Web viewHere’s a big fancy AP word ... in the time following WWII until the collapse of the Soviet Union ... high-speed trains, helicopters, zeppelins

Contemporary1900 CE - Present

THE event that shapes the entire century is:

This was the war to end all wars… Well, it was supposed to be.

It’s too big of a deal to go into here; but THIS (http://www.freeman-pedia.com/world-war-i/) is Freeman’s page devoted to it. It is based on the Virginia SOLs.

So, yeah. The Great War happened. It’s a lot to take in. Plus, don’t sleep on this war. The 20th Century goes the way it does because of WWI. The West was on the rise after the Industrial Revolution; and this was a self-inflicted wound. Everything that comes after WWI is because of WWI. Yeah, it’s that big of a deal.

Let’s break ourselves away from the Great War and turn to what happened to some of those empires we were obsessed with last era.

6.2 Global Conflicts and their Consequences

There’s a bigger topic we’ll hit tomorrow (DECOLONIZATION). But, there are some subsets of that idea.

OLD LAND BASED EMPIRES DECLINE:

Material from Freemanpedia.com/blog

http://www.freeman-pedia.com/world-war-i/



OTTOMAN: The ‘Old Man of Europe’ declined over the years and had a similar downfall to the Qing (rebellions and failure to fully modernize). The straw that broke the Turkey’s back was WWI. They were on the wrong side and after their loss, the Ottomans were divided up into Mandates (by the League of Nations) and later gained their independence. Anatolia became the secular state of Turkey (led by one of history’s greatest names: MUSTAFA ATATURK… that’s just a great name…)

RUSSIA: The Russian Empire lost out in WWI, but quickly regrew during WWII and the COLD WAR. After 1991, the Soviet Union dissolved and lost a ton of empire. Russia has a real Continuity and Change century.

QING: It’s been a long year. Many dynasties came and went. But, the Qing are the last ones. It’s unfair to call the fall of the Qing a 20th Century thing. Remember, Taiping, Opium, and Boxers? Well, that came to a head in 1911 with Sun Yatsen which led to the creation of the Chinese nation-state, which then became the People’s Republic of China (Communist).

SOME COLONIES NEGOTIATED FOR INDEPENDENCE:

INDIA: Funny, how the AP calls it “negotiation”. I’m sure when Gandhi was in prison for year after year, he didn’t see it as a negotiation. Anyway, we’ll see him again later this week.

GHANA: Kwame Nkrumah was the African Gandhi. He led non-violent protests until Ghana was granted independence from the British.

SOME COLONIES ACHIEVED INDEPENDENCE VIA VIOLENCE:

Not everyone takes the “Ghandi” route. Algeria, Vietnam, and Angola all led long violent wars to eventually gain their independence later in the 20th century.

Next, we’ll look at Decolonization and how that affected the globe in this era.

6.2 GLOBAL CONFLICTS and THEIR CONSEQUENCES:

Not sure why I went all CAPS there… So, let’s do this right. Here’s JGreenzy on Decolonization:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T_sGTspaF4Y


https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T_sGTspaF4Y

Here are some College Board specifics:

LEADERS:

Gandhi: THE nonviolent leader. He basically coined the phrase non-violence. He gained independence for an entire subcontinent by refusing to follow their unjust laws and got nearly a billion people to back his movement. Think if Washington and Bolivar had an Indian baby but took away all of his weapons.

Ho Chi Minh: The leader for independence in Vietnam. He attempted to gain independence via self determination after the world wars but since France won those wars (and Vietnam was a French colony…) So, he turned to violence and although he died during the war; eventually led Vietnam to become the independent Communist state that it is today. Think if Trotsky and Mao Zedong had a baby; but they promised not to do as much murder.

Kwame Nkrumah: Ghana’s first president, his non-violent works led the Gold Coast to become the first independent state in Africa. Think if Gandhi and MLK had an African baby.

Muhammad Ali Jinnah: Pakistan’s first president who worked with Gandhi during and after the Partition to create the Islamic state of Pakistan. Think if Gandhi and the Ayatollah had a baby.

Some movements are still around today. Examples:

QUEBECOIS: These are French Canadians who want their own nation in Canada. If you’ve ever been to this part of Canada, you will quickly recognize how French and different this region truly is.

BIAFRA: These guys want an old African kingdom to reform in Nigeria. Expectantly, the Nigerian government is against it and has accused their leader of treason.

Next, we’ll look at some of the geographic consequences (movements, new nations, etc.) that came from the Decolonization movement.

6.2 Global Conflicts and their Consequences

So, some movements that emerged in the struggle for independence had no borders. They were TRANS-NATIONAL (or across different states and borders). Here are three examples:


These all either tie in an economic idea (Communism) or a cultural identity (Arab League) Or, Geographic… like the African Union.

Some states (once independent) took on new shapes… Here are three examples:

India was divided up in the Partition; Palestine was dispersed by the new Israel, and the Middle East became Mandates of the League of Nations.

Some of these breakups remained friends afterwards. Here’s a big fancy AP word… METROPOLES. These are cities in mother countries that attract people from the colonies… (London to people from India, or Filipinos to New York City or Los Angeles).

Next up, the Interwar Period… Great Depressions and Dictators…

Okay. Before we head to the Big One (WWII), let’s hit the highlight tour of the Interwar Period (Outsiders-Some of this is specific to World History II in Virginia).

6.2 Global Conflict and their Consequences


The Interwar Period is highlighted here (http://www.freeman-pedia.com/interwar-period/) . Warning the previous link is from my site devoted to the World History II SOL in Virginia.

The AP wants you mainly to know the causes of the MAJOR GLOBAL CONFLICTS (WWI & WWII):

IMPERIALIST EXPANSION BY EUROPEAN POWERS & JAPAN:

Last week we detailed Imperialism (aka Europeans seeking raw Materials and Markets to sell their factory made junk). Well, this often led to conflicts, not only with the locals, but also amongst themselves. Both World Wars had deep roots in these conflicts.

COMPETITION FOR RESOURCES:

(See above)

ETHNIC CONFLICT:

Different groups fighting for statehood or national boundaries. Serbia in WWI or Czechs and Poles in WWII.

BRITAIN v. GERMANY:

Usually not directly at first, but the two big industrial powers of Europe both fought for power in both World Wars.

NATIONALIST IDEOLOGIES:

Serbian nationhood in WWI or Aryan Nazis in WWII.

GREAT DEPRESSION:

We’ll let John Green handle this one:

http://youtu.be/GCQfMWAikyU

The 20th Century is full of conflict. We’ve got two gigantic ones left to mention. Let’s talk WWII…

6.2 Global Conflict & their Consequences

WWII. The biggest single event in history.


http://youtu.be/GCQfMWAikyU

http://www.freeman-pedia.com/interwar-period/



Largest Armies in history. Check.

Biggest Battles in history. Check.

Largest War in history. Check.

Largest death toll in history. Check.

Largest genocide (bigger than the others combined). Check.

It’s a huge deal. It’s easy to get bogged down in the battles, and nazis, and the Empire of Japan. Don’t fall into this trap. There will be 10-ish multiple choice questions on the entire era. 10. So, maybe one or two on WWII? So, if you’re non-stop studying Hitler and Eisenhower… you’re gonna have a bad time. Here are the basics:

They want you to know that this (and WWI) are both TOTAL WARS. Total Wars are wars that completely occupy the nations involved. Everything they do (economic, social, political) is devoted to the war effort. This includes CONSCRIPTING (drafting) people from the nations’ populations to participate in the war (fight/die).

Beyond that, the curriculum is strangely silent on what to know. Therefore I’ll give you two sources to use.

First, TFIOS himself; J-Greezy:

http://youtu.be/Q78COTwT7nE

Also, here’s (http://www.freeman-pedia.com/world-war-ii/) Freeman’s page with tons of videos, links, etc. (It is focused on the Virginia standards, but it covers WWII nicely).

Next, the other MASSIVE CONFLICT of the 20th Century… THE COLD WAR…

The Cold War is a huge topic. It describes the clash of the world’s two superpowers in the time following WWII until the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991.

6.2 Global Conflicts and Their Consequences

This topic is huge. But, the AP only mentions it a couple of times in the curriculum.


http://www.freeman-pedia.com/world-war-ii/

http://www.freeman-pedia.com/world-war-ii/

http://youtu.be/Q78COTwT7nE

1. The DefiniitionAfter WWII, the world’s geopolitical situation quickly evolved into a Democracy-Dictatorship, Capitalism-Communism, USA-USSR

2. Alliances 3.0The new alliances are the United States friends (NATO-North Atlantic Treaty Organization) and the Soviet Union and her friends (Warsaw Pact). Think of this is the most recent version of Triple Entente vs. Triple Alliance (except the NATO-Warsaw alliances were much larger)

3. Dissolution of the Soviet UnionSorry. Communism doesn’t work. There is no innovation. No reason to excel. Therefore, it collapsed in on itself. It ended with a series of reforms by Premier Mikhail Gorbachev. And, in response; a failed coup against the reform government.

There are a ton of hot wars in the cold war (Vietnam, Korea, etc.) but the above are the generics according to the College Board.

Here’s Johnny Green’s look at the Cold War:

http://youtu.be/y9HjvHZfCUI

Another big factor in the 20th Century was Genocide. Below are the examples required by College Board.

6.2 Global Conflict & Their Consequences

ARMENIA: The Ottoman Empire systematically murdered around 1 million Armenians during WWI for supporting the Triple Entente. The Turkish government today denies that this was a genocide. You know who didn’t deny it? Hitler. Hitler saw this as the blueprint for his genocide 25 years later.

HOLOCAUST: Hitler’s systematic killing of 6-12 million Jews, political enemies, handicapped, gay, Roma, etc. They were excluded from society, moved out of major towns into camps. Once there, they either worked or were killed off (or both). This is the biggest genocide by far.

CAMBODIA: Stalin-style purge from Pol Pot (Communist ruler of Cambodia during the 70s). This genocide is notable for its scope. It killed over a million people; but, that was 25% of Cambodia’s population.


http://youtu.be/y9HjvHZfCUI

RWANDA: In the mid-1990s, just before you were born; the people of Rwanda experienced a civil war that ended in Genocide. This is the most recent, accepted genocide in history (CAR, Sudan, and others are still debatable). Belgian colonists left in the middle of the century. Before they left, they had divided the country into two groups HUTUS & TUTSIS. The Hutus “looked more African” and the Tutsis ‘looked more European’. These distinctions were totally made up by the Belgians. The Tutsis ruled Rwanda while the Belgians were there. Once the Belgians left, the Hutus (majority) were given power. Reprisals ensued. When the president was assassinated in the mid 90s, the Hutus attempted to kill off all of the Tutsis. If you have a few hours, I think Hotel Rwanda is on netflix…

It’s been pretty violent here lately. Assassinations, revolution, total war. The AP wants you to know that certain individuals bucked this trend and went the opposite way.

6.2 Global Conflicts & their Consequences

They break this into two distinct groups:

CHALLENGERS TO WAR:

Picasso’s Guernica

Picasso painted his most famous work in response to the German and Italian bombings of Guernica, Spain during the Spanish Civil War. This massive painting 15'x25’ shows the destruction at the hands of the Nazis in Spain. While living in Nazi occupied territory years later, a


German officer saw a photo of this painting and asked Picasso, “Did you do that?” Picasso replied, “No, you did.”

Thich Quang Duc’s Self Immolation:

Thich Quang Duc, pictured above protested the persecution of Buddhists in Vietnam by setting himself on fire on June 11, 1963. The photographer won the Pulitzer Prize and JFK said, “No news picture in history has generated so much emotion around the world as that one.”

NONVIOLENCE:

Both Martin Luther King, Jr in the US and Mohandas Gandhi in India used non-violence against seemingly insurmountable odds. Both of them achieved their goals by stressing non-violent resistance to oppression from the British or the White majority. Both were later assassinated.


OK. We get it. There was a ton of conflict in the 20th Century. You kinda forget how violent the 20th was. Anyway, here are some more consequences…

MILITARIZED STATES PROLIFERATED VIOLENCE:Nazis and Fascists propped up Franco in Spain. Franco remained in power decades longer than Mussolini and Hitler. Idi Amin ruled over an absolute dictatorship in Uganda. Have you seen Uganda lately? Thanks, Idi.

OPPOSITION GROUPS OFFERED ALTERNATIVES:Communists like Mao Zedong and Ho Chi Minh used Communism. The non-aligned movement sided with neither the US or the USSR (or played them off of one another). There were also alternatives that shook up the establishments in some countries (Anti-apartheid, Tiananmen Square Uprisings, etc.)

TERRORISM:Not just Al Qaeda. Also, the IRA in Ireland against the British for Irish independence. Not to mention, the ETA. They are Basque separatists in Spain.

EFFECTS IN MEDIA:Pop culture was directly influenced by this. Here are some examples:

Dadaism in art. James Bond in film. Socialist Realism in the Soviet Union (that was totally not real). And, finally the effect on video games. Link and Mario has nothing to do with this. More like Call of Duty and Metal Gear. Either way; these themes were present in pop-culture (also songs and other films besides Bond…)

That’s a ton of conflict. Wow. But, there was other stuff too.

Enough war. Let’s turn to science. You know it as:

6.1 Science & the Environment


Think of everything we’ve covered thus far. Humans are still relatively new in the Science game. Here are the basics:

RAPID ADVANCES IN SCIENCE/TECHNOLOGY:

New Communication/Transportation:

Planes, automobiles, high-speed trains, helicopters, zeppelins… Yeah… Zeppelins. All of these made geographic distance less important. Not just Transport… How about communication? What are you looking at right now. We are communicating. Odds are… we’ve never met. Try to explain how we are communicating to someone in 1814. Their head would explode in a pretty funny explosion.

NEW SCIENTIFIC PARADIGMS:

Shaking up the science world happens pretty fast and furious in the 20th Century. Here are a couple of examples:

Relativity (Einstein) Quantum Mechanics (Planck) Big Bang Theory (not the show) and Psychology (Freud). All of these created entirely new ways of looking at the world. There are a ton more than this… But, this is what the AP thinks is important; so you think its important too.

THE GREEN REVOLUTION:

New types of agricultural science increased food production. Genetically enhanced foods and chemically altered foods made food production more… productive.

MEDICAL ADVANCEMENTS:

Last era we lost Smallpox. This era we lost Tuberculosis and Polio. Also, Malaria! There are still many diseases with no cure; but they have


become more treatable (keep in mind that some of these diseases remain in poorer areas). Also, AN ARTIFICIAL HEART! Are you blanking kidding me? The former vice president’s heart (Cheney) is fake. It’s a robot. We had a cyborg Vice-President and no one freaked out. I’m just saying. That’s some craziness.

Not to be outdone: BIRTH CONTROL. Women finally had control over their reproductive systems. Don’t skip over the birth control pill; demographically, it may be the most important innovation in science history.

ENERGY:We got some pretty powerful stuff last century. Mainly, OIL and NUCLEAR. Both have obvious side effects, but they are still in use around the world.

HUMANS vs. the ENVIRONMENT:

You thought Potosi was a mining operation. We are doing that all over the world on the reg. There are some consequences. I’m talking GLOBAL WARMING (today we call it Climate Change). Not to mention the increased rate of extinction this era. The Cape Lion died out… It was a ten feet long lion! We gotta get cloning going better… I could deal with a 10-foot lion. Awesome.

DEATH TECHNOLOGY… DEATHNOLOGY!

Not everything was healthy, and power producing or disease curing. I’m talking weapons. Big weapons. City destroyers. Nukes. Firebombing. Some really nasty stuff. This is why these Global Conflicts were so destructive…


ALRIGHT… ONE SECTION LEFT! 6.3… HERE WE GO!!!

Here we are. The last section. Let’s go:

6.3 New Conceptualizations of Global Economy, Society, & Culture

6.3 Breaks down into 3 sections:

1. 20th Century Economy2. Global Governance and Interdependency3. 20th Century Society & Culture

First, we look at the economy.

With all the mess going on in the 20th Century, Communist states stepped in to solve their economic woes. Here are two ways:1. 5 YEAR PLANS: These are plans that lasted 5 years… OK, they are examples of centralized government planning for massive economic advancement. There were 13 total; some worked, some were abandoned; but most focused on heavy industrial production.2. GREAT LEAP FORWARD: From 1958-61, The People’s Republic of China instituted an economic and social program designed to rapidly collectivize the farms. This ended with as many as 45 million deaths (famine).

The Great Depression turned normally Laissez-faire capitalist states into Keynesian states. Here are two ways:1. NEW DEAL: Keynesian economics at its best. US Pres FDR instituted a massive decade long plan to get America back to work. Many of the


project focused on infrastructure. Along with WWII, the New Deal helped to bring the US out of the Great Depression.2. FASCIST CORPORATE ECONOMY: The goal here was to promote social harmony by having all of the corporations report to the government their plans to negotiate with labor (presumably to keep communism at bay… Fascists hate communists…) In reality, it just promoted political loyalty to the Fascists in power.

GOVERNMENT TOOK AN ACTIVE ROLE IN ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT:Everything above seems to fit into this category, but here are some specifics

Nasser promotes economic development in Egypt: Nasser et al took back many of the things taken by the British (Suez Canal). But, also built this:

The Aswan High Dam… Nasser joke: He walked up to the Nile and said, “Dam it."

ECONOMIC LIBERALIZATION:

Many states took these government controls off of the economy later in the 20th Century. Best Examples: Reaganomics, Thatcher in England, and China under Deng Xioaping.


The 20th Century could easily be called the “global century”. See, I just did it. The next to last piece of curriculum for the AP World Exam involves this Interdependency… Almost there. Remember to breathe…

6.3 New Conceptualizations of Global Economy, Society, and Culture

People, states, industries, etc. all became INTERDEPENDENT (aka dependent on one another… generally in a cooperative way). Like you and your phone… Here are the examples:

INTERNATIONAL PEACE & COOPERATION:For peace, you have two. The first is the LEAGUE OF NATIONS. This disaster was formed after the FIRST world war in order to maintain peace. Problem? US never joins and they can’t use their military… Also, there was a World War II… Terrible. The other is the UNITED NATIONS. It has its flaws but let me give you two facts to show how its better than the LEAGUE… It’s headquartered in New York City (USA), and it has military power (see the Korean War). There is also the International Criminal Court. It started in 2002, but think of it as a permanent Nuremberg Trial for the really bad guys… Genocidal Bad guys… Kony-types.

ECONOMIC ORGANIZATIONS:I teach World History, not economics. But, there are some groups (IMF, WTO, and the World Bank) who keep an eye on the free market practices of the economy. Think of them as giant, powerful, intercontinental Invisible Hands. Not only do they regulate economies, they also look in on developing nations and decide who/where gets important loans to help build up their infrastructure.

HUMANITARIAN ORGANIZATIONS:Some groups are here to help… Whether its a medical emergency (Red Cross) or an injustice has occurred (Amnesty International) or if children and mothers are in need of help (UNICEF… This one is run by the UN) or people are sick in developing areas (Doctor’s without Borders) or looking into the overall public health of humans (World Health Organization… this one is UN run as well). If you ever want to donate money to a group that does good in the world… Choose one of these.

REGIONAL TRADE: Often, nations in a similar region will join into a trade agreement to help foster better economic-political relations between nations. Here are some: Europe-European Union


North America- NAFTASoutheast Asia-ASEANSouth America- MERCOSUR

MULTINATIONAL CORPORATIONS:You know these. You see them everyday. Coca-cola, Shell, Sony… Moving on.

ENVIRONMENTAL MOVEMENTS:These are like the humanitarian groups but for nature stuff. Greenpeace is the big one. You may know them from their efforts to stop Whalers in East Asia. But, there are others. Greenbelt in Kenya and Earth Day are examples of specific movements to save the environment.

HUMAN RIGHTS: These aren’t movements per se… But, they fit too. The UNIVERSAL DECLARATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS (from the UN) gives everyone rights. Like a Bill of Rights for Humanity. Also, women gained more rights in this century than all of the previous centuries combined… (Suffrage does not mean to suffer… it means to vote). Strangely, they added the end of the White Australia policy… A super racist immigration policy in Australia.

CULTURAL IDENTITIES:Negritude (the opposite of Social Darwinism) arose in Africa. This stated that Africans owed nothing to the Europeans and that the African culture itself was something to be celebrated and cherished.

EXCLUSIONARY REACTIONS:These aren’t listed as anything specific. Just know, not everyone likes everyone. And, groups will often act negatively to diversity and change.

NEW RELIGIONS:You thought all religions were centuries old? Wrong. Some are decades old. I’m not talking about Scientology. Here are the new religions they mention:Hare Krishna: Think of them as super nice, polite, friendly, Hindu yoga people. Falun Gong: It means “Dharma Wheel Practice” It’s a 1990s movement to incorporate Buddhist teachings and Taoist teachings in China… with lots of meditation.


6.3 New Conceptualizations of Global Economy, Society, and Culture

Don’t laugh at these. DO NOT skip these. Today, the last day of curriculum, is all about culture. Two of the four have been topics of the DBQ in the past 6 years… So, yeah.

1. THE WORLD CUPThis is an international soccer tournament held in a different world city every four years. It will be notable this year as the Americans will win their first of many World Cups in Brazil.

2. CRICKETThink of it as British Baseball. This was infamously the topic of the DBQ a few years back. So, don’t spend too much time here. But, as the British empire spread, Cricket went too. Best teams in the world? Pakistan and India… See.

3. The OLYMPICSThis was also the topic of the DBQ a few years ago. It is an international competition where America always leaves with the most gold.. Murka.

The first thing mentioned in this era (6.1) was how technology had improved communication and transportation. The last line of the era says that music and film both increased because of this. Examples?

REGGAE MUSIC:Reggae is the music of Jamaica. It’s not that popular and I don’t know how hip-hop isn’t the example… But, here is reggae:

Bob Marley is the Michael Jordan of Reggae. That’s not fair to Bob Marley. He is so synonymous with Reggae music that most people can’t name another reggae musician. Reggae is equally tied to Jamaica and the Rastafarian movement… Think Christianity with African roots, and marijuana).http://youtu.be/vPZydAotVOY

The film example is Bollywood. It’s like watching a colorful 1950s musical with like a million more dancers… It’s pretty wild.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OpLD97fG9Hw


http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OpLD97fG9Hw

http://youtu.be/vPZydAotVOY

Documents

Web viewHere’s a big fancy AP word ... in the time following WWII until the collapse of the Soviet Union ... high-speed trains, helicopters, zeppelins