai forces Khmer Empire to abandon Angkor Wat, agriculture, new capital Phnom Phen, concentrate on commerce

1350 CE Thai-Shan migration divides Burma, Thailand into petty states, bring Theravada Buddhism, Chinese political structures;

maritime trade adopted; adopt Mon-Khmer bureaucracy, administration;

15th century CE Muslim commercial operations out of Malacca; 20 states in archipelago have Muslim rulers, people not yet Muslim. Muslim trading states in Southern Philippines, Muslim sultans allied with local nobles, military, economic cooperation. State structures involves two identities: loyalty to traders’ indigenous cultural identities and local ruler, local law; state controls center, rule direct through sultan; middle territories controlled by noble families, periphery by allies, tribute

15th– 18th century CE Cambodia (Khmer people) alternate between independence, Thai overlordship

15th– 18th century CE SE Asian : considerable roles in local politics, commerce, trade; control local markets; travel as merchants abroad

15th– 18th century CE Wet rice agriculture spreads to Sumatra, Java under Muslim Indian influences; trade increases circulations of coins

15th– 18th century CE Muslims dominate spice trade to India, SW Asia; Chinese, European, Japanese merchants arrive to challenge monopoly

1405 – 1407 CE Ming naval expeditions, tributary relationships with Malay states;

1428 CE Vietnam defeats Ming armies; Le Dynasty founded, builds university, examination system; equal field redistributes land

1430s CE Khmer people abandon Hindu priestly traditions, switch to Buddhist monastic traditions

1450s CE Siam uses Hindu divine kingship, royal absolutism, Theravada Buddhism expands, king dominates monks; trade grows

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1460 – 1497 CE Vietnamese reforms set up bureaucracy, Champa conquered; new elite military clans, Neo-Confucian scholar officials

Objective: What should the ruler act? 1. What traits do the people of Thailand see as valuable in their ruler? How would this lead to a prosperous society?________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ “During the lifetime of Rama Khamhaeng, this city of Sukhotai is prosperous. In the water there is fish, in the fields there is rice; the lord of the country does not levy taxes on his subjects who go along the road together, leading cattle to the market, riding horses for sale. Whoever wishes to trade in elephants or in horses does so. Whoever wishes to trade in silver, in gold does so. If a common man, a noble, or a chief falls ill, dies, or disappears, the house of his ancestors, his clothing, his elephants, his family, his rice granaries, his slaves, the areca and betel plantations of his ancestors are all transmitted to his children. If the common people, the nobles, or the chiefs get into disagreement, the king conducts a thorough inquiry, then settles the matter for his subjects with complete impartiality; he does not connive with the thief and the receiver of stolen goods; if he sees the rice of others, he does not covet it; and if he sees the treasure of others, he is not envious of it. Whoever goes by elephant in search of him and places his own country under his protection, he gives him aid and assistance; if the stranger has neither elephants, nor horses, nor servants, nor wives, nor silver, nor gold, he gives him some and invites him to regard himself as in his own country. If he captures warriors or enemy soldiers, he neither kills nor beats them. There is a bell suspended in the enclosure of the palace doorway; if an inhabitant of the kingdom has any grievance or any matter that is gnawing at his entrails and tormenting his spirit and he wants to reveal it to the king, it is not difficult; he has only to strike the bell hanging there. Every time King Rama Khamhaeng hears the appeal, he questions the plaintiff about his affair and judges it with complete impartiality.”

-(Primary Source) An inscription of 1292 describes the government of King Rama Khamhaeng, the Thai kingdom of Sukhothai

Objective: How is the political organization of this society helpful to the maintenance of prosperity, security, and growth in this society?2. Based on this description what form does Malaysian government take? Does this seem to be an efficient way to manage the empire?

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________“The government of Sumatra, like that of all Malayan states, is founded on principles entirely feudal. The prince is styled raja, maha-raja, iang de pertuan, or sultan; the nobles have the appellation of orang kaya or datu, which properly belongs to the chiefs of tribes, and implies their being at the head of a numerous train of immediate dependants or vassals, whose service they command. The heir-apparent has the title of raja muda. From amongst the orang kayas the sultan appoints the officers of state, who as members of his council are called mantri, and differ in number and authority according to the situation and importance of the kingdom. Of these the first in rank, or prime minister, has the appellation of perdana mantri, mangko bumi, and not seldom, however anomalously, maharaja. Next to him generally is the bandhara, treasurer or high steward; then the laksamana and tamanggung, commanders-in-chief by sea and land, and lastly the shahbandara, whose office it is to superintend the business of the customs (in sea-port towns) and to manage the trade for the king. The governors of provinces are named panglima, the heads of departments’ pangulu. The ulubalang are military officers forming the bodyguard of the sovereign, and prepared on all occasions to execute his orders.”- (Secondary Source) William Marsden, British civil servant with the English East India Company, stationed in Sumatra and Malaya, specialist in

Malay customs, his observations about traditional government, from his book, 1811

Objective: How is the political organization of this society helpful to the maintenance of prosperity, security, and growth in this society? 3. What influence did Indian political systems and religious social structures have on other Southeast Asian countries? How would these influences be a benefit to trade, political, and social interactions for all of these societies? ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________“Among the principal beneficiaries of early trade between India and southeast Asia were the political and cultural traditions of India. Merchants from the subcontinent established diaspora communities, into which they invited Hindu and Buddhist authorities…Trade and external alliances enabled local rulers to organize states on a larger scale than ever before in southeast Asia…Through its main port, Oc Eo, Funan carried on trade with China, Malaya, Indonesia, India, Persia, and indirectly with Mediterranean lands. By the end of the second century, similar trading states appeared in the Malay peninsula and Champa (Southern Vietnam)…Indian traditions manifested their influence in many different ways…rulers adopted Indian notions of divine kingship. They associated themselves with the cults of Siva, Visnu, or the Buddha, and they claimed both foreign and divine authority to legitimize their rule. They built walled cities with temples at the center, and they introduced Indian music and ceremonies into court rituals. They brought in Hindu and Buddhist advisers,

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who reinforced the sense of divinely sanctioned rule. They took Sanskrit names and titles for themselves, and they used Sanskrit as the language of law and bureaucracy.” - (Secondary Source) Bentley: Encounters and Conversions: Monks, Merchants, and Monarchs

Objective: How is the political organization of this society helpful to the maintenance of prosperity, security, and growth in this society?4. What is Sultan Mahmud of Ghazana objective in conquering regions of India and Persia? What institutions did he establish through his conquest? Did he do this at a cost to any other peoples? Was that a good or bad thing? ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________“At the end of the tenth century, Sultan Mahmud of Ghazana (r.998-1030), who proudly bore the titles the sword of Islam and the Image Breaker, began a series of seventeen raids through the Khyber Pass and into India…The riches that Mahmud accumulated from his plunder and destruction of Hindu temples enabled him to turn his otherwise remote, mountain-ringed capital of Ghazana into a major center of Islamic culture. Scholars and artists from all over Southwest Asia gathered at Mahmud’s court. Many came willingly; other were forced to come. In 1017 Mahmud conquered the Central Asian Islamic state of Khwarazm, located west of Ghazana and just south of the Aral Sea. The conqueror brought back many of Khwarazm’s intellectuals and artisans to his capital, including the Iranian scholar Abul Raihan al Biruni…”- (Secondary Source) Andrea Overfield, The Human Record; Volume II: To 1700, Fifth Edition

Objective: What is the role of law in this society?5. Based on what you know about Hinduism and the caste system, why would the Indians not see a universal legal system as an important part of government? What role do the individual Hindu caste play in the Indian legal system? ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________“There is frustratingly little evidence for the practice of law in India prior to about the eighteenth century in India. In some regions, such as Maharashtra, a kind of hybrid Hindu and Islamic legal system was fashioned under the Maratha kings. In other places, such as South India, temples were intimately involved in the administration of law. What is almost completely lacking for classical and medieval India are the records of courts. In lieu of such records, other kinds of evidence for legal practice must be used to piece together an outline of classical Hindu law in practice. Such evidence includes prominently the numerous inscriptions from this period that record a variety of legal transactions, gifts, contracts, decrees, etc. associated with political rulers, temples, corporate groups and others.However, the following might be said about Hindu law in pre modern India: there was no formal hierarchy of courts; every court probably functioned as both a court of first instance and also as a court of appeal. Criminal cases were tried by a ruler's court or by panchayats, local tribunals, and punishments were meted out there. There was no separate sphere of personal law. A wide divergence of regional laws likely prevailed.Many aspects of law likely under the jurisdiction of castes or other corporate groups such as merchant guilds, military groups, traders, and religious orders. Practices and disputes regarding marriage were left to the caste panchayats, either structured or unstructured. Some castes permitted divorce and remarriage, others did not. Almost all the castes allowed polygamy. Almost all the castes outlawed and discouraged 'inter-caste' marriages. Similarly, breaches of caste rules were punished by the caste panchayats.”- (Secondary Source) New World Encyclopedia

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Objective: What is the role of the individual in the governance of society? 6. How does the central tenet of Buddhism, the Eightfold Path, lead to individual responsibility and respect for, or indifference to, the political system in charge of Indian civilization? ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ “There are two ends not to be served by a wanderer. What are these two? The pursuit of desires and of the pleasure which springs from desire, which is base, common, leading to rebirth, ignoble, and unprofitable; and the pursuit of pain and hardship, which is grievous, ignoble, and unprofitable. The Middle Way of the Tathagata avoids both these ends. It is enlightened, it brings clear vision, it makes for wisdom, and leads to peace, insight, enlightenment, and Nirvana. What is the Middle Way?...It is the Noble Eightfold Path – Right Views, Right Resolve, Right Speech, Right Conduct, Right Livelihood, Right Effort, Right Mindfulness, and Right Concentration. This is the Middle Way… And this is the Noble Truth of Sorrow. Birth is sorrow, age is sorrow, disease is sorrow, death is sorrow; contact with the unpleasant is sorrow, separation from the pleasant is sorrow, every wish unfulfilled is sorrow – in short all the five components of individuality are sorrow. And this is the Noble Truth of the Arising of Sorrow. It arises from craving, which leads to rebirth, which brings delight and passion, and seeks pleasure now here, now there – the craving for sensual pleasure, the craving for continued life, the craving for power. And this is the Noble Truth of the Stopping of Sorrow. It is the complete stopping of that craving, so that no passion remains, leaving it, being emancipated from it, being released from it, giving no place to it. And this is the Noble Truth of the Way which Leads to the Stopping of Sorrow. It is the Noble Eightfold Path – Right Views, Right Resolve, Right Speech, Right Conduct, Right Livelihood, Right Effort, Right Mindfulness and Right Concentration.”- (Primary Source) The Buddha’s First Sermon

Objective: How is the political organization of this society helpful to the maintenance of prosperity, security, and growth in this society?7. Why would the construction and maintenance of irrigation systems lead to prosperity? Did the new Muslim rulers of Northern India fulfill these needs for the civilization of India? ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________“As had been true since the days of the first river-valley civilizations, governments built and controlled the largest irrigation systems. The Delhi Sultanate (1206 – 1526) in northern India acquired extensive new water-control systems. Ibn Battuta admired a large reservoir constructed in the first quarter of the thirteenth century that supplied the city of Delhi with water. Farmers planted sugar cane, cucumbers, and melons along the reservoir’s rim as the water level fell during the dry season. In the fourteenth century, the Delhi sultan built in the Ganges plain a network of irrigation canals that remained unsurpassed until the nineteenth century. Such systems made it possible to grow crops throughout the year.”- (Secondary Source) Richard Bulliet, The Earth and Its Peoples: A Global History, Pg. 366.

Objective: How is the political organization of this society helpful to the maintenance of prosperity, security, and growth in this society?8. What was the legacy of Muslim rule in Northern India? Was this Dynasty a positive or a negative influence in Indian history? Explain. ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________“For all its shortcomings, the Delhi Sultanate triggered the development of centralized political authority in India. Prime ministers and provincial governors serving under the sultans established a bureaucracy, improved food production, promoted trade, and put in circulation a common currency. Despite the many conflicts that Muslim conquest and rule provoked, Islam gradually acquired a permanent place in South Asia.”- (Secondary Source) Richard Bulliet, The Earth and Its Peoples: A Global History, Pg 385.

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Objective: How should the ruler act?9. Based on what you know of the Eightfold Path what values did the ruler of Srivijaya hold in his rule of the people of Southeast Asia? How would this require the ruler to act?________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________“The Srivijayan king, drawing upon Mahayana Buddhist conceptions, presented himself as a bodhisattva (an enlightened one returning to help others), one who had achieved enlightenment and utilized his precious insights for the betterment of his subjects. He was believed to have magical powers, controlling powerful forces of fertility associated with the rivers in flood and mediating between the spiritually potent realms of the mountains and the sea. The kings built and patronized Buddhist monasteries and schools. Though they encouraged Sanskrit learning, they had few contacts with the Mahayana Buddhist network that spread through China from the north under the Tang.”- (Secondary Source) Richard Bulliet, The Earth and Its Peoples: A Global History, Pg. 303.

Objective: How is the political organization of this society helpful to the maintenance of prosperity, security, and growth in this society? / How should theruler act? 10. This passage is pointing out that an Indian Kings’ rule is only guaranteed by what kind of actions on his part? ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________“A king with a depleted treasury eats into the very vitality of the citizens and the country In the happiness of his subjects lies the king’s happiness; in their welfare his welfare. He shall not consider as good only that which pleases him but treat as beneficial to him whatever pleases his subjects.” - (Primary Source) (1.19.34 Kautilya – The Arthashastra – Penguin Classics p.x.)

Objective: What is the role of law in society? 11. In what ways do the Indian people tie the concept of justice to one person, the ruler? Is this system an efficient one? How would it be an aide to the avoidance of wide-spread corruption in the legal system? ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Kautilya further states ‘impoverishment, greed and dissatisfaction are engendered among the subjects, when the king:

(i) ignores the good people and favors the wicked;(ii) causes harm by new unrighteous practices;(iii) neglects the observation of proper and righteous practices;(iv) suppresses dharma and propagates adharma;(v) does what ought not to be done and fails to do what ought to be done;(vi) fails to give what ought to be given and exacts what he cannot rightly take;(vii) does not punish those who ought to be punished but punishes those who do not deserve to be;(viii) arrests those who should not be arrested but fails to arrest those who should be seized;(ix) indulges in wasteful expenditures and destroys profitable undertakings;(x) fails to protect the people from thieves and robs them himself;(xi) does not do what he ought to do and reviles the work done by others;(xii) causes harm to the leaders of the people and insults those worthy of honor;(xiii) antagonizes the wise (elders) by lying and mischief;(xiv) does not recompense service done to him;(xv) does not carryout his part of what has been agreed upon and(xvi) by his indolence and negligence destroys the welfare of his people’

- (7.7.19-26). Primary Source) ( Kautilya – The Arthashastra – Penguin Classics p.x.)

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Objective: What is the role of the individual in the governance of this society? 12. What roles should the subjects take to help the ruler? What kind of individuals do the Indians value as a citizen? ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Explaining the need of a Cabinet of Ministers Kautilya states,'because the work of the government is diversified and is carried on simultaneously in many different places, the king cannot do it all himself; he, therefore, has to appoint ministers who will implement such work at the right time and place’. Regarding the appointment of Ministers it is said: Every man shall be judged according to his ability to perform a given task.The king shall appoint as Ministers all those judged to be fit to hold ministerial office and divide the work of the government among them, taking into account each one’s ability and the nature of the work assigned to him (1.8.28-29).Before appointment as a Minister the king shall investigate the qualities of such candidate. The candidate’s knowledge of the various arts shall be tested by experts in their respective fields. Intelligence, perseverance and dexterity shall be evaluated by examining his past performance, while eloquence, boldness and presence of mind shall be ascertained by interviewing him personally.Watching how he deals with others will show his energy, endurance, forbearance, integrity, loyalty and friendliness; the king shall find out about his strength, health and character (whether lazy or energetic, fickle or steady). The candidate’s amiability and love of mankind (absence of a tendency to hate) shall be ascertained by personal observations (1.9.3). ‘The ministers shall constantly think of all that concerns the king as well as those of the enemy. They shall start doing all that has not yet been done, continue implementing that which has been started, improve on works completed and in general ensure strict compliance with orders. (1.15.51-52)The king shall test the integrity of his ministers by a variety of secret tests. Four kinds of tests are based on dharma, artha, kama and fear. These tests are designed to entice a person to defect by appeals to his religious sentiments or piety, by promise of financial reward, by temptation of the flesh or by playing on fear.’ (1.10.1)- (Primary Source) (Kautilya – The Arthashastra – Penguin Classics p.x.)

Objective: What is the role of law? 13. How does an Indian ruler administer justice in his society? What two elements of society are represented by the judges? ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ CHAPTER I. DETERMINATION OF FORMS OF AGREEMENT; DETERMINATION OF LEGAL DISPUTES. “In the cities of Sangrahana, Dronamukha, and Stháníya, and at places where districts meet, three members acquainted with Sacred Law (dharmasthas) and three ministers of the king (amátyas) shall carry on the administration of Justice.”- (Primary Source) (Kautilya – The Arthashastra – Penguin Classics p.x.)

Objective: What is the role of law? 14. Describe the foundations of the Indian legal system. ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________“* Sacred law (Dharma), evidence (Vyavahára), history (Charitra), and edicts of kings (Rájasásana) are the four legs of Law. Of these four in order, the later is superior to the one previously named. * Dharma is eternal truth holding its sway over the world; Vyavahára, evidence, is in witnesses; Charitra, history, is to be found in the tradition (sangraha), of the people; and the order of kings is what is called sásana.”- (Primary Source) (Kautilya – The Arthashastra – Penguin Classics p.x.) CHAPTER I. DETERMINATION OF FORMS OF AGREEMENT; DETERMINATION OF LEGAL DISPUTES.

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Objective: What is the role of law? 15. Which is more important secular or religious law? Why would this be in Indian culture? ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________16. How important is an individual’s testimony in the legal system? ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________* Whenever there is disagreement between history and sacred law or between evidence and sacred law, then the matter shall be settled in accordance with sacred law.

* But whenever sacred law (sástra) is conflict with rational law (Dharmanyáya=kings' law), then reason shall be held authoritative; for there the original text (on which the sacred law has been based) is not available.

* Self-assertion (svayamváda) on the part of either of the parties has often been found faulty. Examination (anuyoga), honesty (árjava), evidence (hetu) and asseveration by oath (sapatha)---these alone can enable a man to win his cause.

* Whenever by means of the deposition of witnesses, the statements of either of the parties are found contradictory, and whenever the cause of either of the parties is found through the king's spies to be false, then the decree shall be passed against that party.

- (Primary Source) (Kautilya – The Arthashastra – Penguin Classics p.x.) CHAPTER I. DETERMINATION OF FORMS OF AGREEMENT; DETERMINATION OF LEGAL DISPUTES.

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Name: ________________________________ Block: _____________________________________

Trial preparation: Now that you have explored the basic outlines of the American political systems it is time for your law firm to construct a series of answers that will be used in the trials. For each question you must construct an opening statement that you will present to the court. Include aspects of all of the societies you represent and then list specific examples you will use in your rebuttals during the trials. Divide the topics between your legal team. Each of you will use the research from today to construct opening arguments. These opening arguments are required by the beginning of the next class day. Teams that do not submit opening arguments will not be qualified to move on to the next research topic and will be given the essay topics.

1. How should the ruler act? _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Evidence: Cite the source and summarize the evidencea. _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________b. _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________c. _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________d. _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________e. _____________________________________________________________________________________________

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__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Name: _____________________________________ Block: ____________________________2. What is the role of law in society? ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Evidence: Cite the source and summarize the evidencea. _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________b. _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________c. _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________d. _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________e. _____________________________________________________________________________________________

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__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Name: ________________________________________ Block:__________________________3. What role does the individual play in the governance of this society? ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Evidence: Cite the source and summarize the evidencea. _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________b. _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________c. _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________d. _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________e. _____________________________________________________________________________________________

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_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Name:_______________________________________ Block:_____________________4. How is the political organization of this society helpful to the maintenance of prosperity, security, and growth in this society? ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Evidence: Cite the source and summarize the evidencea. _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________b. _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________c. _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________d. _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________e. _____________________________________________________________________________________________

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